Emblem

An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a monarch or saint.^[1]

Emblems vs. symbols

Although the words emblem and symbol are often used interchangeably, an emblem is a pattern that is used to represent an idea or an individual. An emblem develops in concrete, visual terms some abstraction: a deity, a tribe or nation, or a virtue or vice.^{[clarification needed]}

An emblem may be worn or otherwise used as an identifying badge or patch. For example, in America, police officers' badges refer to their personal metal emblem whereas their woven emblems on uniforms identify members of a particular unit. A real or metal cockle shell, the emblem of James the Great, sewn onto the hat or clothes, identified a medieval pilgrim to his shrine at Santiago de Compostela. In the Middle Ages, many saints were given emblems, which served to identify them in paintings and other images: St. Catherine of Alexandria had a wheel, or a sword, St. Anthony the Abbot, a pig and a small bell. These are also called attributes, especially when shown carried by or close to the saint in art. Monarchs and other grand persons increasingly adopted personal devices or emblems that were distinct from their family heraldry. The most famous include Louis XIV of France's sun, the salamander of Francis I of France, the boar of Richard III of England and the armillary sphere of Manuel I of Portugal. In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, there was a fashion, started in Italy, for making large medals with a portrait head on the obverse and the emblem on the reverse; these would be given to friends and as diplomatic gifts. Pisanello produced many of the earliest and finest of these.

A symbol, on the other hand, substitutes one thing for another, in a more concrete fashion:^[1]

The Christian cross is a symbol of the crucifixion of Jesus; it is an emblem of sacrifice.
The Red Cross is one of three symbols representing the International Red Cross.^[2] A red cross on a white background is the emblem of humanitarian spirit.
The crescent shape is a symbol of the moon; it is an emblem of Islam.
The skull and crossbones is a symbol identifying a poison.^[3] The skull is an emblem of the transitory nature of human life.

Other terminology

A totem is specifically an animal emblem that expresses the spirit of a clan. Emblems in heraldry are known as charges. The lion passant serves as the emblem of England, the lion rampant as the emblem of Scotland.

An icon consists of an image (originally a religious image), that has become standardized by convention. A logo is an impersonal, secular icon, usually of a corporate entity.

Emblems in history

Since the 15th century, the terms of emblem (emblema; from Greek: ἔμβλημα, meaning "embossed ornament") and emblematura belong to the termini technici of architecture. They mean an iconic painted, drawn, or sculptural representation of a concept affixed to houses and belong—like the inscriptions—to the architectural ornaments (ornamenta). Since the publication of De re aedificatoria (1452) by Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), patterned after the De architectura by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius, emblema are related to Egyptian hieroglyphics and are considered as being the lost universal language.^{[citation needed]} Therefore, the emblems belong to the Renaissance knowledge of antiquity which comprises not only Greek and Roman antiquity but also Egyptian antiquity as proven by the numerous obelisks built in 16th and 17th century Rome.^[4]

Evidence of the use of emblems in pre-Columbian America has also been found, such as those used in Mayan city states, kingdoms, and even empires such as the Aztec or Inca. The use of these in the American context does not differ much from the contexts of other regions of the world, being even the equivalent of the coats of arms of their respective territorial entities.^[5]

The 1531 publication in Augsburg of the first emblem book, the Emblemata of the Italian jurist Andrea Alciato launched a fascination with emblems that lasted two centuries and touched most of the countries of western Europe.^[6] "Emblem" in this sense refers to a didactic or moralizing combination of picture and text intended to draw the reader into a self-reflective examination of their own life. Complicated associations of emblems could transmit information to the culturally-informed viewer, a characteristic of the 16th-century artistic movement called Mannerism.

A popular collection of emblems, which ran to many editions, was presented by Francis Quarles in 1635. Each of the emblems consisted of a paraphrase from a passage of Scripture, expressed in ornate and metaphorical language, followed by passages from the Christian Fathers, and concluding with an epigram of four lines. These were accompanied by an emblem that presented the symbols displayed in the accompanying passage.

