The Circassian diaspora refers to ethnic Circassian people around the world who live outside their homeland Circassia. The majority of the Circassians live in the diaspora, as their ancestors were settled during the resettlement of the Circassian population, especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. From 1763 to 1864, the Circassians fought against the Russian Empire in the Russian-Circassian War, finally succumbing to a scorched-earth genocide campaign initiated between 1862 and 1864.[29][30] Afterwards, large numbers of Circassians were exiled and deported to the Ottoman Empire and other nearby regions; others were resettled in Russia far from their home territories.[31][32] Circassians live in more than fifty countries, besides the Republic of Adygea.[33] Total population estimates differ: according to some sources, some two million live in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq;[34] other sources say between one and four million live in Turkey alone.[35]
Middle East
A large number of Circassians began arriving in the Levant in the 1860s and 1870s through resettlement by the Ottoman Empire for political or military reasons (in many cases). The Ottomans settled them in areas with Muslim minorities and populations that were otherwise of concern to the government; moreover, the dispersion of the Circassians, a warrior people, diminished their possible military threat. An estimated 600 Circassian villages are in Central and Western Anatolia. Likewise, Circassians who moved to Jordan were settled there to counter possible Bedouin attacks. There is a sizeable Circassian population in Syria, which has, to a great extent, preserved its original culture and even its language.[36]
Circassians are regarded by historians to play a key role in the history of Turkey. Turkey has the largest Adyghe population in the world, around half of all Circassians live in Turkey, mainly in the provinces of Samsun and Ordu (in Northern Turkey), Kahramanmaraş (in Southern Turkey), Kayseri (in Central Turkey), Bandırma, and Düzce (in Northwest Turkey), along the shores of the Black Sea; the region near the city of Ankara. All citizens of Turkey are considered Turks by the government, but it is estimated that approximately two million ethnic Circassians live in Turkey. The "Circassians" in question do not always speak the languages of their ancestors, and in some cases some of them may describe themselves as "only Turkish". The reason for this loss of identity is mostly due to Turkey's Government assimilation policies[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and marriages with non-Circassians. Circassians are regarded by historians to play a key role in the history of Turkey. Some of the exiles and their descendants gained high positions in the Ottoman Empire. Most of the Young Turks were of Circassian origin. Until the end of the First World War, many Circassians actively served in the army. In the period after the First World War, Circassians came to the fore in Anatolia as a group of advanced armament and organizational abilities as a result of the struggle they fought with the Russian troops until they came to the Ottoman lands. However, the situation of the Ottoman Empire after the war caused them to be caught between the different balances of power between Istanbul and Ankara and even become a striking force. For this period, it is not possible to say that Circassians all acted together as in many other groups in Anatolia. The Turkish government removed 14 Circassian villages from Gönen and Manyas regions in December 1922, May and June 1923, without separating women and children, and drove them to different places in Anatolia from Konya to Sivas and Bitlis. This incident had a great impact on the assimilation of Circassians. After 1923, Circassians were restricted by policies such as the prohibition of Circassian language,[37][40][44][45][41][50][47][51][42] changing village names, and surname law[41][42][43] Circassians, who had many problems in maintaining their identity comfortably, were seen as a group that inevitably had to be assimilated.
