Embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to stitch thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. In modern days, embroidery is usually seen on hats, clothing, blankets, and handbags. Embroidery is available in a wide variety of thread or yarn colour. It is often used to personalize gifts or clothing items.
The process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, and the decorative possibilities of sewing led to the art of embroidery.[2] Indeed, the remarkable stability of basic embroidery stitches has been noted:
It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery ... there are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, more refined stage. On the other hand, we often find in early works a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship rarely attained in later times.[3]
The art of embroidery has been found worldwide and several early examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC).[4] In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300–700 AD, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailor's buttonhole stitch, and Whip stitch, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforced the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery.[5]
Historical applications and techniques
Depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a widespread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane. Examples of high status items include elaborately embroidered clothing, religious objects, and household items often were seen as a mark of wealth and status.
In medieval England, Opus Anglicanum, a technique used by professional workshops and guilds in medieval England,[6] was used to embellish textiles used in church rituals. In 16th century England, some books, usually bibles or other religious texts, had embroidered bindings. The Bodleian Library in Oxford contains one presented to Queen Elizabeth I in 1583. It also owns a copy of The Epistles of Saint Paul, whose cover was reputedly embroidered by the Queen.[7]
In 18th-century England and its colonies, with the rise of the merchant class and the wider availability of luxury materials, rich embroideries began to appear in a secular context. These embroideries took the form of items displayed in private homes of well-to-do citizens, as opposed to a church or royal setting. Even so, the embroideries themselves may still have had religious themes. Samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a skill marking a girl's path into womanhood as well as conveying rank and social standing.[8]
Embroidery was an important art and signified social status in the Medieval Islamic world as well. The 17th-century Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi called it the "craft of the two hands". In cities such as Damascus, Cairo and Istanbul, embroidery was visible on handkerchiefs, uniforms, flags, calligraphy, shoes, robes, tunics, horse trappings, slippers, sheaths, pouches, covers, and even on leatherbelts. Craftsmen embroidered items with gold and silver thread. Embroidery cottage industries, some employing over 800 people, grew to supply these items.[9]
"His majesty [Akbar] pays much attention to various stuffs; hence Irani, Ottoman, and Mongolian articles of wear are in much abundance especially textiles embroidered in the patterns of Nakshi, Saadi, Chikhan, Ari, Zardozi, Wastli, Gota and Kohra. The imperial workshops in the towns of Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur and Ahmedabad turn out many masterpieces of workmanship in fabrics, and the figures and patterns, knots and variety of fashions which now prevail astonish even the most experienced travelers. Taste for fine material has since become general, and the drapery of embroidered fabrics used at feasts surpasses every description."[10]
While historically viewed as a pastime, activity, or hobby, intended just for women, embroidery has often been used as a form of biography. Women who were unable to access a formal education or, at times, writing implements, were often taught embroidery and utilized it as a means of documenting their lives by telling stories through their embroidery.[13] In terms of documenting the histories of marginalized groups, especially women of color both within the United States and around the world, embroidery is a means of studying the everyday lives of those whose lives largely went unstudied throughout much of history.[14]
21st century
Since the late 2010s, there has been a growth in the popularity of embroidering by hand. As a result of visual social media such as Pinterest and Instagram, artists are able to share their work more extensively, which has inspired younger generations to pick up needle and threads.[citation needed]
Contemporary embroidery artists believe hand embroidery has grown in popularity as a result of an increasing need for relaxation and digitally disconnecting practices.[15]
Modern hand embroidery, as opposed to cross-stitching, is characterized by a more "liberal" approach, where stitches are more freely combined in unconventional ways to create various textures and designs.[citation needed]
Classification
Embroidery can be classified according to what degree the design takes into account the nature of the base material and by the relationship of stitch placement to the fabric. The main categories are free or surface embroidery, counted-thread embroidery, and needlepoint or canvas work.[16]
In free or surface embroidery, designs are applied without regard to the weave of the underlying fabric. Examples include crewel and traditional Chinese and Japanese embroidery.
While similar to counted thread in regards to technique, in canvas work or needlepoint, threads are stitched through a fabric mesh to create a dense pattern that completely covers the foundation fabric.[17] Examples of canvas work include bargello and Berlin wool work.