Emblems in speech

Emblems are certain gestures which have a specific meaning attached to them. These meanings are usually associated with the culture they are established in. Using emblems creates a way for humans to communicate with one another in a non-verbal way. An individual waving their hand at a friend, for example, would communicate "hello" without having to verbally say anything.^[7]

Emblems vs. sign language

Although sign language uses hand gestures to communicate words in a non-verbal way, it should not be confused with emblems. Sign language contains linguistic properties, similar to those used in verbal languages, and is used to communicate entire conversations.^[8] Linguistic properties are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, etc..^[9] In contrast with sign language, emblems are a non-linguistic form of communication. Emblems are single gestures which are meant to get a short non-verbal message to another individual.

Emblems in culture

Emblems are associated with the culture they are established in and are subjective to that culture. For example, the sign made by forming a circle with the thumb and forefinger is used in America to communicate "OK" in a non-verbal way, in Japan to mean "money", and in some southern European countries to mean something sexual.^[10] Furthermore, the thumbs up sign in America means "good job ", but in some parts of the Middle East the thumbs up sign means something highly offensive.^[11]

References

Drysdall, Denis (2005). "Claude Mignault of Dijon: "Theoretical Writings on the Emblem: a Critical Edition, with apparatus and notes (1577)". Retrieved 2009-05-29.

Notes

^ ^a ^b symbol. United Kingdom: AskOxford - Compact Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007.
^ "The History of the Emblems". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2006-03-14. Archived from the original on 3 Aug 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-29. History of the emblems of the International Red Cross: An account of this organisation's need to adopt an emblem to represent itself, and the factors which led to it eventually adopting a second (the red crescent) and third (the red crystal).
^ "skull and crossbones". Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers. 2009. Archived from the original on Oct 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-29. macmillandictionary.com entry for "skull and crossbones"
^ Piperno, Roberto. Rosamie Moore (ed.). "Obelisks of Rome". Retrieved 2009-05-29. ^{[dead link]} Historical information, a map, photographs, and descriptions of Egyptian obelisks in Rome.
^ Sánchez Huaringa, Carlos D. (2015-07-13). "LOS PRIMEROS INSTRUMENTOS MUSICALES PRECOLOMBINOS: LA FLAUTA DE PAN ANDINA O LA "ANTARA"". Arqueología y Sociedad (29): 461–494. doi:10.15381/arqueolsoc.2015n29.e12241. ISSN 0254-8062.
^ Barker, William; Mark Feltham; Jean Guthrie (1995-10-26). "Alciato's Book of Emblems: The Memorial Web Edition in Latin and English". Memorial University of Newfoundland. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-29. This page states that "Andrea Alciato's [Emblemata] had enormous influence and popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries".
^ Burgoon, Judee K.; Guerrero, Laura K.; Floyd, Kory (8 January 2016). Nonverbal Communication (1st ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. p. 432. ISBN 9780205525003. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ Husain, Fatima T.; Patkin, Debra J.; Thai-Van, Hung; Braun, Allen R.; Horwitz, Barry (2009). "Distinguishing the Processing of Gestures from Signs in Deaf Individuals: An fMRI Study". Brain Res. 1276: 140–50. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.034. PMC 2693477. PMID 19397900.
^ Youn, Hyejin (2016). "On the Universal Structure of Human Lexical Semantics" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (7): 1766–1771. arXiv:1504.07843. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1766Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1520752113. PMC 4763760. PMID 26831113. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ Seal, Bernard (20 August 2012). Academic Encounters Level 4 Student's Book Reading and Writing: Human Behavior. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107602977. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "What Hand Gestures Mean In Different Countries". Busuu. Archived from the original on Sep 9, 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.

External links

Camerarius, Joachim (1605) Symbolorum & emblematum Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine - digital facsimile of book of emblems, from the website of the Linda Hall Library