The diaspora of Circassians in Iran dates back to the end of the 15th century, when Jonayd of the Ak Koyunlu raided regions of Circassia and carried off prisoners.[52] However, the real large influx of Circassians started by the time of Shah Tahmasp I of the Safavid dynasty, who in four campaigns deported some 30,000 Circassians and Georgians back to Iran. Tahmasp's successors, most notably Shah Abbas, all the way till the time of the Qajar dynasty continued to deport and import hundreds of thousands of Circassians to Iran, while a lesser amount migrated voluntarily. Following the mass expulsion of the native Circassians of the northwest Caucasus in 1864, some of them also migrated to Qajar Iran, where some of these deportees from after 1864 rose to various high ranks such as in the Persian Cossack Brigade, where every member of the army was either Circassian, or any other type of ethnos from the Caucasus.[53] The Circassians in Iran played an important and crucial role in the army, civil administration, and royal harems over the many centuries.[54] Today, they are the third-largest Caucasus derived group in the nation after the Armenians and Georgians.[55]
The Circassian diaspora may date back to the end of the fourteenth century: the Circassian population in Egypt claims its descendance from the Mamluks who, during the Mamluk Sultanate, ruled Egypt and Syria.[36] One exception to this is the Abazin community in Egypt which conglomerates in the powerful Abaza Family that claims descent from an Abazin "beloved" female "elder."[56] In Egypt, the Abkhazians took – or were given – the last name "Abaza".[56]
In 1987, Syria was home to approximately 100,000 Circassians, about half of whom lived in Hauran province,[57] and many of the Circassians used to live in the Golan Heights. During the time of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1920–1946), Circassians served with the French troops in the "escadron tcherkesse" (Cherkess squadron), earning them enduring distrust from the Syrian Sunni Arabs.[57]
In Quneitra and the Golan Region, there was a numerous Circassian community. Several Circassian leaders wanted in 1938, for the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936–1937, a special autonomy status for their region as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities that had collaborated with the colonial power. They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French army and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. Like in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.[58]
The Circassians of Syria were actively involved in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Their unit was under the leadership of Jawad Anzor. 200 Circassians were killed in action. They performed well, but the overall failure to stop the founding of Israel led to the special Circassian unit being disbanded.[citation needed] After the Six-Day War of 1967, they withdrew further into Syria, especially to Damascus and Aleppo. They were prevented from returning to the Golan Heights by Israeli occupying forces, but after 1973 some of the returned, now living in two villages, Beer Ajam and Bariqa, where they maintain a traditionally Circassian way of life.[59]
The Circassians in Syria are generally well off. They have very good relations with minorities like Alawites, Druze, Christians and Jews. Many of them work for the government, in civil service, or for the military. The former Syrian interior minister and director of the military police, Bassam Abdel Majeed, was a Circassian.[60] All Circassians learn Arabic and English in school; many speak Adyghe language, but their numbers are dwindling. One kindergarten in Damascus provides Adyghe language education. However, there are no Circassian newspapers, and few Circassian books are printed in Syria.[citation needed] Cultural events play an important role in maintaining the ethnic identity of the Circassians. During holidays and weddings, they perform folk dances and songs in their traditional dress.[57]
Between 1878 and 1904, Circassians founded five villages in Jordan: Amman (1878), Wadi al-Sir (1880), Jerash (1884), Na'ur (1901), and al-Rusayfa (1904).[61] Since then, the Circassians have had a major role in the development of Jordan, holding high positions in the Jordanian government, armed forces, air force and police.[62][self-published source] In 1921, Circassians were granted the position of the personal trusted royal guards of King Abdullah the First. Since then, the Circassians have been the royal guard, serving all four of the Jordanian Kings, King Abdullah the First, King Talal the First, King Hussein the First and King Abdullah the Second.[63] In 1932, the Circassian Charity Association was established, making it the second oldest charity group in Jordan. In 1944, Al-Ahli Club was founded, which is a Circassian sports club. In 1950, Al-Jeel Al-Jadeed club opened, aiming to preserve the Circassian Culture. In 2009, the Circassian Culture Academy was founded, aiming to preserve the Circassian language, which comprises the closely related Adyghe and Kabardian languages (considered to be dialects of Circassian by some linguists). In 1994, the Al-Ahli Club established a Circassian folklore dance troupe.
The Circassian Culture Academy also has a Circassian Folklore Dance troupe named the Highlanders.
On 21 May 2011, the Circassian community in Jordan organised a protest in front of the Russian embassy in opposition to the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, because the site of the Games was allegedly being built over the site of mass graves of Circassians killed during the Circassian genocide of 1864.[64]
Iraq is home to approximately 35,000 Circassians, of mainly West Circassian origin. The Adyghes came to Iraq in two waves: directly from Circassia, and later from the Balkans. They settled in all parts of Iraq – from north to south – but most of all in Iraq's capital Baghdad. It has been reported that there are 30,000 Adyghe families just in Baghdad alone. Many also settled in Kerkuk, Diyala, Fallujah, and other places. Circassians played a major role in different periods throughout Iraq's history, and made great contributions to political and military institutions in the country, to the Iraqi Army in particular. Several Iraqi Prime Ministers have been of Circassian descent.
