Elections in Nigeria

Elections in Nigeria involve choosing representatives for the federal government of Nigeria as well as the various states in the Fourth Nigerian Republic.^[1] Elections in Nigeria began in 1959 with several political parties.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] It's a method of choosing leaders for which the citizens have the right to vote and to be voted for.^[6] In 2023, Nigerians were getting ready for presidential elections with about 93.4 million eligible voters across the federation.^[7]^[8] Elections in Nigeria are held in all tiers of the government. The presidential election, the national assembly elections, the governorship elections and the local government elections^[9].

Background

Nigerians elect a President of Nigeria to act as head of state. The winner must have the highest number of votes and at least 25% in each of two thirds of the states and the capital territory. If no one meets both criteria, there would be a second round between the top two vote-getters.^[10]^[11]

At the same time voters elect the Nigerian National Assembly which acts as the legislature. The National Assembly has two chambers: the House of Representatives, with 360 members, each elected for a four-year term in single-seat constituencies, and the Senate, with 109 members, elected for a four-year term. The thirty-six states are divided into three senatorial districts, each of which is represented by one senator, and the Federal Capital Territory which is also represented by one senator.^[12]^[13]

Nigeria has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful. However, members of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) have controlled the presidency since elections resumed in 1999 until 2015 when Muhammadu Buhari won the presidential election.^[14]

1999 elections

Presidential elections were held on 27 February, 1999. These were the first elections since the 1993 military coup, and the first elections of the Fourth Nigerian Republic.

2003 elections

Presidential elections were held on 19 April, 2003.

2007 elections

The 2007 general was held on 14 April where governorship and state assembly representatives were elected. A week later, on 21 April, the presidential and national assembly elections took place. The late Umaru Yar'Adua won the highly controversial election for the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and was sworn in on 29 May.

The ruling PDP won 26 of the 32 states, according to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), including Kaduna State and Katsina State, where the results were contested by the local population.^[15]

Following the presidential election, groups monitoring the election gave it a dismal assessment. Chief European Union observer, Max van den Berg, reported that the handling of the polls had "fallen far short" of basic international standards, and that "the process cannot be considered to be credible".^[16] A spokesman for the United States Department of State said it was "deeply troubled" by election polls, calling them "flawed", and said they hoped the political parties would resolve any differences over the election through peaceful, constitutional means.^[17]

2011 elections

A parliamentary election was held on 9 April, 2011. The election was originally scheduled to be held on 2 April,^[18]^[19] but was later postponed to 4 April.^[20]

A presidential election was held in Nigeria on 16 April 2011, postponed from 9 April 2011.^[21]^[22]^[23] The election followed controversy as to whether a Muslim or Christian should be allowed to become president given the tradition of rotating the top office between the religions and following the death of Umaru Yar'Adua, who was a Muslim, and Goodluck Jonathan, a Christian, assuming the interim presidency.^[24]

Following the election, widespread violence took place in the northern parts of the country.^[25] Goodluck Jonathan was declared the winner on 19 April.^[26] The elections were reported in the international media as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections, in particular the widely disputed 2007 election.^[27] The United States State Department said the election was "successful" and a "substantial improvement" over 2007, although it added that vote rigging and fraud also took place.^[28]

2015 elections

The 2015 general elections were originally scheduled to be held on 14 February but was later postponed to 28 March (presidential, senatorial, and House of Representatives) and 11 April 2015 (governorship and state house of assembly).^[29] General Muhammadu Buhari of the All Progressives Congress emerged as the winner of the presidential elections and was sworn in on 29 May 2015. The 2015 election was a success because there were tensions everywhere concerning the difficult political and security environment of the country at that time. However, It was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost an election. Goodluck Ebele Johnathan of the People's Democratic Party lost his seat to Muhammadu Buhari of the All Progressives Congress.^[30]^[31]

2019 elections

Presidential and National Assembly elections were scheduled for 16 February 2019, while state and local government elections were scheduled for 2 March 2019. Elections were postponed by one week after INEC cited logistic challenges.^[32] The rescheduled dates were 23 February and 9 March 2019.

