Daniel Lieberman

Not to be confused with Dave Liebman.

Daniel Eric Lieberman
Lieberman in 2020
Born (1964-06-03) June 3, 1964 (age 62)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma materHarvard University (BA, MA, PhD)
University of Cambridge (MPhil)
Known forHuman evolution
AwardsIg Nobel Prize in Physics (2009)
Scientific career
FieldsPaleoanthropology
Biomechanics
Evolutionary medicine
InstitutionsRutgers University
George Washington University
Harvard University

Daniel E. Lieberman (born June 3, 1964) is a paleoanthropologist at Harvard University, where he is the Edwin M Lerner II Professor of Biological Sciences, and Professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. He is best known for his research on running, the evolution of the human head[1] and the human body,[2] and for studying how human evolutionary history, especially in terms of physical activity and diet, can improve human health.[3][4]

Biography

Lieberman grew up in Connecticut and Rhode Island. After attending Classical High School in Providence, Rhode Island, Lieberman attended Harvard University, where he received his B.A. summa cum laude in biological anthropology (1986) and joint M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in biological anthropology and archaeology (1993).[5] He also received an M.Phil. (1987) from Cambridge University,[5] where he was a Frank Knox Memorial Fellow. Following his Ph.D., he was a Junior Fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1993–1996). He then taught at Rutgers University (1995–1998) and the George Washington University (1998–2001) before becoming a professor at Harvard University in 2001.[5]

In 2009, Lieberman became the founding chair of Harvard University's Department of Human Evolutionary Biology.[6] He served as chair from 2009 to 2018, and from 2022 to 2025.[5] In addition to being director of the Skeletal Biology and Biomechanics Laboratory at Harvard, Lieberman is on the curatorial board of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, a member of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard, and the Scientific Executive Committee of the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation.[5]

Scientific work

Lieberman has mostly studied how and why the human body evolved to be the way it is, especially in regards to physical activity and diet, and how that evolutionary history is relevant for health.

Evolution of the human head

For the first half of his career, Lieberman's research primarily focused on integrating comparative and fossil anatomy, experimental biomechanics, and developmental biology to explore hominin craniofacial function and evolution. He summarized much of this research in his 2011 book, The Evolution of the Human Head.[1] A key contribution was to show that many of the features used to classify Homo sapiens result from a more retracted, smaller face which causes a more flexed cranial base that in turn sets up a more globular cranial vault.[7] In other papers, Lieberman with colleagues showed how this integrated configuration has implications for a range of functions and adaptations including speech, swallowing, and head balance during locomotion.[8]

Lieberman has also worked on many other aspects of hominin craniofacial evolution. Of particular note, he worked with Michel Brunet and colleagues to describe and analyze the oldest known hominin species, Sahelanthropus tchadensis,[9][10][11] and with David Pilbeam to argue that the first hominins likely evolved from a last common ancestor with chimpanzees that largely resembled extant chimpanzees.[12] Lieberman also published on the challenges of using craniofacial data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among hominins,[13] and on the evolutionary biomechanics of mastication, including a study with Katherine Zink showing that mechanically processing meat and underground storage organs with Oldowan stone tools considerably increases the efficiency and effectiveness of chewing and likely made possible selection for reduced tooth size in the genus Homo.[14]

Skeletal biomechanics

Because mechanical forces affect skeletal morphology and vice versa, much of Lieberman's research has tested how behaviors such as chewing, walking and running load the musculoskeletal system and influence how bones grow. Many of these studies involve experimentally testing biomechanical models of human or hominin anatomical variations in humans and model organisms in the lab. Lieberman and colleagues showed that loading from locomotion causes sheep to grow more bone in proximal limb bones almost entirely when they are immature and to repair bone as adults, especially in distal elements.[15] Lieberman and colleagues also showed that the cross-sectional geometry of these bones does not accurately reflect the orientations in which they are loaded. These experiments call into question using cross sections of human and other hominin limb bones to infer how they walked and ran.[16] In other experiments, Lieberman showed that processing food causes the upper and lower jaws to grow less in model organisms (hyraxes) that, like humans, have retracted faces, thus causing dental crowding and increasing the risk of impacted wisdom teeth.[17] Experiments with A. W. Crompton showed that fusion of the mandibular symphysis in primates and other species like wombats transfers forces from muscles on the non-chewing side of the head to increase bite forces.[18]

