As engineering rose as a distinct profession during the 19th century, engineers saw themselves as either independent professional practitioners or technical employees of large enterprises. There was considerable tension between the two sides as large industrial employers fought to maintain control of their employees.[1]
Even so, at that time ethics was viewed as a personal rather than a broad professional concern.[5][6]: 6
Turn of the 20th century and turning point
When the 19th century drew to a close and the 20th century began, there had been series of significant structural failures, including some spectacular bridge failures, notably the Ashtabula River Railroad Disaster (1876), Tay Bridge Disaster (1879), and the Quebec Bridge collapse (1907). These had a profound effect on engineers and forced the profession to confront shortcomings in technical and construction practice, as well as ethical standards.[7]
One response was the development of formal codes of ethics by three of the four founding engineering societies. AIEE adopted theirs in 1912. ASCE and ASME did so in 1914.[8] AIME did not adopt a code of ethics in its history.[4]
Concerns for professional practice and protecting the public highlighted by these bridge failures, as well as the Boston molasses disaster (1919), provided impetus for another movement that had been underway for some time: to require formal credentials (Professional Engineering licensure in the US) as a requirement to practice. This involves meeting some combination of educational, experience, and testing requirements.[9]
In 1950, the Association of German Engineers developed an oath for all its members titled 'The Confession of the Engineers', directly hinting at the role of engineers in the atrocities committed during World War II.[10][11][12]
Over the following decades most American states and Canadian provinces either required engineers to be licensed, or passed special legislation reserving title rights to organization of professional engineers.[13] The Canadian model is to require all persons working in fields of engineering that posed a risk to life, health, property, the public welfare and the environment to be licensed, and all provinces required licensing by the 1950s.
The US model has generally been only to require the practicing engineers offering engineering services that impact the public welfare, safety, safeguarding of life, health, or property to be licensed, while engineers working in private industry without a direct offering of engineering services to the public or other businesses, education, and government need not be licensed.[14] This has perpetuated the split between professional engineers and those in private industry.[15] Professional societies have adopted generally uniform codes of ethics.
Recent developments
Efforts to promote ethical practice continue. In addition to the professional societies and chartering organizations efforts with their members, the Canadian Iron Ring and American Order of the Engineer trace their roots to the 1907 Quebec Bridge collapse. Both require members to swear an oath to uphold ethical practice and wear a symbolic ring as a reminder.
In the United States, the National Society of Professional Engineers released in 1946 its Canons of Ethics for Engineers and Rules of Professional Conduct, which evolved to the current Code of Ethics, adopted in 1964. These requests ultimately led to the creation of the Board of Ethical Review in 1954. Ethics cases rarely have easy answers, but the BER's nearly 500 advisory opinions have helped bring clarity to the ethical issues engineers face daily.[16]
Currently, bribery and political corruption is being addressed very directly by several professional societies and business groups around the world.[17][18] However, new issues have arisen, such as offshoring, sustainable development, and environmental protection, that the profession is having to consider and address.
General principles
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public
— National Society of Professional Engineers, [19]
A practitioner shall regard the practitioner's duty to public welfare as paramount."
Codes of engineering ethics identify a specific precedence with respect to the engineer's consideration for the public, clients, employers, and the profession.
Many engineering professional societies have prepared codes of ethics. Some date to the early decades of the twentieth century.[13] These have been incorporated to a greater or lesser degree into the regulatory laws of several jurisdictions. While these statements of general principles served as a guide, engineers still require sound judgment to interpret how the code would apply to specific circumstances.
