Eutheria

Eutheria; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Skeleton of Microtherulum, a basal eutherian from the Early Cretaceous of China
	Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri), a placental eutherian from Southeast Asia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Subclass:	Theria
Clade:	Eutheria; Gill, 1872
Subgroups
	see text.

Eutheria (from Greek εὐ-, eú- 'good, right' and θηρίον, thēríon 'beast'; lit. 'true beasts'), also called Pan-Placentalia, is the clade consisting of placentals and all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials.

Eutherians are distinguished from non-eutherians by various phenotypic traits of the feet, ankles, jaws and teeth. All extant eutherians lack epipubic bones, which are present in all other living mammals (marsupials and monotremes). This allows for expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy,^[1] though epipubic bones are present in many primitive eutherians.^[2] Eutheria was named in 1872 by Theodore Gill; in 1880, Thomas Henry Huxley defined it to encompass a more broadly defined group than Placentalia.^[3]

The earliest unambiguous eutherians are known from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, dating around 120 million years ago.^[4] Two tribosphenic mammals, Durlstodon and Durlstotherium from the Berriasian age (~145-140 million years ago) of the Early Cretaceous in southern England have also been suggested to represent early eutherians.^[5]^[6] Another possible eutherian species Juramaia sinensis has been dated at 161 million years ago from the early Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) of China.^[7] However some authors have considered Juramaia as a stem therian instead,^[5]^[6] and some sources have doubted the dating of the specimen.^[8]

Characteristics

Distinguishing features are:

an enlarged malleolus ("little hammer") at the bottom of the tibia, the larger of the two shin bones^[9]
the joint between the first metatarsal bone and the entocuneiform bone (the innermost of the three cuneiform bones) in the foot is offset farther back than the joint between the second metatarsal and middle cuneiform bones—in metatherians these joints are level with each other^[9]
various features of jaws and teeth^[9] including: having three molars in the halves of each jaw, each upper canine having two roots, the paraconid on the last lower premolar is pronounced, the talonid region of the lower molars is narrower than the trigonid.^[10]

Taxonomy

Eutheria (i.e. Placentalia sensu lato, Pan-Placentalia):^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[10]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^{[excessive citations]}

incertae sedis:
- ?Family †Holoclemensiidae^[25] (often considered a basal metatherian)
- ?Genus †Hyotheridium^[26]^[27]
- ?Genus †Endotherium^[28]
- Genus †Durlstodon
- Genus †Durlstotherium
- Genus †Microtherulum
- Genus †Sinodelphys
- Genus †Cokotherium
- Genus †Ambolestes
- Genus †Montanalestes
- Genus †Indoclemensia^[29]
- ?Family †Horolodectidae (might belong somewhere within Placentalia sensu stricto)^[30]
- ?Genus †Juramaia
- Genus †Eomaia
Genus †Acristatherium
Clade †Tamirtheria ? (monophyly disputed^[31])
- Genus †Prokennalestes
- ?Genus †Hovurlestes
- Genus †Murtoilestes
- Genus †Bobolestes (inclusive of the former genus Otlestes)
- Family †Adapisoriculidae (inclusive of the genus †Sahnitherium)
- Genus †Paranyctoides
- Family †Zhelestidae (inclusive of the genus Eozhelestes)
- Family †Cimolestidae (inclusive of the genera †Maelestes and †Batodon)
- Order †Asioryctitheria
- Family †Zalambdalestidae
- Order †Leptictida
- ?Order †Taeniodonta^[32]
- ?Family †Didymoconidae
?Genus †Purgatorius
?Genus †Protungulatum
?Genus †Oxyprimus
Infraclass Placentalia sensu stricto

Notes:

