The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; French: Union européenne de radio-télévision, UER) is an alliance of public service media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area or who are members of the Council of Europe. As of 2024[update], it is made up of 123 member organisations from 56 countries,[2] and 31 associate members from a further 20 countries.[3] It was established in 1950, and has its administrative headquarters in Geneva.
The EBU owns and operates the Eurovision and Euroradio telecommunications networks on which major television and radio broadcasts are distributed live to its members. It also operates the daily Eurovision news exchange in which members share breaking news footage. In 2017, the EBU launched the Eurovision Social Newswire, an eyewitness and video verification service. Led by Head of Social Newsgathering, Derek Bowler, the service provides members of the EBU with verified and cleared-for-use newsworthy eyewitness media emerging on social media.[4]
EBU members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Egypt, from Ireland in the west and Azerbaijan in the east, and almost every nation from geographical Europe in between. Associate members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, CPB, NPR, APM and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music radio WFMT.[3]
Access to content ranging from exclusive sports rights to exchanges for news, music and children's programs.
Representatives in Brussels, and in other international arenas, lobbying for PSM and ensuring the optimal legal and technical framework for broadcasters.
Opportunities for sharing, learning and collaborating through conferences, working groups, training, and dedicated advice and guidance.
A centre for learning and sharing new technology and innovation with a team of experts providing strategic advice and guidance.
Radio collaborations include Euroclassic Notturno—an overnight classical music stream, produced by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast in the United Kingdom as Through the Night—and special theme days, such as the annual Christmas music relays from around Europe.[7] The EBU is a member of the International Music Council.
Most EBU broadcasters have group deals to carry major sporting events including the FIFA World Cup and the inaugural European Championships. Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Year's Concert.[8]
Eurovision Media Services is the business arm of the EBU and provides media services for many media organisations and sports federations around the world.
The EBU was a successor to the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) that was founded in 1925 and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels. It fostered programming exchanges between members and mediated technical disputes between members that were mostly concerned with frequency and interference issues. It was in effect taken over by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, and thereafter the Allies viewed it as a compromised organisation that they could not trust.
In the spring of 1946, representatives of the Soviet radio committee proposed forming a new organisation; however, at the same time preparations were being made for an inter-governmental "European Broadcasting Conference" in Copenhagen in 1948 to draw up a new plan for frequency use in the European Broadcasting Area. It was considered necessary to have an organisation that could implement the "Copenhagen Wavelength Plan" but there was disagreement among broadcasters and particularly a fear expressed by the BBC that a new association might be dominated by the USSR and its proposal to give each of its constituent states one vote. France proposed that it would have four votes with the inclusion of its North African colonies. The United Kingdom felt it would have little influence with just one vote.
On 27 June 1946, the alternative International Broadcasting Organisation (IBO) was founded with 26 members and without British participation. The following day the IBU met in General Assembly and an attempt was made to dissolve it but failed; though 18 of its 28 members left to join the IBO.[10] For a period of time in the late 1940s both the IBU and IBO vied for the role of organising frequencies but Britain decided to be in involved in neither. The BBC attempted but failed to find suitable working arrangements with them. However, for practical purposes, the IBO rented the IBU technical centre in Brussels and employed its staff. The BBC then proposed a new solution based on the IBO changing its constitution so there will be only one member per International Telecommunication Union (ITU) country, thus ensuring a Western majority over the USSR and its satellite states. In August 1949 a meeting took place in Stresa, Italy but it resulted in disagreement between delegates on how to resolve the problems. One proposal was for the European Broadcasting Area to be replaced by one that would exclude Eastern Europe, the Levant and North Africa.
