Rainy day in Capitol Hill, Seattle. Seattle experiences around 150 days with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) precipitation each year.
The climate of Seattle is temperate, classified in the warm-summer (in contrast to hot-summer) subtype of the Mediterranean zone by the most common climate classification (Köppen: Csb)[2][3][4] although some sources put the city in the oceanic zone (Trewartha: Do).[5][6] It has cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers, covering characteristics of both.[7][8] The climate is sometimes characterized as a "modified Mediterranean" climate because it is cooler and wetter than a "true" Mediterranean climate, but shares the characteristic dry summer and the associated reliance upon cooler-season precipitation (which has a strong influence on the region's vegetation).[9] The city is part of USDAhardiness zone 9a, with surrounding pockets falling under 8b.[10]
Records for the Seattle City area date back to 1894, with records at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport beginning in 1945, a location notably not within Seattle. Prior to 1945 the official temperatures were observed in locations in downtown Seattle, which tends in general to be somewhat warmer and drier than the airport location.[11] The hottest officially recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) on June 28, 2021; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950;[12] the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 73 °F (23 °C) on June 27, 2021.[13]
Seattle generally does not experience many extremes of weather. However, the 21st century has seen a trend towards more extreme high-temperature and large-precipitation events. In July 2009 Seattle's all-time high temperature was broken by a margin of 4 degrees Fahrenheit (2.2 Celsius),[14] then broken again by a margin of 5 F (2.8 C) in June 2021. The single-day precipitation record set in October 2003 saw higher precipitation by nearly 2 inches (50mm) than any other day on record. However, thunderstorms are still rare,[15] as the city reports thunder on just seven days per year.[16] Similarly, the city typically receives at least light snowfall every year, though heavy snowfall is uncommon.
Temperature
Weather report from Seattle-Tacoma Airport in June 2021. Seattle recorded its highest temperature ever on June 28, reaching 108 °F (42 °C).[17]
The city's regime of temperature features small seasonal swings, due to its proximity to the ocean. The Pacific Ocean, Puget Sound and Lake Washington serve as moderators of the temperature meaning the city is milder than areas inland during the winter and cooler during the summer. Extreme heatwaves are rare, as are cold temperatures.
Hot temperature extremes are enhanced by dry, compressed wind from the west slopes of the Cascades,[18] while cold temperatures are generated mainly from the Fraser Valley in British Columbia.[19] Records are taken from the Seattle City area from 1894 to 1944 and at Sea-Tac Airport from 1945.
Averages
In an average year, the temperature will usually be between 21 °F (−6 °C) and 94 °F (34 °C) with temperatures greatly exceeding these values being uncommon. Temperatures above 97 °F (36 °C) and below 15 °F (−9 °C) are very rare, with the last occurrences being June 28, 2021 and November 24, 2010, respectively.[13]
Aug 13–14, 1955 Aug 27, 1952 Aug 29, 1951 Aug 4, 1950 Aug 21, 1947
September
35 °F (2 °C)
Sep 27, 1972
October
28 °F (−2 °C)
Oct 19, 1949
November
6 °F (−14 °C)
Nov 15, 1955
December
6 °F (−14 °C)
Dec 30, 1968
Daily record warm minima
Period
Record temperature
Date
January
54 °F (12 °C)
Jan 24, 1935
February
54 °F (12 °C)
Feb 28, 1901
March
59 °F (15 °C)
Mar 19, 2019
April
57 °F (14 °C)
Apr 28, 1976
May
65 °F (18 °C)
May 15, 2023 May 9, 1940
June
73 °F (23 °C)
Jun 27, 2021
July