Some older systems contained an order called Cimolesta (sensu lato), which contains the above taxa Cimolestidae, Taeniodonta and Didymoconidae, but also (all or some of) the taxa †Ptolemaiidae, †Palaeoryctidae, †Wyolestidae, †Pantolesta (probably inclusive of the family †Horolodectidae), †Tillodontia, †Apatotheria, †Pantodonta, Pholidota and †Palaeanodonta. Those additional taxa (all of which are usually considered members of Placentalia sensu stricto today) were thus also placed among basal Eutheria in such older systems and were placed next to Cimolestidae.
Some systems also included the †Creodonta and/or †Dinocerata as basal Eutherians.
Some authors classify the taxa, which are at the end of the above system of basal Eutheria, as part of Placentalia sensu stricto. More specifically, depending on the author, this applies to the taxa of the above system that are placed from (and inclusive of) Leptictida or Asioryctitheria or Adapisoriculidae down to (and inclusive of) Oxyprimus.

Evolutionary history

Eutheria contains several extinct genera as well as larger groups, many with complicated taxonomic histories still not fully understood. Members of the Adapisoriculidae, Cimolesta and Leptictida have been previously placed within the outdated placental group Insectivora, while zhelestids have been considered primitive ungulates.^[33] However, more recent studies have suggested these enigmatic taxa represent stem group eutherians, more basal to Placentalia.^[34]^[35]

The weakly favoured cladogram favours Boreoeutheria as a basal eutherian clade as sister to the Atlantogenata.^[36]^[37]^[38]

Placentalia

Atlantogenata

	Xenarthra

	Afrotheria

Boreoeutheria

	Laurasiatheria

	Euarchontoglires

Phylogeny after Wang & Wang, 2023.^[39]

Metatheria

Eutheria

	†Sinodelphys

	†Ambolestes

†Acristatherium

†Microtherulum

†Cokotherium

†Juramaia

†Eomaia

†Prokennalestes

†Murtoilestes

†Montanalestes

†Daulestes

†Ukhaatherium

	†Asioryctes

	†Kennalestes

	†Gypsonictops

	†Cimolestes

†Zalambdalestes

†Aspanlestes

	†Protungulatum

	†Eoungulatum

	†Leptictis

	Placentalia

Below is a phylogeny from Gheerbrant & Teodori (2021):^[40]

Eutheria

	Eomaia

	Prokennalestes

	Murtoilestes

	Borisodon

	Gallolestes

Eoungulatum

	Valentinella

	Azilestes

	Bulaklestes

	Daulestes

	Uchkududon

Cimolestes

	Maelestes

	Batodon

Kennalestes

	Asioryctes

	Ukhaatherium

Deccanolestes

Kulbeckia

Zhangolestes

	Zalambdalestes

	Barunlestes

	Alymlestes

	Mistralestes

	Gypsonictops

	Leptictis

Purgatorius

	Protungulatum

	Oxyprimus

Arctocyon

	Vulpavus

	Miacis

Diacodexis

Hyopsodus

	Meniscotherium

	Phenacodus

	extant Placentalia

Ecology

Many non-placental eutherians are thought to have been insectivores, as is the case with many primitive mammals.^[41] However, the zhelestids are thought to have been herbivorous.^[40] Body size of eutherians was generally small during the Cretaceous period, but the range of body sizes increased dramatically after the K-Pg extinction, predominantly among placentals.^[42]

