Dole plc (previously named Dole Food Company and Standard Fruit Company) is an Irish-Americanagriculturalmultinational corporation headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. The company is among the world's largest producers of fruit and vegetables, operating with 38,500 full-time and seasonal employees who supply some 300 products in 75 countries.[2][3] Dole reported 2021 revenues of $6.5 billion.[2][3]
As of 2021, the company had approximately 250 processing plants and distribution centers worldwide in addition to 109,000 acres (44,000 ha) of farmland and real estate. The company operates through four segments: Fresh Fruit (bananas and pineapples; about 35% of 2020 revenues); Diversified Fresh Produce in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; Diversified Fresh Produce in the Americas and other world regions (combined 37% of 2020 revenues); and Fresh Vegetables (29% of 2020 revenues).[2][4] Dole grows and markets bananas, pineapples, grapes, berries, deciduous and citrus fruits, and vegetable salads.[4] Dole operates a 13-vessel shipping line for importing its produce and exporting third-party goods to Latin America.[3][4][5]
The multinational company PepsiCo sells bottled fruit beverages under license using the Dole brand.[6] Dole has a comarketing agreement with The Walt Disney Company to encourage the public, including children, to consume fruits and vegetables.[7]
Dole plc traces its origins to the foundation of Castle & Cooke in 1851, and Charles McCann's Fish, Fruit and Vegetable Market in the 1850s in Ireland.[8][9] Castle & Cooke, a sugar and logistics company, was founded in Hawaii by Amos Starr Cooke and Samuel Northrup Castle.[10]
James Drummond Dole founded the Hawaiian Pineapple Company in 1901.An ad for Dole pineapple juice, circa 1910.
In 1899, industrialist James Dole moved to Hawaii. James was the cousin of Sanford B. Dole, who had helped overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, and became the governor of Hawaii in 1898.[11] Two years after James Dole's arrival, he formed the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (HPC). The HPC delivered its first shipment of canned pineapple in 1903.[12] Early products of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company were not marketed under a particular brand name, often assuming the names of the distributors.[13]: 150 In the early 20th century, pineapple was still relatively unknown, and James Dole and other growers mounted a marketing campaign in magazines in what the company now refers to as one of the first nationwide advertising campaigns in the United States.[14] In 1927, the HPC began stamping its cans with the Dole brand name, with numbers to indicate the grade. These stamps ensured the Dole name would still be visible even if the label was changed by a distributor.[13]: 154
The company made technological advances in the early decades of the 20th century in processing the fruit—most notably the Ginaca Machine, created in 1911—that made canning pineapple commercially viable.[15] In 1922, Dole purchased the Hawaiian island Lanai and turned it into the largest pineapple plantation in the world.[16] The same year, Castle & Cooke acquired 33% of the company via lease agreement. In 1927, the HPC began stamping its cans with the "Dole" brand.[13]: 151, 154 By the end of the 1920s, the company grew more than 75% of all pineapples in the world. However, the Hawaiian Pineapple Company struggled to stay financially sound during the Great Depression and Castle & Cooke took control of it in 1932.[17][13]: 149 The HPC was renamed the "Dole Company" and became a subsidiary of Castle & Cooke in 1961. Two years later, the company began expanding its fruit growing operations into southeast Asia, opening plantations and canneries in the Philippines and Thailand.[15]
While the HPC was getting established, the tropical fruit trade was growing in Central and South America, primarily with the banana trade. One of the major players in that trade, the Standard Fruit and Steamship Company, was established in 1906 by the Vaccaro brothers and Salvador D'Antoni as Vaccaro Brothers and Company. However, the quartet had been making shipments of tropical fruit such as bananas and coconuts, as well as other items, since 1899.[18]: 2, 4, 16 The firm grew rapidly in its early years, establishing a headquarters in La Ceiba, Honduras, purchasing housing and cargo ships, and building rail and telephone lines at its plantations.[18]: 14,16 The company's rapid growth has been attributed to the destruction of property records in the early 20th century, leading the firm to take control of large swaths of land with the support of the Honduran government.[19]: 145 In 1924, the firm went public as the Standard Fruit and Steamship Company.[18]: 91-92 In the 1920s, as Panama disease was destroying crops of the Gros Michel banana, Standard Fruit began looking for other cultivars to grow, settling on the Cavendish banana. Switching to the Cavendish allowed Standard Fruit to become the largest banana producer in the world by the 1960s.[20] Standard Fruit merged with Castle & Cooke in 1968.[18]: 292-293
While these companies were forming in the United States, the McCanns expanded their operations in Ireland, opening a store in Dundalk in 1902.[21] In the 1950s, the McCanns began consolidating with other companies in Ireland, creating United Fruit Importers and then Fruit Importers of Ireland, which became a publicly traded company.[22]
1970–2000: Expansions, selloffs, and splits
David H. Murdock purchased Castle & Cooke in 1985 and split off Dole into its own company in 1996.
