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Dead or Alive 4

Dead or Alive 4
North American cover art featuring (from top left to bottom right) La Mariposa, Hayabusa, Eliot, Kokoro, Kasumi, Bass, Zack, Jann Lee, Ayane, Tina, Helena, and Christie
Developer(s)Team Ninja
Publisher(s)Tecmo
Director(s)
Producer(s)
  • Tomonobu Itagaki
  • Satoshi Kanematsu
  • Max Naka
Designer(s)
  • Yoshifuru Okamoto
  • Motohiro Shiga
  • Yohei Shimbori
Artist(s)
  • Yasuo Egawa
  • Yasushi Nakakura
  • Hideki Niimi
SeriesDead or Alive
Platform(s)Xbox 360
Release
  • NA/JP: December 29, 2005
  • EU: January 27, 2006
  • AU: March 13, 2006
Genre(s)Fighting
Mode(s)Single player, multiplayer

Dead or Alive 4 (Japanese: デッドオアアライブ4, Hepburn: Deddo oa Araibu Fō, abbreviated as DOA4) is a 2005 fighting game developed by Team Ninja and published by Tecmo for the Xbox 360. It is the fourth main entry in the Dead or Alive fighting series following Dead or Alive 3 (2001).

The story of the game focuses on the continuing war between the Mugen Tenshin Ninja Clan and DOATEC, and Helena Douglas taking over the mantle of DOATEC as its new president, determined to fight against the corruption within the enormous organization. The game's story mode introduces the player to new characters and opponents via combat which can then be played in the game's other modes. New features are introduced in the gameplay and the game's online mode.

Dead or Alive 4 was generally well received, with an average score of 85/100 on Metacritic. By mid-2006, the game sold over 1 million copies worldwide.[1] In 2021, Dead or Alive 4 was made available on Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S through backward compatibility.[2] The game was later followed by Dead or Alive: Dimensions in 2011 and Dead or Alive 5 in 2012.

Gameplay

Various avatars interacting in a virtual environment during the game's Online Mode

Dead or Alive 4 has a number of updates in reference to previous titles. New to DOA4 is the introduction of the "Bounce Combo" system. After knocking an opponent to the ground with a strike attack, players can execute a Bounce Combo to perform further attacks on the opponent when they are bouncing off the ground. Low attacks and some mid attacks can now be performed on opponents while they are down.

Certain stages now have moving obstacles that will cause damage to fighters if they are hit by them, and using a counter hold at the right timing can help players avoid being hit by them.

Certain stages now also have obstacles in which fighters can be knocked over them, and when the opponent is on the other side of an obstacle, players can jump over them and they can also perform flying attacks.

New to the game's Online Mode is the introduction of Avatars and Virtual Environments, making it the first fighting game to include these features. Players can customize their Avatars and the environment and furniture in their Lobby. Players can take part in voice or text-based chat with other players while in the Lobby room. Award points are earned from winning online battles and players can use the points to buy accessories for their Avatars and Lobby rooms.

Characters' move lists have been vastly updated and four new characters have been added to the fighting roster, with returns from a couple of past characters as well. The counter system has been tightened, making the window for counters shorter and more difficult to execute, and the amount of damage that counters inflict has been changed. However, like Dead or Alive 3, the game features a relatively low number of costumes (excluding variants), and several characters now had to be unlocked by the player including Helena.

Characters

Ryu Hayabusa from Ninja Gaiden fighting against Halo's SPARTAN-458 in the Nassau Station stage during the game's Versus Mode

Dead or Alive 4 features a total of 23 fighters, including 22 playable characters and the boss character Alpha-152. Returning characters in the game are Ayane, Bass Armstrong, Bayman, Brad Wong, Christie, Hayate, Hitomi, Jann Lee, Kasumi, Leifang, Ryu Hayabusa, Tina Armstrong, and Zack.