References

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^ Guilhon, Gabby; Braga, Caryne; Milne, Nick; Cerqueira, Rui (November 2021). "Musculoskeletal anatomy and nomenclature of the mammalian epipubic bones". Journal of Anatomy. 239 (5): 1096–1103. doi:10.1111/joa.13489. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 8546510. PMID 34195985.
^ Archibald, J David. Eutheria (Placental Mammals) (PDF). San Diego, California: San Diego State University.
^ Beck, Robin M. D. (2023), Cáceres, Nilton C.; Dickman, Christopher R. (eds.), "Diversity and Phylogeny of Marsupials and Their Stem Relatives (Metatheria)", American and Australasian Marsupials, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–88, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08419-5_35, ISBN 978-3-031-08418-8, retrieved 2024-08-04
^ ^a ^b Sweetman, S.C.; Smith, G.; Martill, D.M. (2017). "Highly derived eutherian mammals from the earliest Cretaceous of southern Britain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (4): 657–665. doi:10.4202/app.00408.2017.
^ ^a ^b Martin, T. A.; Averianov, A. O.; Schultz, J. A.; Schwermann, A. H. (2023). "A stem therian mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (6). e2224848. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2224848. S2CID 260265765.
^ Luo, Z.; C. Yuan; Q. Meng; Q. Ji (2011). "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals". Nature. 476 (7361): 42–45. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..442L. doi:10.1038/nature10291. PMID 21866158.
^ King, Benedict; Beck, Robin M. D. (2020-06-10). "Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928): 20200943. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0943. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 7341916. PMID 32517606.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ji, Q.; Luo, Z-X.; Yuan, C-X.; Wible, J.R.; Zhang, J-P. & Georgi, J.A. (April 2002). "The earliest known eutherian mammal". Nature. 416 (6883): 816–822. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..816J. doi:10.1038/416816a. PMID 11976675.
^ ^a ^b Bi, Shundong; Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; Cignetti, Natalie E.; Yang, Shiling; Wible, John R. (2018). "An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental-marsupial dichotomy". Nature. 558 (7710): 390–395. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..390B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29899454. S2CID 91737831.
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^ Benton, Michael J. (2014-10-20). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 443–444. ISBN 978-1-118-40755-4.
^ Zima, Jan; Macholán, Miloš (2021). Systém a fylogeneze savců (in Czech). Academia. pp. 130–149. ISBN 978-80-200-3215-7.
^ Lopatin, Alexey V.; Averianov, Alexander (2018-04-01). "Древнейшие плацентарные: начало истории успеха" [Earliest Placentals: at the Dawn of Big Time]. Priroda (4). Akademizdatcenter Nauka: 34–40. ISSN 0032-874X.
^ Velazco, Paúl M.; Buczek, Alexandra J.; Hoffman, Eva; Hoffman, Devin K.; O’Leary, Maureen A.; Novacek, Michael J. (2022). "Combined data analysis of fossil and living mammals: a Paleogene sister taxon of Placentalia and the antiquity of Marsupialia". Cladistics. 38 (3): 359–373. doi:10.1111/cla.12499. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 35098586.
^ Wang, Hai-Bing; Hoffmann, Simone; Wang, Dian-Can; Wang, Yuan-Qing (2022-03-28). "A new mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for eutherian evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 377 (1847): 20210042. doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0042. ISSN 1471-2970. PMC 8819371. PMID 35125007.
^ Rook, Deborah L.; Hunter, John P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.
^ O'Leary, Maureen A.; et al. (2013-02-08). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393258.
^ Rose, Kenneth D. (2006-09-26). "ch. 6 and ch. 7". The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. Baltimore (Md.): JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-8472-1.
^ Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2017). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals: Paleocene mammal phylogeny". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. PMC 6849585. PMID 28075073.
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^ Wang, Y-Q; Kusuhashi, Nao; Jin, Xun; Chuan-kui, LI; Takeshi, SETOGUCHI; Chun-Ling, GAO; Jin-Yuan, LIU (2018). "Reappraisal of Endotherium niinomii Shikama, 1947, a eutherian mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin Formation, Fuxin-Jinzhou Basin, Liaoning, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica.
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[1] Reilly, Stephen M.; White, Thomas D. (2003-01-17). "Hypaxial Motor Patterns and the Function of Epipubic Bones in Primitive Mammals". Science. 299 (5605): 400–402. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..400R. doi:10.1126/science.1074905. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12532019.

[2] Guilhon, Gabby; Braga, Caryne; Milne, Nick; Cerqueira, Rui (November 2021). "Musculoskeletal anatomy and nomenclature of the mammalian epipubic bones". Journal of Anatomy. 239 (5): 1096–1103. doi:10.1111/joa.13489. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 8546510. PMID 34195985.

[3] Archibald, J David. Eutheria (Placental Mammals) (PDF). San Diego, California: San Diego State University.