After Stresa, a consensus emerged among the Western Europeans to form a new organisation and the BBC proposed it be based in London. Meetings in Paris on 31 October and 1 November 1949 sealed the fate of the IBU and IBO, but it was decided not to allow West Germany to be a founder of the new organisation. On 13 February 1950 the European Broadcasting Union had its first meeting with 23 members from the ITU defined European Broadcasting Area at the Imperial Hotel in Torquay, England, United Kingdom. The first president was Ian Jacob of the BBC who remained at the helm for 10 years while its operation was largely dominated by the BBC due to its financial, technical and staff input. The most important difference between the EBU and its predecessors was that EBU membership was for broadcasters and not governments. Early delegates said EBU meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its predecessors. West Germany was admitted in 1951 and a working relationship forged with the USSR's Organisation for International Radio and TV (OIRT) which existed in parallel with the EBU until its merger on 1 January 1993.[10]
In 1967, the first concert in the International Concert Season of the European Broadcasting Union was broadcast from the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London.[11]
Technical activities
The objective of the EBU's technical activities is simply to assist EBU Members (see below) in this period of unprecedented technological changes. This includes the provision of technical information to Members via conferences and workshops, as well as in written form (such as the EBU Technical Review, and the EBU tech-i magazine).
The EBU also encourages active collaboration between its Members on the basis that they can freely share their knowledge and experience, thus achieving considerably more than individual Members could achieve by themselves. Much of this collaboration is achieved through Project Groups which study specific technical issues of common interest: for example, EBU Members have long been preparing for the revision of the 1961 Stockholm Plan.
The EBU places great emphasis on the use of open standards. Widespread use of open standards (such as MPEG-2, DAB, DVB, etc.) ensures interoperability between products from different vendors, as well as facilitating the exchange of programme material between EBU Members and promoting "horizontal markets" for the benefit of all consumers.
EBU Members and the EBU Technical Department have long played an important role in the development of many systems used in radio and television broadcasting, such as:
The AES/EBU digital audio interface, formally known as AES3;
Serial and parallel interfaces for digital video (ITU-R Recommendations 601 and 656);
RDS – the radio data system used on FM broadcasting.
The EBU has also actively encouraged the development and implementation of:
Digital radio (DAB) through Eureka Project 147 and the WorldDAB Forum.
DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) through the DVB Project and DigiTAG.
Digital radio in the bands currently used for AM broadcasting through Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM).
Standardisation of PVR systems through the TV-Anytime Forum.
Development of other content distribution networks on the internet through P2PTV; EBU Project Group D/P2P, from November 2007 to April 2008, with a trial of selected member channels, thanks to Octoshape's distribution platform.[12] The EBU is also part of the European P2P-Next project.
Controversies
Greek state broadcaster (2013)
On 11 June 2013, the Greek government shut down the state broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) on short notice, citing government spending concerns related to the European debt crisis.[13] In response, the EBU set up a makeshift studio the same day near the former ERT offices in Athens in order to continue providing EBU members with the news-gathering and broadcast relay services which had formerly been provided by ERT.[14] The EBU put out a statement expressing its "profound dismay" at the shutdown, urging the Greek Prime Minister "to use all his powers to immediately reverse this decision" and offered the "advice, assistance and expertise necessary for ERT to be preserved".[15] Starting on 4 May 2014, the new state broadcaster New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television (NERIT) began nationwide transmissions, taking over ERT's vacant active membership slot in the EBU.[16] On 11 June 2015, two years after ERT's closure, NERIT was renamed as Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT),[17][18] which reopened with a comprehensive program in all radio stations (with nineteen regional, two world-range and five pan-Hellenic range radio stations) and three TV channels ERT1, ERT2 and ERT3.