Evolution of human physical activity

Running

Lieberman is best known for his work on the evolution of running. Building off a proposal by David Carrier,[19] he and Dennis Bramble developed the endurance running hypothesis, which proposes that between 3 and 2 million years ago, the genus Homo evolved anatomical and physiological adaptations for long-distance running as part of hunter-gatherer lifestyles. In their 2004 "Born to Run" paper in the journal Nature, entitled "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo", he and Bramble reviewed how effective humans are at distance running, identified a long list of traits that improve endurance running performance, showed that these traits first appear in the genus Homo, especially Homo erectus, and argued that endurance running likely evolved to permit persistence hunting.[20] These traits, which Lieberman and his students and others have studied and tested experimentally in a series of papers, include an enlarged gluteus maximus;[21] short toes;[22] a longitudinal arch in the foot;[23] elongated, spring-like tendons in the leg such as the Achilles and iliotibial band;[24] a nuchal ligament for head stabilization;[25] long legs;[26] lack of fur and an elaboration of sweat glands to permit efficient sweating;[27][28] mobile rib joints to supplement diaphragmatic ventilation with thoracic ventilation;[29] and a large, thin-walled left ventricle of the heart to maintain high cardiac output.[30]

Barefoot running

Lieberman also conducted experiments with Madhusudan Venkadesan and others on barefoot versus shod running, showing that many habitually barefoot runners often adopt forefoot or midfoot strikes that reduce the impact peak caused by the collision of the foot with the ground.[31] Lieberman and colleagues have published studies claiming that forefoot or midfoot striking may help prevent some running injuries,[32][33] and promote stronger feet.[34] These studies have stimulated considerable research on running biomechanics. Lieberman and colleagues also showed that calluses, which barefoot individuals normally develop, protect the foot from injury without compromising mechanosensation.[35] Many of Lieberman's insights on running were popularized in the book Born to Run,[36] but Lieberman has questioned some aspects of the book, including its characterization of Tarahumara running and runners as "the myth of the athletic savage".[37] Lieberman is an avid runner, including marathons. He sometimes runs barefoot, and has studied barefoot running, which earned him the nickname "the Barefoot Professor".[38]

Walking

Lieberman also worked on the evolution of bipedal walking and posture. In collaboration with Michel Brunet and others, he analyzed the cranium of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, the oldest known hominin species, showing that its inferiorly oriented foramen magnum indicates the species was an upright biped of some sort.[10] With Katherine Whitcome and Liza Shapiro, he showed that hominin females evolved adaptations to cope with the extra load of bearing a fetus during pregnancy.[39] And in conjunction with Anna Warrener and other colleagues, he showed that female humans walk just as efficiently as males despite having wider pelves, contradicting the obstetric dilemma hypothesis.[40]

Throwing

Lieberman, Neil Roach, Madhusudan Venkadesan and Michael Rainbow showed that the genus Homo evolved unique anatomical features enabling high-speed overhand throwing, including elastic energy storage in a wide, horizontally oriented shoulder, as well as other features such as low humeral torsion, a mobile waist, and hyperextensible wrists. They proposed that these adaptations evolved in Homo erectus for hunting.[41]

Metabolism

Lieberman's research on physical activity also explores how physical activity affects metabolism and health. His active grandparent hypothesis proposes that human hunter-gatherers evolved to be highly physically active throughout their lifespan, including after they stop reproducing, thereby activating repair and maintenance mechanisms that extend healthspan and lifespan.[42] Using a new method to compare metabolic rates using quotients, Lieberman and colleagues also proposed that humans evolved uniquely high resting, activity, and total metabolic rates by overcoming energy allocation tradeoffs and thermoregulatory constraints that limit other primates, enabling humans to evolve large brains, high reproductive rates, extended longevity, and active lifestyles.[43]