President Muhammadu Buhari was re-elected for another four-year term. The primary contender was former vice-president Atiku Abubakar of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).^[33] Kingsley Moghalu of the Young Progressives Party (YPP), Yele Sowore of the African Action Congress (AAC), and Fela Durotoye of the Alliance for a New Nigeria (ANN) were other popular candidates who were all relatively young. Late in 2018, these three parties alongside some others attempted to form a coalition.^[34] However, the candidates pulled out of the coalition and decided to continue running on their respective platforms. There are 73 candidates contesting in the presidential election.^[35]

The 2019 governorship and state house of assembly election was originally scheduled for 2 March 2019 and rescheduled for Saturday, 9 March 2019.^[36] The two major political parties, the All Progressives Congress (APC), and the People's Democratic Party, fielding candidates in the elections across various states except Rivers where a court order prohibits The All Progressives Congress from fielding candidates as a result of an internal crisis with the state chapter of the party.

The 2019 Nigerian general election suffered from unique issues and challenges and also enjoyed successes that had not been witnessed in the previous five elections in Nigeria's Fourth Republic.^[37]

2023 elections

General elections were held in Nigeria on 25 February 2023 to elect the president and vice president and members of the Senate and House of Representatives.

References

^ Oni, Samuel; Chidozie, Felix; Agbude, Godwyns (11 August 2014). "Electoral Politics in the Fourth Republic of Nigeria's Democratic Governance". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2478822. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Nigerian elections: A history and a loss of memory". TheCable. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ "Revisiting the Nigerian 1959 federal election". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Awa, E. O. (1960). "Federal Elections in Nigeria, 1959". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 21 (2): 101–113. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41853826.
^ "The Threat Of Electoral Violence – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Azikiwe, Nnamdi (1957). The development of political parties in Nigeria. London: Office of the commissioner in the United Kingdom.
^ "Atiku beats Wike, Saraki, others, clinches PDP Presidential ticket - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ Egbejule, Ope Adetayo,Alia Chughtai,Eromo. "Nigeria 2023 election: All you need to know". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Elections in Nigeria: 2023 General Elections". www.ifes.org. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
^ Saleh, Halima Umar (2023). "Explained: How do Nigerians elect their president". TRT World. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^ "Is 25% of FCT Votes Required to Win a Presidential Election?". This Day Live. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
^ Goitom, Hanibal (May 2012). "Nigeria: Election Laws | Law Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Ahmadu, Kurfi (1983). The Nigerian General Elections 1959 and 1979 and the aftermath. MacMillan. ISBN 9781327421.
^ "People's Democratic Party | History, Objectives, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Barry Moody, "Nigeria court clears way for late presidential bid", Reuters (Alertnet.org), 16 April 2007.
^ "Nigeria election 'worst ever seen'", SMH News, 24 April 2007.
^ "Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua", BBC News, 23 April 2007.
^ "Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - West African News". Allwestafrica.com. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ "Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April". Bbc.co.uk. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
^ the CNN Wire Staff. "Nigeria postpones parliamentary election - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 9 April 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April". BBC News. 23 November 2010.
^ "Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - All West Africa News". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ "Nigeria Elections postponed for second time". Aljazeera News. 3 April 2011.
^ Ojo, Emmanuel O (1 October 2007). "Nigeria's 2007 General Elections and Succession Crisis: Implications for the Nascent Democracy". Journal of African Elections. 6 (2): 14–32. doi:10.20940/JAE/2007/v6i2a2.
^ "Jonathan rival rejects vote result as thousands flee Nigeria unrest". Daily Nation. Kenya. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ Purefoy, Christian (19 April 2011). "Widespread election violence erupts in Nigeria". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
^ "The Recent Elections in Nigeria".
^ "INEC Nigeria". www.inecnigeria.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ Odeyemi (2015). "Stakeholders, Information and Communication Technologies platforms and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria". Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ Orji, Nkwachukwu (August 2015). "The 2015 Nigerian General Elections". Africa Spectrum. 50 (2): 73–85. doi:10.1177/000203971505000204. ISSN 0002-0397. S2CID 54931944.
^ "It's Official: INEC postpones all Nigeria's general elections". Premium Times. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ "Presidential Elections 2019 in Nigeria". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
^ Toromade, Samson (31 August 2018). "How PACT crumbled before and after Fela Durotoye beat Moghalu to emerge consensus candidate". www.pulse.ng. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ "73 candidates for presidential election, says INEC". Guardian Newspapers. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ "Breaking: INEC finally postpones Nigeria's general election to February 23rd". Vanguard News. 25 November 2023.
^ Sule, Babayo; Adamu, Umar; Sambo, Usman (3 March 2020). "The 2019 General Election in Nigeria: Examining the Issues, Challenges, Successes and Lessons for Future General Elections". International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives. 6 (2): 100. doi:10.33094/7.2017.2020.62.100.113. ISSN 2577-7750. S2CID 216390525.