Belarusian state broadcaster (2021)
The Belarusian Television and Radio Company (BTRC) has been accused of repressing its own employees, having fired more than 100 people since a wave of anti-Lukashenko protests in 2020 following alleged election fraud. Many of them have also been jailed. Many voices have been raised against the participation of Belarus and the BTRC in the otherwise unpolitical Eurovision Song Contest in 2021, the argument being that the EBU would make a political statement if it did endorse Belarus by essentially and silently saying that democracy is unimportant and so are basic human rights such as freedom of speech.[19]
On 28 May 2021, the EBU suspended the BTRC's membership as they had been "particularly alarmed by the broadcast of interviews apparently obtained under duress". BTRC was given two weeks to respond before the suspension came into effect, but did not do so publicly.[20] The suspension of the broadcaster was made effective on 1 July 2021.[21][22] Although initial reports mentioned that it would expire after three years, in April 2024 the EBU confirmed that the suspension had been made indefinite.[23]
Russian state broadcasters (2022)
The three Russian members of the EBU, Channel One Russia, VGTRK, and Radio Dom Ostankino are all controlled by the Russian government.[24] On 21 February 2022, the Russian government recognized the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, disputed territories that are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Ukraine's public broadcaster Suspilne called on the EBU to terminate the membership of Channel One Russia and VGTRK, and to consider preventing Russia from participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, citing the Russian government's use of both outlets to spread disinformation surrounding the Russo-Ukrainian war.[25] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several other public broadcasters joined UA:PBC in calling for Russia's exclusion from the 2022 Contest; Finland's Yle and Estonia's ERR stated that they would not send a representative if Russia was allowed to participate.[26][27] After initially stating that both Russia and Ukraine would be allowed to compete,[28] the EBU announced on 25 February 2022 that it would ban Russia from participating in the Contest.[29]
The three Russian broadcasters announced, via a statement released by Russian state media, that they would withdraw from the EBU on 26 February, citing increased politicization of the organization.[30] The EBU released a statement saying that it was aware of the reports, but that it had not received any formal confirmation.[31] On 1 March, a further statement from the EBU announced that it had suspended its Russian members from its governance structures.[32] On 26 May, the EBU made effective the suspension of its Russian members indefinitely.[33][34]
Any group or organisation from an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) member country, which provides a radio or television service outside of the European Broadcasting Area, is permitted to submit applications to the EBU for Associate Membership.[43]
It is also noted by the EBU that any country that is granted Associate Member status does not gain access into Eurovision events[3] with the notable exceptions of Australia, who have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest and the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since 2015, Canada in Eurovision Young Dancers between 1987 and 1989 and Kazakhstan, who have participated in Junior Eurovision since 2018, all of which were individually invited.
The list of Associate Members of EBU comprised the following 31 broadcasting companies from 20 countries as of December 2023[update].[3]
Any groups or organisations from a country with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) membership, which does not qualify for either the EBU's Active or Associate memberships, but still provide a broadcasting activity for the EBU, are granted a unique Approved Participants membership, which lasts approximately five years. An application for this status may be submitted to the EBU at any given time, providing an annual fee is paid.[58]
The following seven EBU broadcast members had status as Approved Participants in June 2024.[59]
The EBU in co-operation with the respective host broadcaster organises competitions and events in which its members can participate if they wish to do so. These include:
The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la chanson)[60] is an annual international song competition between EBU members, that was first held in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participated – each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957, all contests have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[61] The most recent host city was Malmö, Sweden, where Switzerland won the competition.
Let the Peoples Sing is a biennial choir competition, the participants of which are chosen from radio recordings entered by EBU radio members. The final, encompassing three categories and around ten choirs, is offered as a live broadcast to all EBU members. The overall winner is awarded the Silver Rose Bowl.
Jeux sans frontières (English: Games without frontiers, or Games Without Borders) was a Europe-wide television game show. In its original conception, it was broadcast from 1965 to 1999 under the auspices of the EBU. The original series' run ended in 1982, but was revived in 1988 with a different composition of nations and was hosted by smaller broadcasters.
Eurovision Young Musicians is a competition for European musicians that are between the ages of 12 and 21 years old. It is organised by the EBU and is a member of EMCY. The first competition was held in Manchester, United Kingdom on 11 May 1982.
The televised competition is held every two years, with some countries holding national heats. Since its inaugural edition in 1982, it has become one of the most important music competitions on an international level.