Mismatch and dysevolution

Lieberman has advanced the concept of evolutionary mismatch, which he defines as "conditions that are more common or severe because the body is inadequately or imperfectly adapted to novel environmental conditions".[2] In his books and many of his papers he synthesizes evidence showing how physical inactivity, energy-dense diets, and other novel environmental factors including highly cushioned shoes contribute to mismatch conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and flat feet. As an example, in conjunction with Ian Wallace, Lieberman showed that the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis has more than doubled since the mid-20th century, even after accounting for increased longevity and obesity, indicating that recent environmental and lifestyle changes, especially reduced physical activity, substantially increased disease risk.[44] Lieberman divides mismatches into three categories: mismatches of too much (such as sugar), too little (such as physical activity), or too novel (such as tobacco). He further proposes that treating the symptoms not causes of mismatch conditions causes a form of cultural evolution he terms dysevolution, which perpetuates and sometimes worsens the condition.[2]

Diet

Lieberman is also interested in using evolutionary perspectives to study human diets. In 2023, he and his colleagues showed that the diets of tropical hunter-gatherers are unlike the Paleodiet and much more variable.[45] Lieberman is a co-author on the carbohydrate–insulin model proposed by David Ludwig.[46] His book Fed Up (2026) tells the story of how humans evolved to be the planet's ultimate omnivores but never to choose their food, explores how and why there is no single optimal diet, argues against oversimple diets based primarily on elimination, and reviews the evidence that the healthiest diets are based primarily on unrefined plants.[4]

Honors and awards

Books

  • Lieberman, Daniel E. (2011). The Evolution of the Human Head. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvjnrtmh. ISBN 978-0-674-04636-8.[49][50]
  • Lieberman, Daniel E. (2013). The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health and Disease. Pantheon Press. ISBN 978-0-307-74180-6.[51]
  • Lieberman, Daniel E. (2021). Exercised: Why Something We Never Evolved to Do Is Healthy and Rewarding. Pantheon Press. ISBN 978-1-5247-4698-8.
  • Lieberman, Daniel E. (2026). Fed Up: What Evolution Reveals About Food, Diet, Health, and Eating Well. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-593-53799-2.