Embroidery can also be classified by the similarity of its appearance. In drawn thread work and cutwork, the foundation fabric is deformed or cut away to create holes that are then embellished with embroidery, often with thread in the same color as the foundation fabric. When created with white thread on white linen or cotton, this work is collectively referred to as whitework.[18] However, whitework can either be counted or free. Hardanger embroidery is a counted embroidery and the designs are often geometric.[19] Conversely, styles such as Broderie anglaise are similar to free embroidery, with floral or abstract designs that are not dependent on the weave of the fabric.[20]
A needle is the main stitching tool in embroidery, and comes in various sizes and types.[28] The fabrics and yarns used in traditional embroidery vary from place to place. Wool, linen, and silk have been in use for thousands of years for both fabric and yarn. Today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton, rayon, and novelty yarns as well as in traditional wool, linen, and silk. Ribbon embroidery uses narrow ribbon in silk or silk/organza blend ribbon, most commonly to create floral motifs.[29]
Surface embroidery techniques such as chain stitch and couching or laid-work are the most economical of expensive yarns; couching is generally used for goldwork. Canvas work techniques, in which large amounts of yarn are buried on the back of the work, use more materials but provide a sturdier and more substantial finished textile.[30]
In both canvas work and surface embroidery an embroidery hoop or frame can be used to stretch the material and ensure even stitching tension that prevents pattern distortion.[31] Modern canvas work tends to follow symmetrical counted stitching patterns with designs emerging from the repetition of one or just a few similar stitches in a variety of hues. In contrast, many forms of surface embroidery make use of a wide range of stitching patterns in a single piece of work.[32]
Machine embroidery
The development of machine embroidery and its mass production came about in stages during the Industrial Revolution. The first embroidery machine was the hand embroidery machine, invented in France in 1832 by Josué Heilmann.[33] The next evolutionary step was the schiffli embroidery machine. The latter borrowed from the sewing machine and the Jacquard loom to fully automate its operation. The manufacture of machine-made embroideries in St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland flourished in the latter half of the 19th century.[34] Both St. Gallen, Switzerland and Plauen, Germany were important centers for machine embroidery and embroidery machine development. Many Swiss and Germans immigrated to Hudson county, New Jersey in the early twentieth century and developed a machine embroidery industry there. Shiffli machines have continued to evolve and are still used for industrial scale embroidery.[35]
Contemporary embroidery is stitched with a computerized embroidery machine using patterns digitized with embroidery software. In machine embroidery, different types of "fills" add texture and design to the finished work. Machine embroidery is used to add logos and monograms to business shirts or jackets, gifts, and team apparel as well as to decorate household items for the bed and bath and other linens, draperies, and decorator fabrics that mimic the elaborate hand embroidery of the past.
Machine embroidery is most typically done with rayon thread, although polyester thread can also be used. Cotton thread, on the other hand, is prone to breaking and is avoided.[36]
There has also been a development in free hand machine embroidery, new machines have been designed that allow for the user to create free-motion embroidery which has its place in textile arts, quilting, dressmaking, home furnishings and more. Users can use the embroidery software to digitize the digital embroidery designs. These digitized design are then transferred to the embroidery machine with the help of a flash drive and then the embroidery machine embroiders the selected design onto the fabric.
In literature
In Greek mythology the goddess Athena is said to have passed down the art of embroidery (along with weaving) to humans, leading to the famed competition between herself and the mortal Arachne.[37]
Gallery
Traditional embroidery in chain stitch on a Kazakh rug, contemporary.
Englishcope, late 15th or early 16th century. Silk velvet embroidered with silk and gold threads, closely laid and couched. Contemporary Art Institute of Chicago textile collection.
^Marie Schuette and Sigrid Muller-Christensen, The Art of Embroidery translated by Donald King, Thames and Hudson, 1964, quoted in Netherton & Owen-Crocker 2005, p. 2.
^Murphy, A. Mary (July 2003). "The Theory and Practice of Counting Stitches as Stories: Material Evidences of Autobiography in Needlework". Women's Studies. 32 (5): 641–655. doi:10.1080/00497870390207149. S2CID143527585.
Levey, S. M.; King, D. (1993). The Victoria and Albert Museum's Textile Collection Vol. 3: Embroidery in Britain from 1200 to 1750. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN1-85177-126-3.