Eurovision Young Dancers was a biennial dance showcase broadcast on television throughout Europe. The first competition was held in Reggio Emilia, Italy on 16 June 1985.
It uses a format similar to the Eurovision Song Contest. Every participating country has the opportunity to send a dance act to compete for the title of "Eurovision Young Dancer". The competition is for solo dancers, and all contestants must be between the ages of 16 and 21, and not professionally engaged.
Euroclassic Notturno is a six-hour sequence of classical music recordings, assembled by BBC Radio from material supplied by EBU members and streamed back to those broadcasters by satellite for use in their overnight classical-music schedules. The recordings used are taken not from commercial CDs, but from earlier (usually live) radio broadcasts.[62][63]
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Junior)[64] is an annual international song competition that was first held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 15 November 2003. Sixteen countries participated in the inaugural edition, with each submitting one song, for a total of 16 entries. The inaugural contest was won by Croatia. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Nice, France, is France.[65]
The Eurovision Dance Contest (not to be confused with the Eurovision Young Dancers Competition) was an international dancing competition that was held for the first time in London, United Kingdom, on 1 September 2007. The competition was repeated in 2008 when it was held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, but has not been held since.
The Eurovision Magic Circus Show was an entertainment show organised by the EBU, which took place in 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Geneva. Children aged between 7–14 representing eight countries within the EBU membership area performed a variety of circus acts at the Geneva Christmas Circus (French: Cirque de Noël Genève). The main show was also accompanied by the Magic Circus Show Orchestra.[66]
The inaugural Eurovision Choir, featuring non-professional choirs selected by EBU members, took place on 22 July 2017 in Riga, hosted by the Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV). Nine countries took part in the first edition. Carmen Manet from Slovenia was the first winner.
The European Sports Championships is a multi-sport event involving some of the leading sports in Europe. The European Governing Bodies for athletics, aquatics, cycling, rowing, golf, gymnastics and triathlon, coordinated their individual championships as part of the first edition[67] in the summer of 2018, hosted by the cities of Berlin (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Athletics Championships) and Glasgow (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, and which concurrently also hosted the events of the other sports).[68][69]
^Succeeded by Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) of Montenegro and Radiotelevizija Srbije (RTS) of Serbia separately (previously these were sub-broadcasters of UJRT)
^Succeeded by Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS)
^Succeeded by United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting (UKIB)
^Founded as Association of Independent Radio Contractors (AIRC) in 1973. It became CRCA in 1996 and merged with Radio Advertising Bureau in 2006 to create Radiocentre.[42]
^"Russia media guide". BBC News. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^Chernotytsky, Mykola. "Суспільне вимагає припинити членство російських ЗМІ у ЄМС" [Suspilne demands the termination of the membership of the Russian media in the EBU]. suspilne.media (Press release) (in Ukrainian). Suspilne. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^"Rusijos televizijos traukiasi iš EBU" [Russian television stations leave the EBU]. lrt.lt (in Lithuanian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
^"Official information page" (in French). European Broadcasting Union. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