There are five to ten thousand Circassians in Israel, living mostly in Kfar Kama (5,005) and Rehaniya (5,000). These two villages were a part of a larger group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. As is the case with Jewish Israelis, and the Druze population living within Israel, Circassian men must complete mandatory military service upon reaching the age of majority. Many Circassians in Israel are employed in the security forces, including in the Israel Border Police, the Israel Defense Forces, the Israel Police and the Israel Prison Service.[65][66]
A small minority of Circassians had lived in Kosovo Polje since the late 1880s, as mentioned by Noel Malcolm in his seminal work about that province, but they were repatriated to the Republic of Adygea in southern Russia in the late 1990s.[68]
There is evidence for the presence of people in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia with names derived from the Circassians.[70] Furthermore, following the Circassian genocide, around 10,000 Circassians settled in Northern Dobruja, a region now pertaining to Romania. They were later expelled as agreed in the Treaty of San Stefano of 1878, which gave the region to Romania, avoiding any prominent contact between the Romanian state and the Dobrujan Circassians.[71][72]
Current situation
Circassians refer to their diaspora as a genocide; the diaspora is "perhaps the most pressing issue in the region and the most difficult to solve."[citation needed] In 2006, the Russian State Duma refused to accept a petition by the Circassian Congress that would have called the Russian–Circassian War an act of genocide.[34]Hazret Sovmen, President of the Republic of Adygea from 2002 to 2007, referred to the Circassian diaspora as an enduring tragedy and a national catastrophe, claiming the Circassians live in more than fifty countries across the world, most of them far from their "historical homeland".[73] The International Circassian Organization promotes the interests of Circassians, and the advent of the Internet has brought "a sort of virtual Circassian nation" into being.[74]
^"Syrian Circassians returning to Russia's Caucasus region". TRTWorld. TRTWorld and agencies. 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016. Currently, approximately 80,000 ethnic Circassians live in Syria after their ancestors were forced out of the northern Caucasus by Russians between 1863 and 1867.
^Svetlana Lyagusheva (2005). "Islam and the Traditional Moral Code of Adyghes". Iran and the Caucasus. 9 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1163/1573384054068123. JSTOR4030903. in February 1996... Respondents in the 20–35 age grouop... 26 percent considered themselves atheists...{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ abAyhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet’in Đlk Yıllarında Uygulanan ‘Türklestirme’ Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi ve 'Türklestirme' Politikaları,2nd ed. (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2000), 101.
^Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı; Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN9780231700528.
^ abSoner, Çağaptay (2006). Otuzlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Irk, Dil ve Etnisite (in Turkish). İstanbul. pp. 25–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abcSuny, edited by Ronald Grigor; Goçek,, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (23 February 2011). A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-539374-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abİnce, Başak (26 April 2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day. Londra: I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-1-78076-026-1.
^ abeditor, Sibel Bozdoǧan, Gülru Necipoğlu, editors; Julia Bailey, managing (2007). Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill. ISBN9789004163201. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN9780231700528.
^Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. Vol. 13, no. 2. Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 245–272.
^Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2017). "Circassian Refugees and the Making of Amman, 1878–1914". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 49 (4): 605–623. doi:10.1017/S0020743817000617. S2CID165801425.
^Heinz Kloss & Grant McConnel, Linguistic composition of the nations of the world, vol,5, Europe and USSR, Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, 1984, ISBN2-7637-7044-4
^Lopes, Tiago Ferreira. "The Offspring of the Arab Spring"(PDF). Strategic Outlook. Observatory for Human Security (OSH). Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Allen, W.E.D. and Muratoff, Paul. Caucasian Battlefields: History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921 Cambridge University Press, 1953.
Stokes, Jamie (2009). "Circassians". Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. pp. 150–59. ISBN978-0-8160-7158-6.