DOA4 features three new playable characters: Kokoro, a young geisha in training; Eliot, a 16-year-old boy from England and protégé to Gen Fu; and La Mariposa, a female Lucha Libre wrestler. In addition, DOA4 features a playable unlockable character from the Halo series, a female Spartan supersoldier going by the name "Spartan-458" (with a Halo-themed stage Nassau Station in the game);[3] it would later be revealed that her real name would be "Nicole".[4]

New

  • Alpha-152 a, the final stage of DOATEC's human weapon series Project Alpha, created from Kasumi's DNA by the evil scientist, Victor Donovan.
  • Eliot, a British xingyiquan practitioner and the only apprentice of the legendary "Immovable Fist", Gen Fu. Having doubts about himself and questioning why Gen Fu chose him as his successor, Eliot enters the tournament to find out if he has the right to carry on Gen Fu's legacy.
  • Kokoro, a young Japanese girl currently training to become a geisha. Though she enjoys her lessons, Kokoro's heart and soul truly belong to her bajiquan, and despite the worries of her mother Miyako, she enters to the tournament to test herself.
  • La Mariposa, a luchadora who hides her past and true identity underneath her flamboyant costume. La Mariposa rose like a comet to the peak of stardom only a short while after her debut, and has never lost a match.
  • Spartan-458 b c d, real name Nicole, a supersoldier and close-quarters combat practitioner of Microsoft's Halo series. She is the result of the collaboration between Tecmo's Team Ninja and Microsoft's Bungie.

Returning

^a Unplayable boss
^b Guest character
^c Unlockable character
^d Unplayable in Story Mode

Plot

Helena Douglas, daughter of the founder and former chairman of the Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee, Fame Douglas, takes over the mantle of DOATEC as its second chairman, determined to fight against the corruption within the enormous organization. After losing both her father and her beloved mother to the darkness of conspiracy, Helena chose to place herself in the middle of the maelstrom in order to put an end to the chain of tragedy once and for all.

The man who holds the true power at DOATEC, Victor Donovan, locked himself in the committee's Bio Lab Core once again to continue coveting his dream of creating the perfect human weapon. His new project, code named "Alpha-152", is the result of the ultimate evolution of hyper-cloning technology, birthed from a DNA sample of Kasumi.

The war between the Mugen Tenshin Ninja Clan and DOATEC continues. During the last tournament, after Ayane successfully defeats DOATEC's last creation, Omega, Hayate returned to the Mugen Tenshin village, taking over the leadership. Now leader, his heart burns with the desire of revenge as he goes on a quest to put an end to DOATEC for the innumerable pain the Mugen Tenshin Ninjas have suffered from the organization. During the fourth tournament, Hayate brought together the most powerful group of ninjas known to man. He is accompanied by Ayane, Ryu Hayabusa, and other members of the Mugen Tenshin; Kasumi, though reluctant and fearing the worst, is dragged into the events herself as she follows her brother.

The forces of Mugen Tenshin launches an assault on DOATEC's primary headquarters, the gigantic 999 meter Tri-tower building. Other competitors such as Brad Wong, Jann Lee, Leifang, Zack, along with newcomers, Eliot and Kokoro, were also among the chaos during the assault. Hayate is approached by a luchadora named La Mariposa who reveals to him about her manipulation of him in coming to destroy DOATEC. Hayate thanks her, stating that she did him a favor, and he battles her to repay her. Hayate later comes across a vengeful Bayman, who vows to finish off Donovan for his betrayal to him. Hayate also states his reasons for wanting revenge on the mad scientist as well. Bayman warns Hayate not to interfere in his plan for revenge, but Hayate states that he can't let him fool things up while the ninjas proceed with their assault. La Mariposa comes across Helena and reveals to her about her involvement in DOATEC's Epsilon project before the second tournament and her reason for Hayate coming to DOATEC. La Mariposa angrily resents Donovan and wants to put an end to all of his motives. Helena reveals to her that stopping Alpha-152 from awakening is now impossible due to her shutdown mechanism being destroyed, and only one option is left to stop Alpha. Kasumi later confronts Helena, telling her to stop the war between DOATEC and the Mugen Tenshin. Helena refuses, stating that Hayate and the others will stop at nothing until DOATEC is destroyed, and she is willing do anything to stop Donovan and Alpha-152 from causing havoc in the world. Helena attempts to shoot Kasumi with a handgun but Kasumi is saved by Hayabusa. Helena later comes across Christie, who reveals that she was her mother's killer. Almost breaking down in sadness over her loss and now boiling with anger, Helena fights Christie.

The ninjas' assault left the Tri-tower building in an inferno, and the buildings' auto-destruct sequence activated by Helena lead to the buildings' ultimate destruction. While the ninjas continue their assault and Kasumi fights Alpha-152, Helena strolls through the burning buildings, reflecting on certain events of her life from childhood into adulthood, leading up to the current events. Helena decides to end her own life, committing suicide by going up to the Tri-tower Heliport between the three buildings and letting herself be consumed by the flames of the burning buildings as Kasumi and Ayane helplessly watch from afar. Suddenly, Zack came flying in with a chopper, saving her before the Tri-tower buildings collapsed to dust.