Ten years after its merger with Standard Fruit, Castle & Cooke acquired Bud Antle Inc., a California-based vegetable company.[23][24] However, Castle & Cooke began to struggle financially and was purchased in 1985 by billionaire David H. Murdock.[25] After the purchase, Dole began expanding its offerings by purchasing other food companies, buying several West Coast fruit and nut producers and distributors between 1985 and 1990, including Bonner Packing Company in California and Wells and Wade Fruit Company in Washington.[26] Meanwhile, in Ireland, Fruit Importers of Ireland purchased Fyffes from Chiquita in 1986.[22]
Murdock separated Dole and Castle & Cooke in 1996, turning the latter into a real estate development company.[27]
2000–present: Recovery and merger with Total Produce
In the early 2000s, Dole struggled financially and was nearly bankrupt.[28] Murdock rescued the company, which had been publicly traded, and took it private in 2003.[25]
During this same period, lawsuits related to the use of the pesticide DBCP were filed against Dole. The company, along with Shell and Dow Chemical Company, was ordered by a court in Managua, Nicaragua, to pay banana workers $489.4 million in 2003, but the companies declined to pay the fine.[29] In 2007, a California judge awarded $2.3 million to Nicaraguan banana workers who sued Dole for its DBCP use. However, the ruling was overturned in 2010, with another judge noting a lack of evidence connecting the workers to Dole plantations and fraud committed by the plaintiffs' lawyers.[30] Swedish filmmaker Fredrik Gertten made a documentary about the latter lawsuit, entitled Bananas!*, which led to a defamation lawsuit by Dole.[31] Dole lost the suit and was ordered to pay the filmmakers SEK 1,400,000.[32] Gertten made a follow-up documentary about the defamation suit that premiered in 2012, entitled Big Boys Gone Bananas!*.[33]
Total Produce was spun off from Fyffes in 2006 as a fresh fruit and vegetable business separate from the tropical fruits business of Fyffes.[9] Upon establishment, the firm was one of the largest produce companies in Europe, leading in Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, and the Czech Republic.[34] In 2007, Total Produce expanded further into the United Kingdom, purchasing British firm Redbridge Holdings for £11.75 million.[35]
In 2009, Dole was sued by families of banana workers in Colombia, who alleged that the company had bankrolled militias that killed thousands of Colombians, including trade union organizers.[36] The suit was dismissed with prejudice the following year.[37][38]
Murdock took Dole public again in 2009, raising $446 million in the process.[39]
In 2012, Dole reached a deal to sell its packaged food division and Asian fresh produce operations to the Japanese firm Itochu for $1.7 billion,[40] with the purchase concluding in April 2013.[41] As part of the Itochu deal, the Dole brand continued to be used for some packaged food products worldwide and fresh produce in Asia, Australia and New Zealand, although the Dole Food Company had no business involvement for these products.[40][41] In August 2013, Murdock reacquired Dole as a private company at a valuation of $1.6 billion.[42] He and Dole Food Company President Michael Carter were later sued by investors for undervaluing the company during the Itochu deal, and in 2015, a judge in Delaware ordered the pair to pay shareholders $148 million for intentionally lowering the value of Dole stock prior to the buyout.[43]
Total Produce purchased a 45% stake in the Dole Food Company in 2018, and merged with Dole in 2021 to form Dole plc.[9][44] Dole plc (NYSE: DOLE) began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in July 2021.[45]
Pineapple maze, Dole Plantation, Oahu, HawaiiBobby Banana and Pinellopy Pineapple in San Diego, 2018
Operations
Covering five continents, Dole has 109,000 acres (44,000 ha) of its own farmland, 13 cargo vessels, five manufacturing plants, 75 packing houses and 160 distribution centers.[4] Dole is a vertically integrated producer, owning plantations in Central America.[46] Its container ships are specially equipped with refrigerated containers, and use their own cranes instead of relying on port infrastructure.[4][47]
Management
As of 2021, Rory Byrne is CEO, Carl McCann is chairman, and Johan Lindén is chief operating officer.[2]
Headquarters
Following the 2021 merger with Total Produce, Dole plc has world headquarters in Dublin, Ireland and US headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina.[4]
The Dole brand is also under license with Pepsico for bottled fruit beverages.[6]
Food safety
As Dole products include fruits and vegetables grown in open fields, Dole uses rigorous food safety procedures under Good Agricultural Practices for its own farms and those of contract growers.[55] In California, Dole is a certified member of the Leafy Greens Marketing Agreement (LGMA), a collaboration of food scientists and safety experts, government, farmers, shippers, and processors.[55][56] Dole operates a SafetyChain system, which is a cellphone-based process for quality assurance on the farm (region, grower, and lot number), including immediate reports on non-compliance issues.[55]
Over decades, Dole has initiated several recalls of its products and shut down manufacturing facilities for cleaning in response to outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, primarily related to bagged salads and leafy greens.
According to Dole personnel and the California LGMA, this 2006 E. coli outbreak led
to harmonizing new rigorous farm and handling practices across the fresh produce industry to minimize microbial contamination.[55][56]
2010s
Dole recalled its "Seven Lettuces" salads in 2012 after random testing by New York health officials found salmonella in the salads.[60] The same year, the company issued two recalls of its bagged salads due to contamination by Listeria monocytogenes.[61] The company initiated another recall due to contamination by L. monocytogenes in 2014.[62] The following year, Dole recalled bagged spinach due to contamination with salmonella following safety testing conducted by the United States Food and Drug Administration at a plant in Springfield, Ohio.[63]
In 2016, an outbreak of listeriosis tied to the Springfield plant led to the hospitalization of 33 people and four deaths. The plant closed for four months that year, and later reporting revealed Dole knew about the listeria contamination in July 2014, more than a year before the plant's closure. The United States Department of Justice initiated a criminal probe into the issue.[64] Dole settled two civil lawsuits related to the outbreak in 2017.[65]
2020s
In December 2021, Dole recalled 180 varieties of packaged salad due to possible listeria contamination and closed packaging facilities in Yuma, Arizona, and Bessemer City, North Carolina, to sanitize them.[66] The outbreak led to an investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after two people died and 17 became ill.[67]
^Koepppel, Dan (20 October 1990). "Dole Wants The Whole Produce Aisle; Branded fruits and vegetables are turning the nation's supermarkets into Dole country". Adweek.
^Monk, Katherine (28 January 2012). "Free speech, corporate lies and bananas; Hard-hitting documentary tells how Swedish filmmaker and Canadian producer took on the big boys at Dole Food Company". Ottawa Citizen.
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