Houari Boumédienneهواري بومدينHouari Boumediene Presiden Aljazair ke-4Masa jabatan19 Juni 1965 – 27 Desember 1978 PendahuluAhmed Ben BellaPenggantiRabah Bitat Informasi pribadiLahir23 Agustus 1932dekat Héliopolis, Provinsi Guelma, AljazairMeninggal27 Desember 1978(1978-12-27) (umur 46)Aljir, AljazairPartai politikDewan Revolusioner (Aljazair)Sunting kotak info • L • B Houari Boumédienne (nama resminya Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukharouba) (23 Agustus 1932 …
Koin (setengah stavraton) bergambar Manouel Kekaisaran Bizantium pada tahun 1403. Manouel II Palaiologos (Bahasa Yunani: Μανουήλ Β΄ Παλαιολόγος, Manouēl II Palaiologos) (27 Juni 1350 – 21 Juli 1425) adalah Kaisar Romawi Timur dari 1391 sampai 1425. Kehidupan Manouel II Palaiologos adalah anak kedua dari Kaisar Ioannes V Palaiologos[1] (1341–1376, 1379–1390, 1390–1391) dan (istrinya) Helena Kantakouzena. Kakek-nenek maternalnya adalah Kaisar Ioannes VI Kantako…
Bubuk kakao Padatan kakao adalah campuran dari berbagai senyawa setelah mentega kakao diekstraksi dari biji kakao. Umumnya dijual dalam bentuk bubuk kakao. Perbandingan antara padatan kakao dengan mentega kakao dalam biji kakao kurang lebih 50:50.[1] Dalam pembuatan coklat, padatan kakao dibutuhkan untuk menambah massa dan umumnya digunakan pada coklat berkualitas rendah. Sedangkah coklat kualitas tinggi menggunakan lebih banyak mentega kakao dibandingkan padatan kakao. Sifat fisik Padat…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Daftar film Korea dapat merujuk pada: Daftar film Korea (Pra 1948), kronologi film-film Korea Bersatu sebelum pembagian negara Daftar film Korea Selatan, kronologi film yang diproduksi di Korea Selatan (pasca September 1948) Daftar film Korea Utara, krono…
JempangKecamatanKantor kecamatan JempangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan TimurKabupatenKutai BaratPopulasi • Total... jiwa (2.015) jiwaKode Kemendagri64.07.11 Kode BPS6402020 Luas... km²Desa/kelurahan12/- Hasil Kerajinan Ulap Doyo. Jempang adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Kutai Barat, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Jempang merupakan sentra kerajinan Tenun Ikat Ulap Doyo. Mata pencaharian penduduk adalah dari bidang pertanian, perikanan, perkebunan, peternakan, kera…
Festival Seni Hong Kong 2013. Festival Seni Hong Kong Hanzi tradisional: 香港藝術節 Alih aksara Yue (Kantonis) - Romanisasi Yale: Hēung góng ngaih syuht jit - Jyutping: Heong1 gong2 ngai6 soet6 zit3 Festival Seni Hong Kong (香港藝術節) (HKAF) yang didirikan pada tahun 1973[1] adalah sebuah seri tahunan program budaya di Hong Kong dengan banyak pertunjukan dari sisi lain dunia. Rujukan ^ The 45th HK Arts Festival 2017年第45屆香港藝術節. www.hk.artsfestival.org (dalam b…
Convair R3Y Tradewind adalah perahu terbang sayap tinggi (high wing) bertenaga turboprop Amerika tahun 1950-an yang dirancang dan dibangun oleh Convair. Prototipe Convair XP5Y-1 pada tahun 1950. Pesawat bermesin turboprop ini pertama kali terbang pada 18 April 1950 di San Diego dan jatuh pada tahun 1953. Convair menerima permintaan dari Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1945 untuk desain perahu terbang besar dengan menggunakan teknologi baru yang dikembangkan selama perang, terutama alira…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. PastorAgustinus Tri Budi UtomoPr.GerejaGereja Katolik RomaKeuskupanSurabayaImamatTahbisan imam27 Agustus 1996 (27 tahun, 204 hari)Informasi pribadiNama lahirAgustinus Tri Budi UtomoLahir(1968-04-12)12 April 1968Ngawi, IndonesiaKewarganegaraan…
مزبان - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد إيران[1] المحافظة محافظة خوزستان المقاطعة إقليم الأحواز قسم الناحية المركزية لمقاطعة الأهواز التقسيم الإداري الإيراني قسم إسماعيلية الريفي إحداثيات 31°04′28″N 48°22′02″E / 31.07444°N 48.36722°E / 31.07444; 48.36722 السكان التعداد ا…