Development and release

Dead or Alive 4 promo at the Tokyo Game Show 2005

On May 12, 2005, the first screens from the game were leaked on the Internet via the elotrolado.net message boards.[5] The first official screenshots, in-game demos and cinematics were presented by Microsoft at press conferences,[6] with the game originally slated to be a launch title for the Xbox 360. In an interview with Famitsu Xbox, Tomonobu Itagaki remarked that he spent 99% of his time developing the game, while only sleeping 40 minutes in four days.[7] Technical assistance for Dead or Alive 4 was given by Blindlight.

The game was delayed many times before eventually being released on December 29, 2005, more than a month after the Xbox 360 debuted,[8] having been initially held back by retailers.[9] Famitsu Xbox editor-in-chief Munetatsu Matsui pointed to Dead or Alive 4's absence as a launch title as the main factor behind the slow sales of the Xbox 360 in Japan.[10] It is the first main fighting game in the series (and third overall, following Dead or Alive Ultimate) to receive a Mature rating by the ESRB.

Since Dead or Alive 4's release, a demo version of the game has been available for free download via Xbox Live on July 24, 2006. While the demo showcases the final version of the game, it is a very limited version and only a handful of the features are accessible, while the rest are locked down. Only the Time Attack and Verses modes are playable, there are just five stages available, and only Kasumi, Hayabusa, Brad, Tina, Eliot, and La Mariposa are playable. Some of the settings are also locked-out.

Two songs by the American rock band Aerosmith also appear in Dead or Alive 4. "Eat the Rich" was the opening theme, and "Amazing" was played during Helena's ending movie and over the credits.

As of November 15, 2021, Dead or Alive 4 is now backward compatible on the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S.[2]

Merchandise

An Arcade Stick for Dead or Alive 4 made by Japanese video game peripheral manufacturer Hori was released on February 4, 2006, exclusively for the Xbox 360.

The Soundtrack CD Dead or Alive 4 Original Sound Trax (KWCD-1009) was released in Japan by Wake Up in 2006. A guide book titled Dead or Alive 4: Official Game Guide by Prima Games was published in North America on January 24, 2006. Three guide books were published in Japan in 2005-2006: Dead or Alive 4 Official Guide Basic File (by Famitsu Xbox / Enterbrain), Dead or Alive 4 Best Shot (by SoftBank), and Dead or Alive 4 Official Guide Master File (by Enterbrain). The Platinum Collection edition of the game was released in Japan on November 1, 2007.[11]

Reception

Dead or Alive 4 received very positive reviews. Review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic gave the game a score of 85.49% and 85/100, respectively.[12][13] In Japan, Famitsu gave it a near-perfect score of 39 out of 40.[15]

Douglass C. Perry of IGN called the game "a fighter with subtle yet significant changes and an online mode that rocks" and "a move in the right direction for the series". Perry praised the fighting system as "deeper and more sophisticated", and praising the online mode as "a tremendous improvement, giving the series another layer of play that should take off and breathe new life into the series".[16] Greg Kasavin of GameSpot wrote: "It's simple: If you like fighting games, DOA4 is for you. Between its great selection of powerful fighters, its terrific action, and its addictive online mode, there's an awful lot to sink your teeth into, learn, and master in this latest and greatest installment in the series."[17] Che Chou of 1Up.com said: "DOA4 comes very close to being a competitive fighting game, but its failings in a few key areas cripple its longevity. Although it's by far the series' best entry, DOA4 still boggles the mind with its insanely unbalanced characters and easily exploitable moves."[14] Matt Conzen of eToychest praised Dead or Alive 4's online mode, calling it "innovative" and how it "fuels the fire that Team Ninja set forth on the Xbox 360 community", calling Dead or Alive "the only console fighting series with a decent online mode", overall calling Dead or Alive 4 "a game that carries the easy to play, difficult to master label, but is well worth mastering in the long run" and how "Dead or Alive 4 is a must play for any fighting game fan".[28] Play Magazine stated: "They don't make 3D fighters more beautiful and fluid than Dead or Alive 4."[29] Gamerfeed called Dead or Alive 4 "so close to being flawless it's unbelievable". Game Informer stated how "The incredible craftsmanship that went into this title makes it the pinnacle in the series and another fantastic Xbox Live application."[24] Gamer 2.0 stated: "If you want to be visually impressed, Itagaki and his Team Ninja have knocked another one out of the park with this game."[30] Official Xbox Magazine wrote: "Fan’s of Itagaki’s “jujitsu-jousting” philosophy….can comfortably mark DOA 4 as the most refined version of their beloved fighter to date."[31]