Catholic Charities USATanggal pendirian25 September 1910; 113 tahun lalu (1910-09-25) (sebagai National Conference of Catholic Charities)NPWP 53-0196620TipeBantuan kemanusiaanLokasiAlexandria, Virginia, Amerika SerikatAsalUrsulines di New OrleansWilayah layanan Amerika SerikatTokoh pentingSuster Donna Markham[1]Presiden dan CEOMarguerite Harmon,[2]ketua dewanYang Mulia David Zubik, D.D.,[2]Utusan episkopalSitus webwww.catholiccharitiesusa.org Catholic Charities adala…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Haul Guru Sekumpul – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Haul Abah Guru SekumpulNama lain Haul Abah Guru Sekumpul Haul Sekumpul JenisIslamKegiatan Zikir nasyid Selawat Doa Kegiatan bakti sosial Tan…
Gambar miniatur Pohon Isai yang menampilkan 43 generasi, karya Jacques de Besançon, Paris, ca. 1485. Di bawahnya adalah gambar peristiwa kelahiran dan masa kanak-kanak Maria, ibu Yesus Kristus. Ukiran Pohon Isai pada papan kayu ek, buatan abad ke-17, berasal dari Puri St Andrews, kini tersimpan di Museum Nasional Skotlandia. Lukisan cat minyak pada papan, karya Jan Mostaert, ca. 1500. Pohon Isai adalah penggambaran para leluhur Yesus Kristus dalam seni rupa. Citra-citra para leluhur Yesus ini d…
I paesi dell'Europa meridionale definiti dalle penisole iberica, italiana e balcanica e protetti dai Pirenei, dalle Alpi e dalla Penisola balcanica. Mar Mediterraneo (Grecia) Per Europa meridionale si intende, dal punto di vista geografico e soprattutto politico-culturale, la parte d'Europa che si affaccia sul mar Mediterraneo, per convenzione separata dal resto del continente dai Pirenei e dalle Alpi e formata dalla penisola iberica, dalla penisola italiana, dalla parte sudoccidentale della pen…
Dalam nama Korean ini, nama keluarganya adalah Cha. Cha Chung-hwaLahir28 April 1980 (umur 43)Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Korea SelatanNama lainCha Cheong-hwaAlmamaterUniversitas Sangmyung – Jurusan TeaterPekerjaanPemeranPemeran musikalTahun aktif2005–sekarangAgenGlow Entertainment Cha Chung-hwaHangul차청화 Hanja車清華 Alih AksaraChacheonghwa Cha Chung-hwa (Korea: 차청화; lahir 28 April 1980)[1] adalah pemeran Korea Selatan. Ia adalah alumni dari Universitas Sangmyung, …
Kabupaten Gresik Kabupaten Surabaya (1950 - 1974)KabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Hanacarakaꦓꦽꦱꦶꦏ꧀ • Pégoڠگرسۓ • BelandaGrisseeDari kiri ke kanan; ke bawah: Danau di Gresik, Gili Noko, dan Makam Syekh Maulana Malik Ibrahim di Gresik LambangJulukan: PudakIndustriMotto: Satya bina kertaraharja(Sanskerta) Setia membina kesejahteraanPetaKabupaten GresikPetaTampilkan peta JawaKabupaten GresikKabupaten Gresik (Indonesia)Tampilkan…
Walter Ulbricht Sekjen Komite PusatPartai Persatuan Sosialis JermanMasa jabatan1950–1971 PendahuluPembentukan baru (Tidak ada)PenggantiErich HoneckerPemimpin Republik Demokratik JermanMasa jabatan1960–1973 PendahuluWilhelm Pieck sebagai Presiden PenggantiWilli Stoph Informasi pribadiLahir(1893-06-30)30 Juni 1893Leipzig, Kerajaan Saxony, Kekaisaran JermanMeninggal1 Agustus 1973(1973-08-01) (umur 80)Groß Dölln dekat Templin,Jerman TimurKebangsaanJermanPartai politikPartai Persatuan Sosi…
Adobe eLearning SuiteTipeperangkat lunak Karakteristik teknisSistem operasiWindows, Mac OS XInformasi pengembangPengembangAdobe SystemsInformasi tambahanSitus webAdobe eLearning Suite Sunting di Wikidata • L • B • Bantuan penggunaan templat ini Adobe eLearning Suite adalah kumpulan aplikasi yang dibuat oleh Adobe Systems untuk profesional belajar, desainer instruksional, manajer pelatihan, pengembang konten, dan pendidik. Suite ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk penulis, mengel…
A New BeginningAlbum studio karya Eka DeliDirilisJuli 2008GenrePopProduserGPKronologi Eka Deli Tuhan Kau Sungguh Baik (2006)Tuhan Kau Sungguh Baik2006 A New Beginning (2008) Suara Hatiku (2010)Suara Hatiku2010 A New Beginning merupakan album kelima karya Eka Deli, sekaligus album pop keduanya, yang mana tiga album yang telah dirilis sebelumnya merupakan album gospel. Lagu yang dijagokan adalah Cinta Abadi. Daftar lagu Cinta Abadi Kuingin Ayayay Jatuh Cinta Kutunggu Terbang Yang Terbaik Tiada…
A Change of SeasonsAlbum mini karya Dream TheaterDirilis19 September 1995 (1995-09-19)DirekamMei 1995 di BearTracks Studios, Suffern, New York (studio track); 31 Januari 1995 di Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, London (live tracks)GenreProgressive metal, progressive rock, hard rockDurasi57:30LabelEastWestProduserDavid Prater, Dream TheaterKronologi Dream Theater Awake(1994)Awake1994 A Change of Seasons(1995) Falling into Infinity(1997)Falling into Infinity1997 Penilaian profesional Skor ulasan…