[4] Beck, Robin M. D. (2023), Cáceres, Nilton C.; Dickman, Christopher R. (eds.), "Diversity and Phylogeny of Marsupials and Their Stem Relatives (Metatheria)", American and Australasian Marsupials, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–88, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08419-5_35, ISBN 978-3-031-08418-8, retrieved 2024-08-04

[Berriasian-5] Sweetman, S.C.; Smith, G.; Martill, D.M. (2017). "Highly derived eutherian mammals from the earliest Cretaceous of southern Britain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (4): 657–665. doi:10.4202/app.00408.2017.

[:2-6] Martin, T. A.; Averianov, A. O.; Schultz, J. A.; Schwermann, A. H. (2023). "A stem therian mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (6). e2224848. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2224848. S2CID 260265765.

[Juramaia_Nature_2011-7] Luo, Z.; C. Yuan; Q. Meng; Q. Ji (2011). "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals". Nature. 476 (7361): 42–45. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..442L. doi:10.1038/nature10291. PMID 21866158.

[8] King, Benedict; Beck, Robin M. D. (2020-06-10). "Tip dating supports novel resolutions of controversial relationships among early mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928): 20200943. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0943. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 7341916. PMID 32517606.

[JiLuoYuan2002EarliestEutherian-9] Ji, Q.; Luo, Z-X.; Yuan, C-X.; Wible, J.R.; Zhang, J-P. & Georgi, J.A. (April 2002). "The earliest known eutherian mammal". Nature. 416 (6883): 816–822. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..816J. doi:10.1038/416816a. PMID 11976675.

[:1-10] Bi, Shundong; Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; Cignetti, Natalie E.; Yang, Shiling; Wible, John R. (2018). "An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental-marsupial dichotomy". Nature. 558 (7710): 390–395. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..390B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29899454. S2CID 91737831.

[11] Zachos, F.; Asher, R. (2018). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics. De Gruyter. pp. 271–339, mainly p. 277. ISBN 978-3-11-034155-3.

[12] Benton, Michael J. (2014-10-20). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 443–444. ISBN 978-1-118-40755-4.

[13] Zima, Jan; Macholán, Miloš (2021). Systém a fylogeneze savců (in Czech). Academia. pp. 130–149. ISBN 978-80-200-3215-7.

[14] Lopatin, Alexey V.; Averianov, Alexander (2018-04-01). "Древнейшие плацентарные: начало истории успеха" [Earliest Placentals: at the Dawn of Big Time]. Priroda (4). Akademizdatcenter Nauka: 34–40. ISSN 0032-874X.

[15] Velazco, Paúl M.; Buczek, Alexandra J.; Hoffman, Eva; Hoffman, Devin K.; O’Leary, Maureen A.; Novacek, Michael J. (2022). "Combined data analysis of fossil and living mammals: a Paleogene sister taxon of Placentalia and the antiquity of Marsupialia". Cladistics. 38 (3): 359–373. doi:10.1111/cla.12499. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 35098586.

[16] Wang, Hai-Bing; Hoffmann, Simone; Wang, Dian-Can; Wang, Yuan-Qing (2022-03-28). "A new mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for eutherian evolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 377 (1847): 20210042. doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0042. ISSN 1471-2970. PMC 8819371. PMID 35125007.

[17] Rook, Deborah L.; Hunter, John P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.

[18] O'Leary, Maureen A.; et al. (2013-02-08). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393258.

[19] Rose, Kenneth D. (2006-09-26). "ch. 6 and ch. 7". The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. Baltimore (Md.): JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-8472-1.

[20] Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2017). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals: Paleocene mammal phylogeny". Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. PMC 6849585. PMID 28075073.

[21] Manz, Carly L.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Silcox, Mary T.; Sargis, Eric J. (2015). "New partial skeletons of Palaeocene Nyctitheriidae and evaluation of proposed euarchontan affinities". Biology Letters. 11 (1). The Royal Society: 20140911. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0911. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4321154. PMID 25589486.

[22] Averianov, Alexander (2012). "A new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0143.

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Eutheria

Characteristics

Taxonomy

Evolutionary history

Ecology

References

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