Sales and awards

Dead or Alive 4 sold over 1 million copies worldwide by mid-2006.[1] It came in number 9 on Japanese charts during the first week of January 2006.[32] Prior to release, Dead or Alive 4's E3 presentation was awarded "Best High-Definition Movies" by Gamespot,[25] and "Best Non-Playable Xbox 360 Presentation" by IGN.[26] After its release, Famitsu awarded Dead or Alive 4 the "Super Visual Award".[27] It was also nominated for "Xbox Game of the Year" at the Golden Joystick Awards,[33] and "Best Fighting Game" at the Spike Video Game Awards.[34]

Legacy

Dead or Alive 4 CGS event broadcast on national TV

Dead or Alive 4 was included in the esport leagues, Evolution Championship Series (Evo),[35] Championship Gaming Series (CGS)[36] and World Cyber Games (WCG).[37] Dead or Alive 4 became the first fighting game to have a televised competitive esport scene with its inclusion in the CGS esport league in 2007 and 2008. The CGS league was operated and fully broadcast by DirecTV in association with British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) and STAR TV.[38][39] Dead or Alive 4 is credited for launching the careers of pro-gamers Kat Gunn and Vanessa Arteaga, who would become two of the gaming industry's highest paid women pro-gamers.[40] It is also credited for expanding the career of pro-gamer Emmanuel Rodriguez, who entered the competitive fighting game scene in 2004, first competing in Dead or Alive 3 and Dead or Alive Ultimate, followed by Dead or Alive 4 in 2006, and later became a Koei Tecmo employee in 2012.[41]

Dead or Alive 4 is featured in the Guinness World Records for being the "First 7th-generation fighting videogame",[42] and the "First retail game to include “zero point” achievements".[43] Dead or Alive 4 player, Reginald "ElectrifiedMann" Wysinger, holds the Guinness World Record for the "Fastest “Time Attack” completion on Dead or Alive 4 (“Very Hard”)".[44] Emmanuel Rodriguez holds the Guinness World Record for the "Most Dead or Alive Tournament title wins" with Dead or Alive 4 among the games he's won in.[45]

Dead or Alive 4 was the first fighting game to feature Avatars and Virtual Environments in its Online Mode. The innovative fighting game features were later expanded upon in the short-lived Dead or Alive Online, and were later featured in other fighting games such as Street Fighter 6 and Tekken 8.[46][47]

In 2008, GamePro staff ranked it as the 11th best fighting game, stating: "The first new-generation fighter to be released, Dead or Alive 4 still makes a strong case as the best one. [...] This is a fighting game that can stand in the ring with any major series."[48] In 2009, Virgin Media ranked it as the seventh top 20 beat 'em-up of all time.[49] In 2011, Peter Rubin of Complex ranked it as the 28th best fighting game of all time.[50] The game was also featured in 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die.[51] It was also included in a top 10 list of Xbox 360 titles that are still fun to play.[52]