^Burkhardt, Nadja (16 November 2012). "Eurovision Magic Circus Show". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Saint Lawrence SeawaySaint Lawrence SeawayStati Canada Stati Uniti SuddivisioniQuebec Suddivisioni (2)Ontario Suddivisioni (3)New York Lunghezza600 km Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Le chiuse di Eisenhower a Massena stato di New York. La Saint Lawrence Seaway Saint Lawrence Seaway, il canale di navigazione separato a Montréal. La Saint Lawrence Seaway (via marittima San Lorenzo) è un sistema di chiuse e canali, in Canada e negli Stati Uniti, che consente alle navi oceanich…
Grand Casemates Square Pemandangan Grand Casemates Square, menghadap timur laut ke Batu Gibraltar (2007).Nama sebelumnya La Barcina, La EsplanadaPemilik Pemerintah GibraltarLokasi GibraltarKoordinat 36°08′41″N 5°21′10″W / 36.1448°N 5.3528°W / 36.1448; -5.3528Koordinat: 36°08′41″N 5°21′10″W / 36.1448°N 5.3528°W / 36.1448; -5.3528 Grand Casemates Square (biasa disebut Casemates Square atau Casemates) adalah alun-alun terbesar …
Falster Falster ialah sebuah pulau di Denmark. Luasnya 514 km² dan ada 43.537 penduduk, yang lebih dari 40% tinggal di kota utama, Nykøbing Falster, yang termasuk titik paling selatan di Denmark, Gedser Odde. Dihubungkan dengan Sjælland di utara dengan 2 jembatan – Jembatan Farø (Farøbroerne) adalah bagian Rute Eropa E47 dari Kopenhagen (dan Helsingborg) ke Lübeck (dan kemudian Hamburg dan selatan). E47 berlanjut melalui sebuah terowongan di bawah selat Guldborgsund ke pulau Lolland di b…
Agostina BelliAgostina Belli dalam Scent of a Woman (1974).LahirAgostina Maria Magnoni13 April 1949 (umur 74)Milan, ItaliaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1968–kini Agostina Belli (lahir 13 April 1949) adalah seorang pemeran film Italia. Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 50 film sejak 1968. Kehidupan dan karier Ia menikahi pemeran Fred Robsahm.[1] Filmografi pilihan Belli dalam Angeli senza paradiso (1970) Bandits in Milan (1968) Il terribile ispettore (1969) Safety Catch (1970) Formula 1…
NartanasalaSutradaraKamalakara Kameswara RaoProduserLakshmi RajyamSridhar RaoDitulis olehSamudrala RaghavacharyaPemeranN. T. Rama RaoSavitriS.V.Ranga RaoPenata musikSusarla DakshinamurthyTanggal rilis11 Oktober 1963Durasi175 menitBahasaTelugu Nartanasala yang juga ditulis sebagai Nartanashala (bahasa Telugu: నర్తనశాల Indonesia:Balai Tari) adalah sebuah film Telugu epik mitologi India 1963 yang ditulis oleh Samudrala Raghavacharya dan disutradarai oleh Kamalakara Kameshw…
Prasasti di atas pintu masuk bekas sekolah Latin di Gouda : Praesidium atque decus quae sunt et gaudia vitae – Formant hic animos Graeca Latina roughs Sekolah Latin adalah sekolah tata bahasa di Eropa pada abad ke-14 hingga ke-19, meskipun istilah terakhir lebih umum di Inggris. Istilah lain yang digunakan termasuk Lateinschule di Jerman, atau kemudian Gimnasium. Sekolah-sekolah Latin juga didirikan di Amerika Kolonial. Penekanannya ditempatkan, seperti namanya, pada pembelajaran mengguna…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le jeu vidéo. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) (voir l’aide à la rédaction). Mario + The Lapins CrétinsSparks of HopeLogo du jeu.Développeur Ubisoft MilanUbisoft ParisÉditeur Ubisoft, NintendoDistributeur NintendoRéalisateur Davide Soliani (créatif)Compositeur Grant KirkhopeProducteur Xavier ManzanaresDate de sortie INT : 20 octobre 2022 Genre Tactique au tour par tourMode de jeu Un joueurPlate-forme…
Automatic circuit protection device For the stock market term, see Trading curb. For other uses, see Circuit breaker (disambiguation). Circuit BreakerA two-pole miniature circuit breakerElectronic symbol An air circuit breaker for low-voltage (less than 1,000 volt) power distribution switchgear Four one-pole miniature circuit breakers Electrical installations Wiring practice by region or country North American practice United Kingdom practice Regulation of electrical installations BS 7671 UK wir…