The general principles of the codes of ethics are largely similar across the various engineering societies and chartering authorities of the world,[21] which further extend the code and publish specific guidance.[22] The following is an example from the American Society of Civil Engineers:[23]
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties.[23]
Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.[23]
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.[23]
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.[23]
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.[23]
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.[23]
Engineers shall, in all matters related to their profession, treat all persons fairly and encourage equitable participation without regard to gender or gender identity, race, national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, disability, political affiliation, or family, marital, or economic status.[24]
In 1990, EPFL students elaborated the Archimedean Oath, which is an ethical code of practice for engineers and technicians, similar to the Hippocratic Oath used in the medical world.[25]
Obligation to society
The paramount value recognized by engineers is the safety and welfare of the public. As demonstrated by the following selected excerpts, this is the case for professional engineering organizations in nearly every jurisdiction and engineering discipline:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: "We, the members of the IEEE, … do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. to accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment;"[26]
Institution of Civil Engineers: "Members of the ICE should always be aware of their overriding responsibility to the public good. A member’s obligations to the client can never override this, and members of the ICE should not enter undertakings which compromise this responsibility. The ‘public good’ encompasses care and respect for the environment, and for humanity's cultural, historical and archaeological heritage, as well as the primary responsibility members have to protect the health and well-being of present and future generations."[27]
Institute of Industrial Engineers: "Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by: 2. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients."[29]
American Institute of Chemical Engineers: "To achieve these goals, members shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and protect the environment in performance of their professional duties."[30]
American Nuclear Society: "ANS members uphold and advance the integrity and honor of their professions by using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment; being honest and impartial; serving with fidelity the public, their employers, and their clients; and striving to continuously improve the competence and prestige of their various professions."[31]
Society of Fire Protection Engineers: "In the practice of their profession, fire protection engineers must maintain and constantly improve their competence and perform under a standard of professional behavior which requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct with balanced regard for the interests of the public, clients, employers, colleagues, and the profession."[32]
Responsibility of engineers
The engineers recognize that the greatest merit is the work and exercise their profession committed to serving society, attending to the welfare and progress of the majority.
By transforming nature for the benefit of mankind, engineers must increase their awareness of the world as the abode of humanity, their interest in the universe as a guarantee of overcoming their spirit, and knowledge of reality to make the world fairer and happier.
The engineer should reject any paper that is intended to harm the general interest, thus avoiding a situation that might be hazardous or threatening to the environment, life, health, or other rights of human beings.
It is an inescapable duty of the engineer to uphold the prestige of the profession, to ensure its proper discharge, and to maintain a professional demeanor rooted in ability, honesty, fortitude, temperance, magnanimity, modesty, honesty, and justice; with the consciousness of individual well-being subordinate to the social good.
The engineers and their employers must ensure the continuous improvement of their knowledge, particularly of their profession, disseminate their knowledge, share their experience, provide opportunities for education and training of workers, provide recognition, moral and material support to the schools where they studied, thus returning the benefits and opportunities they and their employers have received.
It is the responsibility of the engineers to carry out their work efficiently and to support the law. In particular, they must ensure compliance with the standards of worker protection as provided by the law.
As professionals, the engineers are expected to commit themselves to high standards of conduct (NSPE). [1] 11/27/11
A basic ethical dilemma is that an engineer has the duty to report to the appropriate authority a possible risk to others from a client or employer failing to follow the engineer's directions. According to first principles, this duty overrides the duty to a client and/or employer.[33] An engineer may be disciplined, or have their license revoked, even if the failure to report such a danger does not result in the loss of life or health.[34]
If an engineer is overruled by a non-technical authority or a technical authority they must inform the authority, in writing, the reasons for their advice and the consequences of the deviation from the advice.[35]
In many cases, this duty can be discharged by advising the client of the consequences in a forthright matter, and ensuring the client takes the engineer's advice. In very rare cases, where even a governmental authority may not take appropriate action, the engineer can only discharge the duty by making the situation public.[36] As a result, whistleblowing by professional engineers is not an unusual event, and courts have often sided with engineers in such cases, overruling duties to employers and confidentiality considerations that otherwise would have prevented the engineer from speaking out.[37]
Conduct
There are several other ethical issues that engineers may face. Some have to do with technical practice, but many others have to do with broader considerations of business conduct. These include:[22]
Relationships with clients, consultants, competitors, and contractors
Ensuring legal compliance by clients, client's contractors, and others
The field of business ethics often overlaps and informs ethical decision making for engineers.
Case studies and key individuals
Petroski notes that most engineering failures are much more involved than simple technical mis-calculations and involve the failure of the design process or management culture.[38] However, not all engineering failures involve ethical issues. The infamous collapse of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and the losses of the Mars Polar Lander and Mars Climate Orbiter were technical and design process failures. Nor are all engineering ethics issues necessary engineering failures per se - Northwestern University instructor Sheldon Epstein cited The Holocaust as an example of a breach in engineering ethics despite (and because of) the engineers' creations being successful at carrying out the Nazis' mission of genocide.[39] There is the ethics issue of whether engineers considered vulnerability to hostile intent, such as governmental buildings or industrial sites, in the same way weather is considered regardless of the project specifications.[40]Lysenkoism is a specific form of ethical failure, which when engineers (or scientists) allow political agendas take precedent over professional ethics.