References

  1. ^ a b Calonne, Stéphane (July 11, 2006). "Dead or Alive 4 passe le million" (in French). JeuxFrance. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
  2. ^ a b "Microsoft's Xbox backward compatibility program returns with 76 new games". The Verge. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  3. ^ "Mystery Dead or Alive 4 Character Revealed". XBOX365. 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2006-01-05. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  4. ^ "Halo's DOA4 fighter unwrapped". GameSpot. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  5. ^ "Primeras imágenes de Dead or Alive 4 (Spanish)". Elotrolado.net. 2005-05-12. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  6. ^ "Dead or Alive 4 E3 2005 Trailer [Insane Quality]". FilePlanet. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  7. ^ "Team Ninja's Tomonobu Itagaki Is Sad". IGN. 2005-05-03. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  8. ^ "DOA4 delay déjà vu". GameSpot. 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  9. ^ Douglas C. Perry (2005). "Dead Or Alive 4 Delayed?". IGN.
  10. ^ "Slow start for Xbox 360 in Japan". BBC News. 2005-12-13. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  11. ^ "Dead or Alive 4". Arcade Gear. Archived from the original on 2014-01-29. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  12. ^ a b "Dead or Alive 4 for Xbox 360". GameRankings. 2005-12-29. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  13. ^ a b "Dead or Alive 4 for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  14. ^ a b Che Chou (February 13, 2006). "Dead or Alive 4". 1Up.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  15. ^ a b Feldman, Jason (2006-01-04). "News – Latest Famitsu Scores- Sega Rally 2006, Dead or Alive 4". GamesAreFun. Retrieved 2011-08-30.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ a b "Dead Or Alive 4 - IGN". Uk.ign.com. 29 December 2005. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  17. ^ a b "Dead or Alive 4 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
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  19. ^ "Review: Dead or Alive 4 for Xbox 360 on GamePro.com". Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  20. ^ "Dead or Alive 4 Review (Xbox 360)". 2005-12-30. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  21. ^ "Dead or Alive 4 Review - Xbox 360 Review". Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  22. ^ "Games Radar - XBOX 360 reviews - Dead or Alive 4 - Welcome back to the double-D dojo". 2006-06-15. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  23. ^ "GameSpy: Dead or Alive 4 - Page 1". Xbox360.gamespy.com. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  24. ^ a b "Dead or Alive 4 Game Informer Review". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 2006-05-30.
  25. ^ a b "GameSpot's E3 2005 Editors' Choice Awards". GameSpot. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  26. ^ a b "Xbox 360 Best of E3 2005 Awards". IGN. 28 May 2005. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  27. ^ a b "New Awards Discovered in Famitsu Awards Presentation". 24 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19.
  28. ^ Conzen, Matt. "Dead or Alive 4". eToychest. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006.
  29. ^ Play Magazine staff (March 2006). "Dead or Alive 4". Play Magazine. p. 43.
  30. ^ Mifflin, Patrick. "Dead or Alive 4 Review". eToychest. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
  31. ^ OXM staff (March 2006). "Dead or Alive 4". Official Xbox Magazine. p. 73.
  32. ^ Game Data Library - 2006 Weekly
  33. ^ Surette, Tim (August 2, 2006). "Golden Joystick noms announced". Gamespot. Archived from the original on November 17, 2013.
  34. ^ "Spike TV 2006 Video Game Awards Breaks the Mold". LAs The Place.com. December 16, 2006. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
  35. ^ "EVO 2006 Championship Series, powered by Yaris". February 2, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  36. ^ "Champion Gaming Series Games". Championship Gaming Series. Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  37. ^ "WGC 2007 Official Games". World Cyber Games. Archived from the original on 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
  38. ^ CNBC Archived July 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "CHAMPIONSHIP GAMING SERIES: A CONCEPT "AHEAD OF ITS TIME"". Hotspawn. Lawrence "Malystryx" Phillips. 8 January 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  40. ^ Myers, Maddy (May 9, 2017). "Ten Years Ago, Dead Or Alive Launched The Careers Of The Highest-Paid Women Pro Gamers". Kotaku. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  41. ^ Robinson, Jon (2021-06-11). "How an Esports "Master" Landed His Dream Job at Team Ninja to Help Players Be Great". Xbox.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11.
  42. ^ "First seventh-generation fighting videogame". Guinness World Records. 30 September 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  43. ^ "First retail game to include "zero point" achievements". Guinness World Records. July 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  44. ^ "Fastest "Time Attack" completion on Dead or Alive 4 ("Very Hard")". Guinness World Records. 9 October 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  45. ^ "Most Dead or Alive Tournament title wins". Guinness World Records. 30 September 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
  46. ^ "[Early Access] "Dead or Alive Online" Experience the sexiest online fighting competition" (in Chinese). gnn.gamer.com. 2009-06-13. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03.
  47. ^ "Dead or Alive Goes Online - IGN". IGN. 2007-07-03.
  48. ^ GamePro Staff (2010-03-25). "The 18 Best Fighting Games, Feature Story from GamePro". Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  49. ^ "Dead or Alive 4 (Xbox 360) - The top 20 beat 'em-ups of all time - Games". Virgin Media. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  50. ^ "28. Dead or Alive 4 (Xbox 360, 2005) — The 50 Best Fighting Games of All Time". Complex. 2011-03-14. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  51. ^ Tony Mott, ed. (2013). 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die. Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-1844037667.
  52. ^ "Top 10 Best Xbox 360 Exclusives That Are Still Fun to Play Today". toptens.fun. 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-19.