Overseas department of France in South America Not to be confused with Guyana, The Guianas, French Guinea, or Guyenne. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September 2022) Place in FranceFrench Guiana Guyane (French)Lagwiyann (Guianese Creole French)Overseas department, region and single territorial collectivity of France and outermost region of the European UnionTerritorial Collectivit…
GLSENTanggal pendirian1990PendiriKevin JenningsTipeKampanye Kesadaran Pemuda LGBT & Lembaga PendidikanLokasiNew York CityWilayah layanan Amerika SerikatDirektur eksekutifEliza ByardSitus webwww.glsen.org Nama sebelumnyaGay and Lesbian Independent School Teachers Network GLSEN (sebelumnya bernama Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network) adalah organisasi pendidikan berbasis di Amerika Serikat yang bekerja untuk mengakhiri diskriminasi, pelecehan, dan intimidasi berdasarkan orientasi sek…
U.S. state This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Pennsylvania (disambiguation). Penn. redirects here. For other uses, see Penn. State in the United StatesPennsylvania Pennsylvanie (Pennsylvania Dutch)StateCommonwealth of Pennsylvania FlagSealNicknames: Keystone State;[1] Quaker StateMotto(s): Virtue, Liberty and IndependenceAnthem: PennsylvaniaMap of the United States with Pennsylvania highlightedCountryUnited StatesBefore statehoodProvince of PennsylvaniaAd…
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti aziende statunitensi e wrestling non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. All Elite WrestlingLogo Logo ufficiale della All Elite Wrestling e la sede operativa, l'EverBank Stadium. Stato Stati Uniti Forma societariaSocietà privata Fondazione5 novembre 201…
För andra betydelser, se Zimbabwe (olika betydelser). Republic of Zimbabwe Republiken Zimbabwe Flagga Statsvapen Valspråk: Unity, Freedom, Work (Sammanhållning, frihet, arbete) Nationalsång: Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe läge Huvudstad(även största stad) Harare Officiellt språk engelska, shona och sindebele Statsskick republik, enhetsstat - President Emmerson Mnangagwa Självständighet från Storbritannien - Deklarerad 11 november 1965 (som Rhodes…
Kau Takkan Pergi LagiAlbum studio karya Dessy FitriDirilis18 Juli 1998Genrepop, baladaLabelWarner Music IndonesiaProduserSenjaya WijayaKronologi Dessy Fitri Dessy Fitri (1997)String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Kau Takkan Pergi Lagi (1998) Dessy Fitri Pure Creation (2003)String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Kau Takkan Pergi Lagi merupakan sebuah album musik ketiga milik penyanyi berkebangsaan Indonesia, Dessy Fitri yang…
Maria Vittoria dal PozzoPermaisuri SpanyolPeriode16 November 1870 – 11 Februari 1873Informasi pribadiKelahiran(1847-08-09)9 Agustus 1847Paris, PrancisKematian8 November 1876(1876-11-08) (umur 29)Sanremo, Kerajaan ItaliaPemakamanBasilika SupergaNama lengkapMaria Vittoria Carlotta Enrichetta dal PozzoAyahCarlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince della CisternaIbuCountess Louise de MerodePasanganAmadeo IAnakPangeran Emanuele Filiberto, Adipati AostaPangeran Vittorio Emanuele, Count TurinPangeran Luig…
Hiasan keramik di Kubah Shakhrah, Yerusalem. Anikonisme dalam Islam adalah pelarangan dalam Islam terhadap penciptaan gambar makhluk hidup yang bernyawa. Pelarangan yang paling mutlak adalah gambar Allah, diikuti oleh penggambaran Nabi Muhammad, dan kemudian nabi-nabi Islam dan kerabat Nabi Muhammad, tetapi penggambaran semua manusia dan hewan tidak dianjurkan dalam hadis dan oleh tradisi lama para ulama, terutama Sunni. Hal ini telah menyebabkan seni Islam didominasi oleh pola geometris Islam, …
1886 novel by Emilia Pardo Bazán The House of Ulloa Cover of first editionAuthorEmilia Pardo BazánOriginal titleLos pazos de UlloaTranslatorPaul O'Prey and Lucia GravesLanguageSpanishPublished1886PublisherPenguin Books (U.K. first edition)Published in English1990Pages275 (U.K. first edition)ISBN9780140445022 The House of Ulloa (Spanish: Los pazos de Ulloa) is a novel by Emilia Pardo Bazán, published in Spanish in 1886, and translated into English by Paul O'Prey and Lucia Graves, pub…