These episodes of engineering failure include ethical as well as technical issues.
^ASME member H.F.J. Porter had proposed as early as 1892 that the engineering societies adopt uniform membership, education, and licensing requirements as well as a code of ethics. (Layton (1986). pp. 45-46)
Layton, Edwin (1986). The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN0-8018-3287-X.
Glazer, M.P. (1991).Whistleblower, New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN978-0465091744, 306pp.
Harris, C.E., M.S. Pritchard, and M.J. Rabins (2008).Engineering Ethics: Concept and Cases, Wadsworth Publishing, 4th edition. ISBN978-0495502791, 332 pp.
Peterson, Martin (2020). Ethics for Engineers, Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190609191, 256 pp.
Darsono ProdjowibowoPengabdianIndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratPangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNINRP11883KesatuanInfanteriBrigadir Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Darsono Prodjowibowo merupakan seorang perwira tinggi angkatan darat dari Indonesia.[1] Karier militer Komandan Batalyon 301/Kiansantang (1 Desember 1948 – 30 Januari 1952)[1] Panglima Komando Daerah Militer XI/Tambun Bungai (11 Februari 1961[1] – 27 Agustus 1963)[2] Referensi ^ a b …
Railway station in West Bengal, India Joychandi Pahar Junctionজয়চন্ডী পাহাড় জংশন Indian Railways stationNew building of the Joychandi Pahar stationGeneral informationLocationAdra circle, Joychandi Pahar-Adra road, Raghunathpur I, Purulia district, West Bengal IndiaCoordinates23°31′00″N 86°40′51″E / 23.5168°N 86.6809°E / 23.5168; 86.6809Elevation155 metres (509 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated bySouth Eastern Ra…
Peta Thuillières. Thuillières merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvelle Anglemont Anould Aouze Arches Archettes Aroffe Arrentès-de-Corcieux Attignéville Attigny Aulnois Aumontzey Autigny-la-Tour Autreville Autrey Auzainvilliers Avillers Avrainville Avranville Aydoilles Badménil-au…
The Missing Head of Damasceno Monteiro First editionAuthorAntonio TabucchiOriginal titleLa testa perduta di Damasceno MonteiroTranslatorPatrick CreaghCountryItalyLanguageItalianPublisherFeltrinelliPublication date1 March 1997Published in English1999Pages239ISBN88-07-01518-8 The Missing Head of Damasceno Monteiro (Italian: La testa perduta di Damasceno Monteiro) is a 1997 crime novel by the Italian writer Antonio Tabucchi. It is set in Porto, Portugal, and follows a murder investigation…
Potret Luca Pacioli. Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (kadang-kadang Paciolo) adalah matematikawan dan biarawan Fransiskan asal Italia, berkolaborasi dengan Leonardo Da Vinci dan kontributor seminalis dengan bidang yang sekarang dikenal sebagai akuntansi. Ia juga dikenal sebagai Bapak Akuntansi. Referensi Bambach, Carmen (2003). Leonardo, Left-Handed Draftsman and Writer. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-02. Pacioli, Luca. De divina proportione (English: On the D…
Gerola Alta commune di Italia Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaLombardyProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Sondrio NegaraItalia Ibu kotaGerola Alta PendudukTotal165 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah37,43 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian1.050 m Berbatasan denganBema Introbio (en) Pedesina Santa Brigida (en) Averara (en) Cusio (en) Ornica (en) Premana (en) Valtorta (en) SejarahSanto pelindungBartolomeus Informasi tambahanKode pos23010 Zon…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. PT Eratex Djaja TbkJenisPerseroan terbatasKode emitenIDX: ERTXIndustriTekstilDidirikan12 Oktober 1972; 51 tahun lalu (1972-10-12)KantorpusatJakarta, IndonesiaWilayah operasiIndonesiaTokohkunciMarissa Jeanne Maren[1](Direktur Utama)Maniwanen…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Ini adalah daftar Percetakan di Ukraina. Daftar Nama Nama Ukraina Kota Logo ArtHuss ArtHuss Kyiv Caravela Caravela Kyiv Discursus Discursus Brustury Komubook Komubook Kyiv Laurus Press Laurus Press Kyiv Nebo Booklab Publishing Nebo Booklab Publishing Kyiv…