Ki DausLahirDadang Usman25 Desember 1957 (umur 66)Bandung, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaPekerjaanPemeranpelawakTahun aktif2007—sekarangSuami/istriDewi Lestari Wijaya (m. 2011)Anak1 Dadang Usman, yang dikenal sebagai Ki Daus (lahir 25 Desember 1957) adalah pelawak dan pemeran Indonesia. Kehidupan pribadi Ki menikahi Dewi Lestari Wijaya yang berusia 35 tahun lebih muda darinya pada 20 Januari 2011.[1] Mereka dikaruniai seorang anak bern…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Budak Sekarat Budak Sekarat adalah sebuah patung karya seniman Renaisans Italia Michelangelo. Dibuat antara 1513 dan 1516, patung tersebut berdiri di sebelah patung lainnya Budak Pemberontak, di makam Paus Yulius II.[1] Patung tersebut berbahan ma…
История РоссийскаяИсторія Россійская Автор В. Н. Татищев Жанр историография Язык оригинала русский Оригинал издан 1768—1843 Оформление Г. Ф. Миллер, М. П. Погодин Носитель книга «История Российская» (рус. дореф. Исторія Россійская; полное название первого издания: «Истор…
Jacob ArtistArtist pada Desember 2013Lahir17 Oktober 1992 (umur 31)Buffalo, New York, Amerika SerikatPekerjaan Aktor Penyanyi Penari Tahun aktif2011–sekarang Jacob Artist (lahir 17 Oktober 1992) adalah aktor, penyanyi, dan penari Amerika Serikat. Ia paling dikenal untuk perannya sebagai Jake Puckerman dalam seri drama komedi musikal Fox Glee dan sebagai Brandon Fletcher dalam seri drama cerita seru ABC Quantico.[1][2] Referensi ^ Ausiello, Michael. Glee Scoop: Meet th…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento edizioni di competizioni calcistiche non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. C.N.D. 1994-1995Campionato Nazionale Dilettanti 1994-1995 Competizione Campionato Nazionale Dilettanti Sport Calcio Edizione 47ª Organizzatore Lega Nazionale Dilettanti -Comitato per l'at…
سكة حديد طنجة القنيطرة (عالية السرعة) البلد المغرب نقطة النهاية طنجة تاريخ الافتتاح الرسمي 15 نوفمبر 2018 المالك المغرب المشغل المكتب الوطني للسكك الحديدية طول الخط 1000 كيلومتر مقياس السكة سكة حديد قياس 1435 ملم تعديل مصدري - تعديل طنجة - القنيطرة…
Taman Nasional Peringatan Pendaratan MacArthurIUCN Kategori V (Lanskap Darat/Laut Lindung)LetakPalo, FilipinaKota terdekatTacloban, Leyte, FilipinaKoordinat11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.1722°N 125.0122°E / 11.1722; 125.0122Koordinat: 11°10′20″N 125°00′44″E / 11.1722°N 125.0122°E / 11.1722; 125.0122Luas678 hektare (1.680 ekar)Didirikan12 Juli 1977Pihak pengelolaDepartemen Lingkungan Hidup dan Sumber Daya Alam Pemandangan air te…
Hou YiBiografiKeluargaPasangan nikahChang'e Chang E terbang ke langit Hou Yi (后羿) adalah pemanah legendaris Mitologi Tiongkok dan suami dari Dewi Bulan Chang'e.[1][2] Hou Yi adalah salah satu pemanah handal yang dianugerahi panah dan busur sakti yang ia gunakan untuk memanah 9 dari 10 matahari yang menyengsarakan rakyat.[1][2] Hou Yi akhirnya menjadi pahlawan orang banyak dan karena jasanya Hou Yi dianugrahi ramuan panjang umur yang akhirnya diminum oleh Chang…
Partai Masa Depan Maju พรรคอนาคตใหม่Ketua umumThanathorn JuangroongruangkitSekretaris JenderalPiyabutr SaengkanokkulDibentuk15 Maret 2018Dibubarkan21 February 2020[1]Diteruskan olehPartai Pergerakan Maju (de facto)[2]Kantor pusatBangkok, ThailandSayap pemudaNew Gen Network (NGN)[3]Keanggotaan (Februari 2020)51.283 [4]IdeologiProgresivisme[5][6]Demokrasi sosial[7][8][9]Anti–junta militer[1…
Martin Luther King dan tokoh-tokoh Pergerakan Hak-Hak Sipil lainnya di hadapan patung Abraham Lincoln pada tanggal 28 Agustus 1963. Hak Sipil adalah hak kebebasan fundamental yang diperoleh sebagai hakikat dari keberadaan seorang manusia.[1] Arti kata sipil adalah kelas yang melindungi hak-hak kebebasan individu dari pelanggaran yang tidak beralasan oleh pemerintah dan organisasi swasta, dan memastikan kemampuan seseorang untuk berpartisipasi dalam kehidupan sipil dan politik negara tanp…
Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvageHistoireFondation 1972Dissolution 2020Prédécesseur Office national de la chasse (1972-2000) (d)Successeur Office français de la biodiversitéCadreType Établissement public à caractère administratifForme juridique Établissement public national à caractère administratifDomaines d'activité Protection de l'environnement, administration publique (tutelle) des activités économiquesSiège de l'ONCFS 85 bis avenue de Wagram, 75017 ParisPays …