71 °F (22 °C)
Jul 29, 2009
August
71 °F (22 °C)
Aug 14, 2023
September
69 °F (21 °C)
Sep 2, 1974
October
63 °F (17 °C)
Oct 18, 1940
November
58 °F (14 °C)
Nov 4, 2020
December
55 °F (13 °C)
Dec 26, 1980 Dec 28, 1917
Daily record cold maxima
Period
Record temperature
Date
January
16 °F (−9 °C)
Jan 14, 1950
February
18 °F (−8 °C)
Feb 2, 1989
March
29 °F (−2 °C)
Mar 4, 1955
April
41 °F (5 °C)
Apr 3, 1920 Apr 11, 1911
May
46 °F (8 °C)
May 15, 1894
June
50 °F (10 °C)
Jun 1, 1908
July
54 °F (12 °C)
Jul 2, 1966
August
54 °F (12 °C)
Aug 2, 1956
September
49 °F (9 °C)
Sep 26, 1948
October
35 °F (2 °C)
Oct 30, 1935
November
21 °F (−6 °C)
Nov 12, 1955
December
17 °F (−8 °C)
Dec 29, 1968
Highest averages
Period
Record mean
Year
Year
55.6 °F (13.1 °C)
1940, 2015
Spring (March–May)
55.8 °F (13.2 °C)
1934
Summer (June–August)
69.2 °F (20.7 °C)
2015
Autumn (September–November)
57.4 °F (14.1 °C)
1967
Winter (December–February)
46.9 °F (8.3 °C)
1940–1941
January
47.0 °F (8.3 °C)
2010
February
48.8 °F (9.3 °C)
2015
March
53.1 °F (11.7 °C)
1941
April
56.7 °F (13.7 °C)
2016
May
61.2 °F (16.2 °C)
2018
June
67.7 °F (19.8 °C)
2015
July
71.2 °F (21.8 °C)
2015
August
71.1 °F (21.7 °C)
1967
September
65.7 °F (18.7 °C)
1967
October
58.0 °F (14.4 °C)
2014
November
51.9 °F (11.1 °C)
1899
December
47.5 °F (8.6 °C)
1939
Lowest averages
Period
Record mean
Year
Year
47.9 °F (8.8 °C)
1955
Spring (March–May)
44.8 °F (7.1 °C)
1955
Summer (June–August)
59.0 °F (15.0 °C)
1954
Autumn (September–November)
48.4 °F (9.1 °C)
1985
Winter (December–February)
34.4 °F (1.3 °C)
1949–1950, 1948–1949
January
24.9 °F (−3.9 °C)
1950
February
35.6 °F (2.0 °C)
1956
March
39.1 °F (3.9 °C)
1955
April
44.6 °F (7.0 °C)
1955
May
50.6 °F (10.3 °C)
1962
June
55.5 °F (13.1 °C)
1953
July
60.0 °F (15.6 °C)
1955
August
60.2 °F (15.7 °C)
1910
September
55.3 °F (12.9 °C)
1972
October
47.7 °F (8.7 °C)
1946
November
35.8 °F (2.1 °C)
1985
December
35.2 °F (1.8 °C)
1990
NOTE: in the tables below, all numbers before 1945 come from locations in downtown Seattle, which tends to be somewhat warmer than the current official location of Sea-Tac airport.[11] To distinguish these older numbers we mark them below in italics.
Precipitation
Cherry Street after heavy snowfall on January 10, 1880
The city sees frequent, though light rainfall between October and May, with rainfall becoming lighter and sparser between June and September. With many more "rain days" than other major American cities, Seattle has a well-earned reputation for frequent rain.[20] In an average year, at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls on 150 days, more than nearly all U.S. cities east of the Rocky Mountains. In November, Seattle averages more rainfall than any other U.S. city of more than 250,000 people; it also ranks highly in winter precipitation. Conversely, the city receives some of the lowest precipitation amounts of any large city from June to September. Seattle is one of the five rainiest major U.S. cities as measured by the number of days with precipitation.[21][16] However, because Seattle often has merely a light drizzle falling from the sky for many days, it actually receives significantly less rainfall (or other precipitation) overall than many other U.S. cities like New York City, Miami, or Houston. Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during November, December, and January, receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall (by volume) during this period. In late fall and early winter, atmospheric rivers (also known as "Pineapple Express" systems), strong frontal systems, and Pacific low-pressure systems are common. Light rain and drizzle are the predominant forms of precipitation during the remainder of the year. For instance, on average, less than 1.6 in (41 mm) of rain falls in July and August combined when rain is less common.