Untuk Ikan punah, lihat Anaspida.Anapsida Periode 312–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Anapsida Tengkorak AnaspidaTaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaSubkelasAnapsida Samuel Williston, 1917 Subkelompok †Captorhinidae †Protorothyrididae †Parareptilia †Mesosauria †Millerosauria †Procolophonomorpha Testudines (Turtles, tortoises & terrapins) lbs Anapsida adalah sebuah amniot dengan tengkorak yang tidak memiliki satu atau lebih bukaan tengkorak (fenestra, at…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento mineralogia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. CalciteClassificazione Strunz5.AB.05 Formula chimicaCaCO3 Proprietà cristallograficheGruppo cristallinodimetrico Sistema cristallinotrigonale Classe di simmetriascalenoedrica ditrigonale Parametri di cellaa=4,989…
Landsknechte, sketsa yang dibuat oleh Daniel Hopfer, sekitar tahun 1530 Landsknechte (atau Landsknecht), yang berarti abdi daratan, merupakan pasukan sewaan berseragam warna-warni dengan reputasi tinggi yang mengambil alih peninggalan pasukan Swiss; Dan menjadi sebuah kekuatan militer yang penting di akhir abad ke-15 dan sampai abad ke-16 di Eropa. Pasukan ini sebagian besar merupakan gabungan tentara bayaran bersenjatakan tembiang dari Jerman dan Swiss, dan membantu pasukan bawahan. Mereka berh…
Gunung Albor Tholus. Albor Tholus adalah gunung berapi yang telah punah di wilayah Elysium Planitia, Mars. Secara geografis lokasinya berada di sebelah selatan gunung berapi Elysium Mons dan Hecates Tholus. Albor Tholus memiliki tinggi sebesar 4.5 kilometer[1]dan berdiameter 160 km.[1] Kalderanya memiliki diameter sebesar 30 km dan kedalaman 3 km.[1] Jika dibandingkan dengan gunung berapi lainnya, kaldera gunung ini dalam. Evaluasi oleh satelit Mars, Mars Express, menemuk…
فرانسيسكو فيريرا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 29 يناير 1794(1794-01-29)كوماياغوا الوفاة 10 أبريل 1851 (57 سنة)تشالاتنانغو [لغات أخرى] مواطنة هندوراس مناصب رئيس هندوراس في المنصب1 يناير 1841 – 31 ديسمبر 1842 فرانسيسكو زيلايا رئيس هندوراس في المنصب23 فبراير 1843&…
ماريون بي. فولسوم معلومات شخصية الميلاد 23 نوفمبر 1893 ماكراي الوفاة 27 سبتمبر 1976 (82 سنة) روتشستر مكان الدفن مقبرة أرلينغتون الوطنية[1] مواطنة الولايات المتحدة عضو في الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة جورجياكلي…
UlujamiKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan UlujamiNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenPemalangPopulasi • Total107,898 jiwaKode Kemendagri33.27.13 Kode BPS3327130 Luas2.305 haDesa/kelurahan18 Desa Ulujami (Jawa: ꦈꦭꦸꦗꦩꦶ, translit. Ulujami) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Ulujami berbatasan langsung di sebelah timur dengan Kabupaten Pekalongan. Pemerintahan Kecamatan Ulujami berada di Desa Rowosari Peninggalan Sejarah D…
1962 American filmRequiem for a HeavyweightDirected byRalph NelsonWritten byRod SerlingProduced byDavid SusskindStarringAnthony QuinnJackie GleasonMickey RooneyJulie HarrisCinematographyArthur J. OrnitzEdited byCarl LernerMusic byLaurence RosenthalDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date October 16, 1962 (1962-10-16) Running time95 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.1 million[1]Box office$1.3 million (US/Canada)[2] Requiem for a Heavyweight is a …
American comic book publisher Image ComicsStatusActiveFounded1992; 32 years ago (1992)FoundersErik LarsenJim LeeRob LiefeldTodd McFarlaneWhilce PortacioMarc SilvestriJim ValentinoCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationPortland, OregonDistribution Lunar Distribution (direct market starting September 2023[1]) Diamond Comic Distributors / Diamond Book Distributors (books until January 2024[2] and direct market sub-distributor through Lunar Distribution …