Submission declined on 4 July 2026 by Nfutvol (talk). This draft's references do not show that the subject meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion. The draft requires multiple published secondary sources that: provide significant coverage: discuss the subject in detail, not just brief mentions or routine announcements; are reliable: from reputable outlets with editorial oversight; are independent: not connected to the subject, such as interviews, press releases, the subject's own website, or sponsored content. Please add references that meet all three of these criteria. If none exist, the subject is not yet suitable for Wikipedia. If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. If you need extra help, please ask us a question at the AfC Help Desk or get live help from experienced editors. Please do not remove reviewer comments or this notice until the submission is accepted. Where to get help If you need help editing or submitting your draft, please ask us a question at the AfC Help Desk or get live help from experienced editors. These venues are only for help with editing and the submission process, not to get reviews. If you need feedback on your draft, or if the review is taking a lot of time, you can try asking for help on the talk page of a relevant WikiProject. Some WikiProjects are more active than others so a speedy reply is not guaranteed. How to improve a draft Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia – a basic overview on how to edit Wikipedia. Help:Wikitext – how to use the markup Help:Referencing for beginners – how to include references Wikipedia:Article development – how to develop your article Wikipedia:Writing better articles – how to improve your article Wikipedia:Verifiability – make sure your article includes reliable third-party sources You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Add tags to your draft Editor resources Easy tools: Citation bot (help) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs Declined by Nfutvol 43 days ago. Last edited by Nfutvol 43 days ago. Reviewer: Inform author. Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again.

• Comment: Topic does not appear to have significant coverage in reliable, secondary sources. All references are primary sources defining EU and ICAO policy and responses to events. Please see WP:GNG, WP:CITE, and WP:PRIMARY for more information. nf utvol (talk) 02:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC)

Counter-unmanned aircraft system (counter-UAS, C-UAS) or counter-drone system is a set of organisational, legal and technical measures used to detect, identify, track and respond to unauthorised, hazardous or hostile unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).^[1][2]

Counter-UAS is distinct from UTM and U-space, which are intended to enable and manage lawful drone operations. Counter-UAS addresses drones that are unauthorised, non-compliant or otherwise considered a threat to safety, security or protected infrastructure.^[3][4]

The growth of small unmanned aircraft in the 2010s led to increased concern about unauthorised drone activity near aerodromes, critical infrastructure and public events. In response, aviation and security authorities developed dedicated procedures and technical systems for drone detection, incident management and, where permitted by law, active countermeasures.^[5][6]

By the early 2020s, both the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) had published dedicated guidance on the management of unauthorised drones, especially in the vicinity of airports and civil aviation infrastructure.^[7][8]

The rapid expansion of drone warfare during the 2020s, especially in the Russo-Ukrainian War, increased attention to counter-UAS as a distinct field combining surveillance, air defence, electronic warfare and force protection. Defence analyses of the conflict have highlighted the importance of layered sensing, rapid adaptation and cost-effective responses against both reconnaissance and attack drones.^[9]

A counter-UAS system typically supports some or all of the following functions:

• detection of an unmanned aircraft;
• identification and classification of the object or signal source;
• tracking of the aircraft and, in some cases, its operator;
• threat assessment;
• selection of an appropriate response;
• documentation and coordination with aviation, law-enforcement or security authorities.^[10][11]

Counter-UAS architectures vary by jurisdiction and use case, but they may include:

• radar systems;
• radio-frequency sensors;
• electro-optical and infrared cameras;
• acoustic sensors;
• command-and-control software;
• interfaces to remote identification or airspace-management systems.^[12][13]

The response component depends on law and operational context. In some settings, the response may be limited to alerting, surveillance, airspace restrictions or interruption of airport operations. In other cases, competent authorities may be permitted to employ technical countermeasures. ICAO guidance stresses that any response should avoid creating additional unmanaged aviation safety risks.^[14]

Counter-UAS systems are used primarily for the protection of:

• airports and aviation infrastructure;
• critical infrastructure;
• government and military facilities;
• major public events;
• industrial and energy sites.^[15][16]

Because counter-UAS activities may affect communications, radio spectrum, aviation safety, privacy and law-enforcement powers, their deployment is generally regulated by law. In the civil aviation context, ICAO and EASA have published guidance focused especially on airport incident management and protection of civil aviation infrastructure.^[17][18][19]

• Unmanned aircraft system
• U-space
• UTM
• Aviation security
• Critical infrastructure

Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles Category:Air defense Category:Aviation security Category:Electronic warfare Category:Military technology