References

  1. ^ a b Lieberman, Daniel E. (2011). The Evolution of the Human Head. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04636-8.
  2. ^ a b c Lieberman, Daniel E. (2013). The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, Disease. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-307-37941-2.
  3. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E. (2021). Exercised: Why Something We Never Evolved to Do Is Healthy and Rewarding. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-1-5247-4698-8.
  4. ^ a b Lieberman, Daniel E. (2026). Fed Up: What Evolution Reveals About Food, Diet, Health, and Eating Well. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-593-53799-2.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Curriculum vitae: Daniel Eric Lieberman" (PDF). Collège de France. Retrieved July 29, 2026.
  6. ^ Bradt, Steve (May 28, 2009). "New department reflects the evolution of human evolution". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved July 29, 2026.
  7. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; McBratney, Brandeis M.; Krovitz, Gail (2002). "The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1134–1139. doi:10.1073/pnas.022440799. PMC 122156. PMID 11805284.
  8. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E. (2008). "Speculations about the selective basis for modern human craniofacial form". Evolutionary Anthropology. 17 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1002/evan.20154.
  9. ^ Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; et al. (2002). "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa". Nature. 418 (6894): 145–151. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..145B. doi:10.1038/nature00879. PMID 12110880.
  10. ^ a b Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.; Ponce de León, Marcia S.; Lieberman, Daniel E.; et al. (2005). "Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis" (PDF). Nature. 434 (7034): 755–759. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..755Z. doi:10.1038/nature03397. PMID 15815628.
  11. ^ Guy, Franck; Lieberman, Daniel E.; Pilbeam, David; et al. (2005). "Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Late Miocene hominid from Chad) cranium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (52): 18836–18841. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509564102. PMC 1323204. PMID 16380424.
  12. ^ Pilbeam, David R.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2017). "Reconstructing the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans". In Muller, Martin N.; Wrangham, Richard W.; Pilbeam, David R. (eds.). Chimpanzees and Human Evolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-96795-3.
  13. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Wood, Bernard A.; Pilbeam, David R. (1996). "Homoplasy and early Homo: an analysis of the evolutionary relationships of H. habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis". Journal of Human Evolution. 30 (2): 97–120. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0008.
  14. ^ Zink, Katherine D.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2016). "Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans". Nature. 531 (7595): 500–503. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..500Z. doi:10.1038/nature16990. PMID 26958832.
  15. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Pearson, Osbjorn M.; Polk, John D.; Demes, Brigitte; Crompton, Alfred W. (2003). "Optimization of bone growth and remodeling in response to loading in tapered mammalian limbs". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (18): 3125–3138. doi:10.1242/jeb.00514. PMID 12909694.
  16. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Polk, John D.; Demes, Brigitte (2004). "Predicting long bone loading from cross-sectional geometry". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 123 (2): 156–171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10316. PMID 14730649.
  17. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Krovitz, Gail E.; Yates, Franklin W.; Devlin, Maureen; St Claire, Marisa (2004). "Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face". Journal of Human Evolution. 46 (6): 655–677. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.005. PMID 15183669.
  18. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Crompton, Alfred W. (2000). "Why fuse the mandibular symphysis? A comparative analysis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 112 (4): 517–540. doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200008)112:4<517::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 10918127.
  19. ^ Carrier, David R. (1984). "The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution". Current Anthropology. 25 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1086/203165.
  20. ^ Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2004). "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo" (PDF). Nature. 432 (7015): 345–352. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..345B. doi:10.1038/nature03052. PMID 15549097.
  21. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Raichlen, David A.; Pontzer, Herman; Bramble, Dennis M.; Cutright-Smith, Elizabeth (2006). "The human gluteus maximus and its role in running". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (11): 2143–2155. doi:10.1242/jeb.02255. PMID 16709916.
  22. ^ Rolian, Campbell; Lieberman, Daniel E.; Hamill, Joseph; Scott, John W.; Werbel, William (2009). "Walking, running and the evolution of short toes in humans". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (5): 713–721. doi:10.1242/jeb.019885. PMID 19218523.
  23. ^ Holowka, Nicholas B.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2018). "Rethinking the evolution of the human foot: insights from experimental research". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (17) jeb174425. doi:10.1242/jeb.174425. PMID 30190415.
  24. ^ Eng, Carolyn M.; Arnold, Allison S.; Lieberman, Daniel E.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2015). "The capacity of the human iliotibial band to store elastic energy during running". Journal of Biomechanics. 48 (12): 3341–3348. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.017. PMID 26162548.
  25. ^ Yegian, Andrew K.; Tucker, Yanish; Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2021). "Neuromechanical linkage between the head and forearm during running". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 174 (4): 752–762. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24234. PMID 33491216.
  26. ^ Pontzer, Herman (2007). "Effective limb length and the scaling of locomotor cost in terrestrial animals". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (10): 1752–1761. doi:10.1242/jeb.002246. PMID 17488938.