Mexican-American journalist and author In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ramos and the second or maternal family name is Ávalos. Jorge RamosRamos speaker for NASA's Hispanic Education Campaign, January 2010BornJorge Gilberto Ramos Ávalos (1958-03-16) March 16, 1958 (age 66)Mexico City, MexicoCitizenshipAmerican, Mexican[1][2][3]EducationIbero-American University (BA)University of Miami (MA)Occupation(s)Journalist, author, activistEmploy…
العلاقات المجرية المنغولية المجر منغوليا المجر منغوليا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات المجرية المنغولية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المجر ومنغوليا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة المجر …
Prescott adalah kota berpenduduk sekitar 4.200 orang di pantai utara Sungai Saint Lawrence, Ontario, Kanada, dan persis berseberangan dengan kota Ogdensburg, New York, Amerika Serikat. Kedua kota ini dihubungkan oleh Jembatan Internasional Ogdensburg-Prescott yang berada 5 km sebelah timut Prescott di Johnstown, Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario. Sejarah Di kota ini terdapat situs bersejarah dan objek wisata Benteng Wellington. Pertempuran Thousand Islands terjadi Agustus 1760, d…
1701 land cession by the Iroquois Confederacy to the British Crown Nanfan TreatyDeed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting GroundMap showing the approximate range of the Beaver Hunting Grounds described in the Nanfan Treaty.SignedJuly 19, 1701 (1701-07-19)LocationAlbany, New YorkAmendmentSeptember 14, 1726 (1726-09-14)Parties Iroquois Confederacy John Nanfan Full text Nanfan Treaty at Wikisource Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of t…
Indonesian footballer (born 1980) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Gonçalves and the second or paternal family name is da Costa. Beto Gonçalves Beto playing for Indonesia at the 2018 AFF ChampionshipPersonal informationFull name Alberto Gonçalves da CostaDate of birth (1980-12-31) 31 December 1980 (age 43)Place of birth Belém, Brazil[1]Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[2]Position(s) StrikerTeam informationCurrent team PSBS Biak(on …
Muhammad Lukman Edy Menteri Negara Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal Indonesia ke-3Masa jabatan9 Mei 2007 – 1 Oktober 2009PresidenSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono PendahuluSyaifullah YusufPenggantiHelmy Faishal Zaini Informasi pribadiLahir26 November 1970 (umur 53)Teluk Pinang, Indragiri Hilir, Riau, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaPartai politikPKBAlma materUniversitas Brawijaya Universitas Padjajaran Universitas MalayaProfesiPolitisiSunting kotak info • L • B Dr. Ir. H. Muhammad …
Resolusi 1644Dewan Keamanan PBBTKP pengeboman yang menewaskan HaririTanggal15 Desember 2005Sidang no.5.329KodeS/RES/1644 (Dokumen)TopikSituasi di Timur TengahRingkasan hasil15 mendukungTidak ada menentangTidak ada abstainHasilDiadopsiKomposisi Dewan KeamananAnggota tetap Tiongkok Prancis Rusia Britania Raya Amerika SerikatAnggota tidak tetap Aljazair Argentina Benin Brasil Denmark Filipina Jepang Rumania Tanzania…
Fagan ParkFagan Park in May 2009TypeUrban ParkLocation38–48 Arcadia Road Galston, New South WalesCoordinates33°38′27″S 151°02′36″E / 33.6408823°S 151.0432578°E / -33.6408823; 151.0432578Area55 ha (140 acres)Created1988Operated byHornsby Shire CouncilOpenAll year except Christmas DayWebsiteHornsby Shire Council Part of the Fagan Park Museum Fagan Park is a large recreational area located in Galston, a semi-rural area in Sydney, New South Wales, Aust…
Supreme Court of the United States38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W / 38.89056; -77.00444EstablishedMarch 4, 1789; 235 years ago (1789-03-04)LocationWashington, D.C.Coordinates38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W / 38.89056; -77.00444Composition methodPresidential nomination with Senate confirmationAuthorized byConstitution of the United States, Art. III, § 1Judge term lengthlife …