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Правово́й обы́чай (обычное право) — исторически сложившийся источник права и правило поведения. Позже часто избирательно санкционировалось государством и включалось в его систему правовых норм. Обычное право представляет собой одно из древнейших явлений в истории…

Winona BeamerBackground informationBirth nameWinona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha BeamerAlso known asAuntie NonaBorn(1923-08-15)August 15, 1923Honolulu, Territory of HawaiiDiedAugust 10, 2008(2008-08-10) (aged 84)Lahaina, MauiGenresHawaiianOccupation(s)Singer, dancer, composerInstrument(s)VocalsMusical artist Winona Kapuailohiamanonokalani Desha Beamer (August 15, 1923 – April 10, 2008) was a champion of authentic and ancient Hawaiian culture, publishing many books, musical scores, as wel…

Nama ini menggunakan aturan penamaan Slavia Timur; nama patronimiknya adalah Georgiyevich dan nama keluarganya adalah Kulikov. Viktor KulikovNama lahirВиктор Георгиевич КуликовViktor Georgiyevich KulikovLahir(1921-07-05)5 Juli 1921Desa Verkhnyaya Lyubovsha, Oblast Oryol, Republik Sosialis Federatif Soviet RusiaMeninggal28 Mei 2013(2013-05-28) (umur 91)Moskwa, RusiaPengabdian Uni SovietLama dinas1940–1989PangkatMarsekal Uni SovietPerang/pertempuranPeran…

Voting system For other types of runoff-voting systems, see Runoff voting (disambiguation). Part of the Politics seriesElectoral systems Single-winner/majoritarianPlurality First-past-the-post Plurality at-large (plurality block voting) General ticket (party block voting) Multi-round voting Two-round Exhaustive ballot Primary election Nonpartisan unified top-four Majority at-large (two-round block voting) Ranked / preferential systems Instant-runoff (alternative vote) Contingent vote Coombs' met…

2020 series of riots in Delhi, India 2020 Delhi riots (top) Muslim homes and businesses were set on fire during the rioting in Shiv Vihar, Delhi.[a] (bottom) A relief camp at Eidgah in Mustafabad, Delhi set up by the Government of Delhi[b] and the Muslim Waqf board, with beds for 800 women and 700 men, and with doctors from St Stephens Hospital and Holy Family Hospital volunteering.[c]Date23 February 2020 – 29 February 2020 (6 days)LocationNorth East Delhi, India28…

1980 legislative assembly elections in Tamil Nadu 1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election ← 1977 28 May 1980 1984 → All 234 seats in the Legislature of Tamil Nadu118 seats needed for a majorityTurnout65.42%   First party Second party   Leader M. G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Party AIADMK DMK Alliance AIADMK Alliance Congress alliance Leader's seat Madurai West Anna Nagar Seats won 162 69 Seat change 14 6 Popular vote 9,328,839 8,371,718 …

See also: Timeline of the 20th century The initial economic collapse which resulted in the Great Depression can be divided into two parts: 1929 to mid-1931, and then mid-1931 to 1933. The initial decline lasted from mid-1929 to mid-1931. During this time, most people believed that the decline was merely a bad recession, worse than the recessions that occurred in 1923 and 1927, but not as bad as the Depression of 1920-21. Economic forecasters throughout 1930 optimistically predicted an economic r…

Charles BonnetLahir(1720-03-13)13 Maret 1720Jenewa, Republik JenewaMeninggal20 Mei 1793(1793-05-20) (umur 73)Genthod dekat Jenewa, Republik JenewaWarga negaraWarga Republik JenewaKarier ilmiahBidangNaturalisTerinspirasiGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Fellow of the Royal Society Charles Bonnet (bahasa Prancis: [bɔnɛ]; 13 Maret 1720 – 20 Mei 1793) adalah seorang naturalis dan penulis filsafat asal Jenewa.[1] Ia bertanggung jawab atas pencetusan istilah phyllotaxis unt…

Intention to be fair, open, and honest Bona fide redirects here. For other uses, see Bona fide (disambiguation) and Good faith (disambiguation). Assume good faith redirects here. For the Wikipedia editing guideline, see Wikipedia:Assume good faith. In human interactions, good faith (Latin: bona fidēs) is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. Some Latin phrases have lost their literal meaning over centuries, but that is not the case with …

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