  27. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E. (2015). "Human locomotion and heat loss: an evolutionary perspective". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (1): 99–117. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140011. PMID 25589265.
  28. ^ Kamberov, Yana G.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Kamberova, Gerda L.; et al. (2015). "A genetic basis of variation in eccrine sweat gland and hair follicle density". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9932–9937. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511680112. PMC 4538659. PMID 26195765.
  29. ^ Callison, W. Éamon; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2019). "Thoracic adaptations for ventilation during locomotion in humans and other mammals". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 222 (21) jeb189357. doi:10.1242/jeb.189357. PMID 31611294.
  30. ^ Shave, Robert E.; Lieberman, Daniel E.; Drane, Aimee L.; et al. (2019). "Selection of endurance capabilities and the trade-off between pressure and volume in the evolution of the human heart". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (40): 19905–19910. doi:10.1073/pnas.1906902116. PMC 6778238. PMID 31527253.
  31. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Venkadesan, Madhusudhan; Werbel, William A.; et al. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners". Nature. 463 (7280): 531–535. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..531L. doi:10.1038/nature08723. PMID 20111000.
  32. ^ Daoud, Adam I.; Geissler, Gary J.; Wang, Frank; Saretsky, Jason; Daoud, Yahya A.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2012). "Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: a retrospective study". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 44 (7): 1325–1334. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182465115. PMID 22217561.
  33. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E. (2012). "What we can learn about running from barefoot running: an evolutionary medical perspective". Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 40 (2): 63–72. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31824ab210. PMID 22257937.
  34. ^ Holowka, Nicholas B.; Wallace, Ian J.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2018). "Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3679. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21916-7. PMC 5829167. PMID 29487321.
  35. ^ Holowka, Nicholas B.; Wynands, Bert; Drechsel, Tina J.; et al. (2019). "Foot callus thickness does not trade off protection for tactile sensitivity during walking". Nature. 571 (7764): 261–264. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1345-6. PMID 31243365.
  36. ^ McDougall, Christopher (2009). Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen. Knopf. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-307-26630-9.
  37. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Mahaffey, Mickey; Cubesare Quimare, Silvino; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Wallace, Ian J.; Baggish, Aaron L. (2020). "Running in Tarahumara (Rarámuri) culture: persistence hunting, footracing, dancing, work, and the fallacy of the athletic savage". Current Anthropology. 61 (3): 356–379. doi:10.1086/708810.
  38. ^ "Barefoot Professor". Nature. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  39. ^ Whitcome, Katherine K.; Shapiro, Liza J.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2007). "Fetal load and the evolution of lumbar lordosis in bipedal hominins" (PDF). Nature. 450 (7172): 1075–1078. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1075W. doi:10.1038/nature06342. PMID 18075592.
  40. ^ Warrener, Anna G.; Lewton, Kristi L.; Pontzer, Herman; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2015). "A wider pelvis does not increase locomotor cost in humans, with implications for the evolution of childbirth". PLOS One. 10 (3) e0118903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118903. PMC 4356512. PMID 25760381.
  41. ^ Roach, Neil T.; Venkadesan, Madhusudhan; Rainbow, Michael J.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2013). "Elastic energy storage in the shoulder and the evolution of high-speed throwing in Homo". Nature. 498 (7455): 483–486. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..483R. doi:10.1038/nature12267. PMC 3785139. PMID 23803849.
  42. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Kistner, Timothy M.; Richard, Daniel; Lee, I-Min; Baggish, Aaron L. (2021). "The active grandparent hypothesis: physical activity and the evolution of extended human healthspans and lifespans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (50) e2107621118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2107621118. PMC 8685690. PMID 34810239.
  43. ^ Yegian, Andrew K.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Castillo, Eric R.; et al. (2024). "Metabolic scaling, energy allocation tradeoffs, and the evolution of humans' unique metabolism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (48) e2409674121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2409674121. PMC 11621513. PMID 39556743.
  44. ^ Wallace, Ian J.; Worthington, Steven; Felson, David T.; et al. (2017). "Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (35): 9332–9336. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703856114. PMC 5584421. PMID 28808025.
  45. ^ Lieberman, Daniel E.; Worthington, Steven; Schell, Laura D.; et al. (2023). "Comparing measured dietary variation within and between tropical hunter-gatherer groups to the Paleo Diet". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 118 (3): 549–560. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.013. PMID 37343704.
  46. ^ Ludwig, David S.; Aronne, Louis J.; Astrup, Arne; et al. (2021). "The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 114 (6): 1873–1885. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270. PMC 8634575. PMID 34515299.
  47. ^ "Past Ig Nobel winners". Improbable Research. Retrieved July 29, 2026.
  48. ^ "How we evolved to die healthy". Collège de France. Retrieved July 29, 2026.
  49. ^ Smith, Timothy D. (2012). "The evolution of the human head by Daniel E. Lieberman". Human Biology (Book review). 84 (2): 215–217. doi:10.3378/027.084.0206. ISSN 0018-7143.
  50. ^ Gilbert, Christopher C. (2012). "The evolution of the human head by Daniel E. Lieberman". The Quarterly Review of Biology (Book review). 87 (3). University of Chicago Press: 254–255. doi:10.1086/666810. ISSN 0033-5770.
  51. ^ Condie, Bill (February–March 2014). "The story of the human body". Coda. Cosmos (Book review). 55: 106–107.

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