Annually, total precipitation averages 39.3 in (998 mm), with winter being the wettest season and July the driest month. At Sea-Tac, rain has fallen in every month since records began there in January 1945, previously in the Seattle City area, the July's of 1896 and 1922 reported no precipitation. Long stretches of little precipitation can occur. No measurable precipitation, greater than 0.01 inches (0.25 mm), fell between June 18 and August 13, 2017.[22] The city also sees snow, primarily in winter, but sometimes in the late autumn and early spring. Snowfall averages 6.3 in (16.0 cm) per year but is highly variable between winter seasons. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 5.02 in (127.5 mm) on October 20, 2003, and the most snowfall was 21.5 in (55 cm) on February 2, 1916.[13] Seattle typically receives some snowfall on an annual basis but heavy snow is rare. Average annual snowfall, as measured at Sea-Tac Airport, is 6.3 inches (16.0 cm). From winter season to winter season, amounts can be extremely variable.
Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (130 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3,600 mm). Sixty miles (97 km) to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm).[13] The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle on the other side of the Puget Sound, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually.[13]
One of many exceptions to Seattle's reputation as a damp location occurs in El Niño years, when marine weather systems track as far south as California and less than the usual precipitation falls in the Puget Sound area.[23] However, the El Nino of 2015-2016 caused an increase in rainfall. Since the region's water comes from mountain snow packs during the dry summer months, El Niño winters can not only produce substandard skiing but can result in water rationing and a shortage of hydroelectric power the following summer.[24]
Downtown Seattle averages 71 completely sunny days a year, with most of those days occurring between May and September[25]
Sunshine, UV and daylight
The city generally experiences cloudy conditions, with clear days occurring infrequently. As a result of the city's latitude, it experiences a moderate difference in daylight hours between summer and winter, though is not subject to the extremes of cities further north.[26] The Seattle area is the cloudiest region of the United States, due in part to frequent storms and lows moving in from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. Seattle is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days.[25] (Official weather and climatic data is collected at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, located about 19 km (12 mi) south of downtown in the city of SeaTac, which is at a higher elevation, and records more cloudy days and fewer partly cloudy days per year.[25])
The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection.[28] Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest. In December 2007, a strong windstorm brought hurricane force winds and heavy rain, leading to 5 deaths.[29][30]
Climate change
Being a coastal city, Seattle may experience significant effects from rising sea levels. The sea has risen by 6 inches (15 cm) in the past century, and is expected to rise 28 inches (71 cm) by 2100 and 47 inches (120 cm) by 2150. It is expected that by this time, frequent flooding will become a problem, with now-annual extreme king tide's becoming monthly or even daily events.[31]
Temperature
The temperature in Seattle has generally increased steadily and this trend is expected to continue due to anthropogenic warming. For the last century, the average has increased roughly 0.3 degrees Fahrenheit each decade. By the end of the century, it is predicted that there will be on average around two weeks of 90 °F (32 °C) days each year.[31]
Homes in the area have historically not used air conditioning due to the temperate summer climate; the United States Census Bureau found that 31 percent of households in the Seattle metropolitan area used air conditioning. Several major heat waves in the 2010s and 2020s, including the June 2021 heat dome that set record temperatures in the state, led to a large increase in air conditioning use.[32] By the end of 2021, the Census Bureau's biannual housing survey found that 53 percent of households in the metropolitan area had air conditioning.[33]
Precipitation
Precipitation in the city has increased slightly, but this trend is expected to continue. Extreme rainfall events have become more frequent over the previous years and this trend is also expected to continue.[31]
^Some traces of snowfall actually have been may hail, thus entries of trace amounts in summer months have been excluded.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records are restricted to SeaTac Airport from January 1945 onward.[34]
^"3 Concept and classification". Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000. Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Forestry Department. 2001. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
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