Dong Fang Hong 1

Dong Fang Hong 1
	DFH-1 satellite
Names	The East is Red 1; China 1; PRC 1
Mission type	Technology demonstration
Operator	CAST
COSPAR ID	1970-034A
SATCAT no.	04382
Mission duration	19 days (achieved) ; 54 years, 6 months and 2 days; (in orbit)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	CASC
Launch mass	173 kg (381 lb)
Dimensions	1 m (3 ft 3 in) of diameter
Start of mission
Launch date	24 April 1970, 13:35:45 GMT
Rocket	Chang Zheng 1
Launch site	Jiuquan, LA-5020
Contractor	China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
Entered service	24 April 1970
End of mission
Last contact	14 May 1970
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Medium Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	441 km (274 mi)
Apogee altitude	2,286 km (1,420 mi)
Inclination	68.42°
Period	114.09 minutes

Dong Fang Hong 1 broadcasting "East is Red" and telemetry data

Dong Fang Hong 1 (simplified Chinese: 东方红一号; traditional Chinese: 東方紅一號; pinyin: Dōngfānghóng Yīhào; lit. 'The East is Red no.1'), in the western world also known as China 1 or PRC 1,^[3] was the first space satellite of the People's Republic of China (PRC), launched successfully on 24 April 1970 as part of the PRC's Dongfanghong space satellite program. It was a part of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" program. At 173 kg (381 lb), it was heavier than the first satellites of other countries. The satellite carried a radio transmitter which broadcast the then de facto national anthem of the same name. The broadcast lasted for 20 days while in orbit.

It was developed under the direction of Qian Xuesen, dean of the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST). At the time, a total of five identical satellites were created. The first satellite launched successfully. The academy formulated a "Three-Satellite Plan" consisting of Dongfanghong 1, re-entry satellites, and geosynchronous orbit communications satellites. Sun Jiadong was responsible for the Dongfanghong 1 technology. In 1967, Dang Hongxin chose a copper antenna membrane that resolved the difficulties of broadcasting on an ultra-short wave antenna between 100 °C and −100 °C. Engineers installed a music player playing "The East is Red" on the satellite.

Launch

The universe sings The East is Red, 1970 documentary film about the launch of DFH-1

While Dongfanghong 1 was transported to the launch site by train, armed guards were placed between every two electricity poles. On 24 April 1970, at 13:35:45 GMT,^[2] a Long March 1 (CZ-1) lifted off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, placing the Dongfanghong 1 satellite in orbit at 13:48 GMT.^{[citation needed]}

Objectives

The primary purpose of the Dong Fang Hong 1 satellite was to perform tests of satellite technology and take readings of the ionosphere and atmosphere.^{[citation needed]}

Satellite design

The satellite was similar in shape to a symmetrical 72-faced polyhedron, had a mass of 173 kg (381 lb), and had a diameter of approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in). It spun 120 times per minute for stabilization. The outer surface was coated with a processed aluminum alloy for temperature control. The main body of the sphere had four ultrashortwave whip antennas of at least 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. The lower section was connected to a stage containing a rocket motor. It had a shiny metallic ring added to the bottom, with brightness magnitude from +5 to +8.^{[citation needed]}

Orbit

The satellite was launched into orbit with a perigee of 441 km (274 mi), an apogee of 2,286 km (1,420 mi) and inclination of 68.42°. This near-Earth elliptical orbit has an orbital period of 114.09 minutes.^[1] It has Satellite Catalog Number 04382 and International Designator 1970-034A.^[4]

Dong Fang Hong 1 had a design life of 20 days. During that time, it transmitted telemetry data and space readings to the Earth. On 14 May 1970, its signal stopped.

Orbit change in time (free fall)^[5]
Date (AD)	Perigee (km)	Apogee (km)
24 April 1970	441	2286
23 August 1996	431	2164
1 January 2010	430	2073
15 April 2022	429	2030^[6]

Reaction

With the successful launch of Dong Fang Hong 1, China became the fifth country after the Soviet Union, United States, France, and Japan to independently launch a satellite. Although Dong Fang Hong 1 was launched nearly 13 years after Sputnik I, its mass exceeded the combined masses of the first satellites of the other four countries. After this launch, Qian Xuesen proposed to the Chinese government that China should develop a manned space program and submitted a manned space undertaking report to which Mao Zedong personally approved.^{[citation needed]}

On 21 April 2005, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology gathered the science and technology personnel who participated in the design, manufacture, production, and supervision of Dong Fang Hong 1. The birthplace of Dong Fang Hong 1, the Beijing Satellite Manufacturing Plant, was used as a monument. The manufacturing plant, in coordination with the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft anniversary, created a 1:1 scale replica of the Dong Fang Hong 1 satellite. It was exhibited in the Beijing Planetarium.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Display: PRC 1 (1970-034A)". NASA. 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b McDowell, Jonathan (15 December 2021). "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ Louis de Gouyon Matignon (20 March 2019). "Dong Fang Hong I, the First Chinese Satellite". Space Legal Issues. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ McDowell, Jonathan (15 December 2021). "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ Vitek, Antonin (7 March 2010). "Large catalogue of satellites" (in Czech). www.lib.cas.cz/space.40/. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ Vitek, Antonin (15 April 2022). "SPACE 50, THE GREAT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACECRATFS". Česká kosmická kancelář, o.p.s., www.space50.cz/. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.