Concomitant immunity

Concomitant immunity is the phenomenon where an individual with a persistent infection displays immunity to re-infections caused by similar pathogens. In other words, the persistence of the primary infection prevents the occurrence of secondary infections. The presence of concomitant immunity depends on the nature of the immune response caused by a latent infection and hence differs from pathogen to pathogen.[1] The concept was originally developed in tumor immunology, where a mouse with a tumor graft does not allow a second tumor graft of the same type to develop. It has also been called premunition, nonsterilizing immunity,[2] and infection-immunity.[1] Being dependent on an existing infection, it is a type of acquired immunity.

Pathogens that display concomitant immunity
Pathogen Mechanism
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus "relatively long-lived" effector-like memory T cells at nonlymphoid sites[1]
Leishmania major "relatively short-lived" CD4+ regulatory T cells and CD4+ effector T cells[1]
Onchocerca volvulus Unclear, known to occur based on cytokine and antibody evidence[3]
Schistosoma Unclear, proposed to display concomitant immunity[4]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis tissue-resident Memory T cells with an estimated lifespan of 2–3 years[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Joslyn, Louis R.; Flynn, JoAnne L.; Kirschner, Denise E.; Linderman, Jennifer J. (1 December 2022). "Concomitant immunity to M. tuberculosis infection". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 20731. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1220731J. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24516-8. PMC 9713124. PMID 36456599.
  2. ^ Mitchell, Graham F. (1990). "A Note on Concomitant Immunity in Host-Parasite Relationships: A Successfully Transplanted Concept from Tumor Immunology". Advances in Cancer Research. 54: 319–332. doi:10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60816-7. ISBN 978-0-12-006654-4. PMID 2105004.
  3. ^ MacDonald, Angus J.; Turaga, Prasad S. D.; Harmon-Brown, Carolyn; Tierney, Tracy J.; Bennett, Kristine E.; McCarthy, Maggie C.; Simonek, Scott C.; Enyong, Peter A.; Moukatte, Daniel W.; Lustigman, Sara (June 2002). "Differential Cytokine and Antibody Responses to Adult and Larval Stages of Onchocerca volvulus Consistent with the Development of Concomitant Immunity". Infection and Immunity. 70 (6): 2796–2804. doi:10.1128/iai.70.6.2796-2804.2002. PMC 127981. PMID 12010965.
  4. ^ Buck, Julia C.; De Leo, Giulio A.; Sokolow, Susanne H. (25 February 2020). "Concomitant Immunity and Worm Senescence May Drive Schistosomiasis Epidemiological Patterns: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective". Frontiers in Immunology. 11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00160. PMC 7053360.

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