Edward Johnson (mayor)

Edward Johnson
Edward Johnson
	Portrait by Rembrandt Peale
3rd Mayor of Baltimore
	In office; 1808–1816
Preceded by	Thorowgood Smith
Succeeded by	George Stiles
	In office; 1819–1820
Preceded by	George Stiles
Succeeded by	John Montgomery
	In office; 1822–1824
Preceded by	John Montgomery
Succeeded by	John Montgomery
Personal details
Born	1767; Baltimore, Province of Maryland, British America
Died	1829 (aged 61–62); Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Occupation	Politician; businessman;

Edward Johnson (1767 – 1829) was an American politician and businessman. He was a native of Baltimore, Maryland and served as that city's mayor for six terms between 1808 and 1824. A staunch member of Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, he led Baltimore during the War of 1812 and was instrumental in organizing the civilian defense of the city. For several years he was the owner of one of Baltimore's largest breweries and also served as a director of the Bank of Baltimore.

Biography

Johnson was born in Baltimore in 1767, the son of a prominent physician in that city. Little is known about his early life, and many 19th and early 20th century biographies have mistakenly referred to him as a doctor, confusing him with his father who was also named Edward Johnson.^[1] In 1797, he was elected to the City Council, a requirement for which was ownership of property assessed at a minimum of $2000, a very large sum in those days.^[2] His occupation in 1798 was listed as "brewer".^[3] Johnson's sister Rebecca had married brewery owner Thomas Peters in 1783. Johnson's father later became a partner in his son-in-law's business. When Dr. Johnson died in 1797, Edward Johnson took over his father's share in the company, eventually becoming its sole owner by 1807.^[4]^[5]

Fiercely anti-British and a member of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party, Johnson was elected Baltimore's third mayor in 1808.^[1] A triumphal victory parade took place to celebrate his election with Johnson on board a horse-drawn boat on wheels. A bonfire was lit on Gallows Hill, and "to give its flame a brighter glow", six large casks of imported gin from Holland (on which England had exacted tax) were thrown onto it.^[6] He was subsequently re-elected in 1810, 1812, and 1814. (At the time, the mayor's term of office was only two years.) He remained in the brewery business during his first two terms as mayor. However, the brewery burnt down in 1812 and after he had it rebuilt in 1813 he sold it to George Brown. A month later, Mary Pickersgill assembled the famous Star Spangled Banner Flag on the brewery's floor.^[7]

Johnson's third term as mayor coincided with the War of 1812. Shortly after the outbreak of the war and despite his strong anti-British sentiments and anti-Federalist political views, he was nearly killed unsuccessfully trying to stop a mob who had stormed the Baltimore City Jail intent on lynching Alexander Hanson, the publisher of an extreme Federalist newspaper, and his allies who included Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee.^[1]^[8] During the Battle of Baltimore Johnson headed the Committee of Vigilance and Safety and, over the head of General William Winder, had General Samuel Smith put in command of the city's defense.^[1]

When Johnson left office in 1816 after his fourth consecutive term as mayor, his portrait was painted by Rembrandt Peale, beginning the City of Baltimore's custom of paying for a portrait of each outgoing mayor, a custom which continues to this day. He was later appointed mayor in 1819 to finish out the term of George Stiles who had resigned from office and died shortly thereafter. It was during this period that Johnson guided the city through a serious epidemic of yellow fever and commissioned a report on the possible causes of the outbreak from the physicians who had attended the victims. When the City Council refused to pay for the publication of the report, he contributed $150 of his own money towards the cost of printing.^[9] Johnson was elected mayor again in 1822 and served until 1824 after which he retired from political life.

During the course of his career, Johnson also served as a judge of the County Court,^[10] a trustee of St. Peter's School (a home for orphan boys),^[11] and a director of the Bank of Baltimore.^[12] He had married Elizabeth Mackubin in 1798. Their only child, a son, died at the age of 15. Edward Johnson died on 18 April 1829 at the age of 62 and was buried in Westminster Burying Ground. His obituary in Niles' Weekly Register described him as:

one of the most benevolent men that ever lived—remarkable for his fidelity to his friends, though kind unto all men. He filled the office of a delegate to the General Assembly, was twice or thrice an Elector of our Senate, and as often an Elector of President or Vice President of the United States, and six or seven times chosen Mayor of the city—the duties of all which he performed much to the satisfaction of the people—and without the suspicion of one improper motive.^[13]

The house where Edward and Elizabeth Johnson lived on East Lombard Street, not far from the site of the brewery he once owned, is still standing and bears a commemorative plaque as does a tree dedicated to him at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine.

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stump, William (November 23, 1952) "Man In The Street: Edward Johnson", p. M18. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 21 May 2012 (subscription required).
^ According to Stump (November 23, 1952), only 200 people (about 10% of the total population of the city at the time) could fulfill the requirement.
^ See Stump (November 23, 1952) and Maryland Historical Society (1971). Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 66, pp. 66-67
^ Flowers, Charles V. (June 16, 1983). "The beer's gone, but you can soak up some history". The Baltimore Sun, p. B1. Retrieved 19 May 2012 (subscription required).
^ The exact dates for the various changes of ownership are unclear. A contemporary account of a fatal accident involving one of the brewery's draymen in 1803 gives "Peters and Johnson" as the name of the brewery. See Griffith, Thomas Waters (1833) Annals of Baltimore", p. 177. According to Flowers (June 16, 1983) by 1807 the brewery was advertised as "Edward Johnson and Company".
^ Shepherd, Henry E. (1898). History of Baltimore, Maryland, From its Founding as a Town to the Current Year, 1729-1898,, pp. 76-77. S. B. Nelson
^ Kasper, Rob (July 3, 2011). "Flags and beer: A Baltimore tradition". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ David Heidler, Stephen and Heidler, Jeanne T. (2004). Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812, pp. 227-228. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591143624
^ See Baltimore City Archives. Mayor's Office. Retrieved 21 May 2012. The full title of the report was A Series of Letters and Other Documents Relating to the Late Epidemic or Yellow Fever; Comprising the Correspondence of the Mayor of the City, the Board of Health, the Executive of the State of Maryland, and the Reports of the Faculty and District Use of the Medical Society of Baltimore, Also the Essays of the Physicians in Answer to the Mayor's Circular Requesting Information for the City Council in Relation to the Causes Which Gave Origin to This Disease — To Which is Added, the Late Ordinance Re-Organizing the Board of Health.
^ Griffith (1833) p. 287
^ Brugger, Robert J. (1996). Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634-1980, p. 171. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801854652
^ Maryland General Assembly (1857). Index to the journals of the Senate and House of Delegates of the State of Maryland, Vol. 2, p. 544. Regna and Wilson
^ Niles' Weekly Register (May 2, 1829). "Died", p. 149