External links

[1] Oni, Samuel; Chidozie, Felix; Agbude, Godwyns (11 August 2014). "Electoral Politics in the Fourth Republic of Nigeria's Democratic Governance". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2478822. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[2] "Nigerian elections: A history and a loss of memory". TheCable. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[3] "Revisiting the Nigerian 1959 federal election". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[4] Awa, E. O. (1960). "Federal Elections in Nigeria, 1959". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 21 (2): 101–113. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41853826.

[5] "The Threat Of Electoral Violence – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[6] Azikiwe, Nnamdi (1957). The development of political parties in Nigeria. London: Office of the commissioner in the United Kingdom.

[7] "Atiku beats Wike, Saraki, others, clinches PDP Presidential ticket - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

[8] Egbejule, Ope Adetayo,Alia Chughtai,Eromo. "Nigeria 2023 election: All you need to know". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[9] "Elections in Nigeria: 2023 General Elections". www.ifes.org. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

[trt-10] Saleh, Halima Umar (2023). "Explained: How do Nigerians elect their president". TRT World. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[11] "Is 25% of FCT Votes Required to Win a Presidential Election?". This Day Live. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

[12] Goitom, Hanibal (May 2012). "Nigeria: Election Laws | Law Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[13] Ahmadu, Kurfi (1983). The Nigerian General Elections 1959 and 1979 and the aftermath. MacMillan. ISBN 9781327421.

[14] "People's Democratic Party | History, Objectives, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[15] Barry Moody, "Nigeria court clears way for late presidential bid", Reuters (Alertnet.org), 16 April 2007.

[SMH24April-16] "Nigeria election 'worst ever seen'", SMH News, 24 April 2007.

[Huge-17] "Huge win for Nigeria's Yar'Adua", BBC News, 23 April 2007.

[18] "Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - West African News". Allwestafrica.com. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.

[19] "Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April". Bbc.co.uk. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.

[20] the CNN Wire Staff. "Nigeria postpones parliamentary election - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 9 April 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[21] "Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April". BBC News. 23 November 2010.

[allwest-22] "Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - All West Africa News". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[23] "Nigeria Elections postponed for second time". Aljazeera News. 3 April 2011.

[24] Ojo, Emmanuel O (1 October 2007). "Nigeria's 2007 General Elections and Succession Crisis: Implications for the Nascent Democracy". Journal of African Elections. 6 (2): 14–32. doi:10.20940/JAE/2007/v6i2a2.

[25] "Jonathan rival rejects vote result as thousands flee Nigeria unrest". Daily Nation. Kenya. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.

[cnn-26] Purefoy, Christian (19 April 2011). "Widespread election violence erupts in Nigeria". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

[New_York-27] Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2011.

[28] "The Recent Elections in Nigeria".

[29] "INEC Nigeria". www.inecnigeria.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.

[30] Odeyemi (2015). "Stakeholders, Information and Communication Technologies platforms and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria". Retrieved 20 November 2018.

[31] Orji, Nkwachukwu (August 2015). "The 2015 Nigerian General Elections". Africa Spectrum. 50 (2): 73–85. doi:10.1177/000203971505000204. ISSN 0002-0397. S2CID 54931944.

[32] "It's Official: INEC postpones all Nigeria's general elections". Premium Times. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.

[33] "Presidential Elections 2019 in Nigeria". Legit.ng - Nigeria news. Retrieved 6 February 2019.

[34] Toromade, Samson (31 August 2018). "How PACT crumbled before and after Fela Durotoye beat Moghalu to emerge consensus candidate". www.pulse.ng. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

[35] "73 candidates for presidential election, says INEC". Guardian Newspapers. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.

[36] "Breaking: INEC finally postpones Nigeria's general election to February 23rd". Vanguard News. 25 November 2023.

[37] Sule, Babayo; Adamu, Umar; Sambo, Usman (3 March 2020). "The 2019 General Election in Nigeria: Examining the Issues, Challenges, Successes and Lessons for Future General Elections". International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives. 6 (2): 100. doi:10.33094/7.2017.2020.62.100.113. ISSN 2577-7750. S2CID 216390525.

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Elections in Nigeria

Background

1999 elections

2003 elections

2007 elections

2011 elections

2015 elections

2019 elections

2023 elections

See also

References

External links

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