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the apothecium has an outer margin, the margin is called the exciple. When the exciple has a color similar to colored thallus tissue the apothecium or...

Adawadkar. It is characterized by its distinctive ascomata and reddish-orange exciple. Found primarily in tropical and montane forests, this lichen thrives on...

When referring to apothecia, it means lacking a thalline exciple, or a raised proper exciple. See related: effuse, marginate. endo- Also end-, ecto-,...

a genus of crustose lichens with a carbon-black ring or outer margin (exciple) around the fruiting body disc (apothecium), usually (or always) found...

brownish, turning dark orange-red when wet. The exciple is convergent and covered by a thalline exciple featuring a distinct, yellowish corticiform layer...

This genus includes species characterised by dark pigmentation in their exciple (a ring of tissue encircling their fruiting bodies), non-amyloid ascospores...

in diameter with a white-rimmed, round pore and carbonized (blackened) exciple. The ascospores are ellipsoid, thin walled and brown, and typically measure...

structure comprising the rim (exciple) of the apothecia, and in differences in the cortical layer on the underside of the exciple. Filsoniana was circumscribed...

structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's...

closely resembles B. dispersa but can be distinguished by its chemistry and exciple pigmentation. While both species have similar thalli, B. nashii contains...

species. Characteristics of the genus include a dark brown to almost black exciple (the rim of tissue around the hymenium), pycnidia of the Staurothele-type...

many lichen apothecia the tissue enclosing the hymenium laterally is the exciple or excipulum. The organisation of the subhymenium and trama is itself taxonomically...

around a pore 0.2–0.5 mm wide; when dry, the brown rim tissue (proper exciple) is often visible through the opening (ostiole). Each ascus contains eight...

200–250 μm wide, and sessile, with a prominent thalline margin but no proper exciple. The asci are club-shaped with rounded tips. In young apothecia, only a...

the apothecia are not lecideine in that they either lack black margins (exciples) or have gray vertically striated margins. It grows all over the world...

have a faint white pruina, at least along the edge (upper part) of the exciple and below the capitulum. They are 0.5-1 mm tall and 4-9 times as high as...

Characteristics of the genus include carbon-black ring or outer margin (exciple) around the fruit body disc (apothecium), eight-spored, Micarea-type asci...

include the presence of isidia and the multilayered cortex of the thalline exciple. Its ascospores are muriform (divided into internal chambers by a single...

thallus tissue (a thalline margin), whereas others reveal only the internal exciple—a ring of colourless fungal hyphae set in a faintly pigmented gel that...

orientalis has a distinct thallus that is primarily reduced to a thalline exciple, setting it apart from other species within Calogaya. This characteristic...

differs in its ascomatal shape, number of spores in its asci, and the exciple that continues below the hymenium. Plectocarpon galapagoense is endemic...

measuring 2–9 mm in diameter, raised apothecia, and a well-developed thalline exciple. The type specimen was collected on the eastern edge of Yarra Yarra Lake...

characteristics of Caloplaca letrouitioides, particularly the well-developed true exciple and the unexpanded paraphyses tips, along with the absence of algae in...

description, Fries characterised Petractis as having a stellate (star-shaped) exciple with a fissured margin. He distinguished two forms within his concept of...

surrounded by an involucrellum, a layer that spreads out and blends with the exciple (outer wall of the perithecium). This structure consists of fungal filaments...

(pruinose). The outer rim (proper exciple) is generally thick, glossy, and persistent, with a cup-shaped cross-section. This exciple is made of tightly packed...

the base, with a flat to slightly convex disc; a paraplectenchymatous exciple that lacks crystals; densely branched, anastomosing paraphyses; and clavate...

lack of a thick palisade cortical layer on the underside of the thalline exciple (the ring-shaped layer of tissue surrounding the hymenium). Neobrownliella...

turns a muted greyish-black, with the brown tint fading. The base of the exciple, however, remains clear. Paraphysoids in the fungus can reach up to 3 μm...

almost stalked; each is about 0.6–0.8 mm wide with a hard, carbonized wall (exciple) and an apical black ostiole. The internal tissue between the spore sacs...

slit-like lirellae (fruiting bodies) with a grooved, laterally blackened exciple and muriform (multi-chambered) ascospores. The species grows in dry deciduous...

The cortical layer of the thallus and thalline exciple, as well as the outer layer of the true exciple and epihymenium, react to a solution of potassium...

rough. Surrounding the disc is a raised, pigmented margin (the thalline exciple), which in section is 150–170 μm tall and stains bluish with iodine (a...

thallus and the presence of anthraquinones in the apothecial disc and true exciple, with the exception of Kuettlingeria diphyodes, which entirely lacks anthraquinones...

The margin is also frosted and slightly raised, and a brown outer wall (exciple) is sometimes developed. Under the microscope, the spore-bearing layer...

with a brown to reddish-brown disc and a raised yellow to orange true exciple that creates a strong colour contrast; a thalline rim is usually absent...

measuring about 180–300 μm in diameter. The rim of the fruiting body (the exciple) and the uppermost spore-bearing layer (the epihymenium) are brown, and...

morphological features, including tightly interwoven exciple hyphae reaching almost to the exciple surface and the presence of an incipient "stalk" in...

convex sporodochia-like conidiomata, as well as the well-differentiated exciple on these structures. The genus Minutoexcipula is characterised by its distinctive...

thallus tissue (thalline exciple) that may split irregularly as the fruiting body matures. Beneath this rim lies a true exciple—an internal ring of densely...

range from scattered to crowded, with a well-developed, black margin. The exciple (the outer rim of the apothecium) is 40 to 60 μm thick at the sides and...

flat, and maintain a distinct margin. They lack a pruinose covering. The exciple, which is the tissue surrounding the apothecium, is made up of tightly...

thalline margin is often separated by a narrow slit from the proper exciple. The exciple is non-striate and present at the base, with a pale orange-brown...

coloured. In pruinose specimens, the exciple sometimes displays radiating streaks of minute crystals. The exciple is composed of hyphae (fungal filaments)...

its upper side, but often becomes almost colourless near the base of the exciple (inner wall of the fruiting body). The pigment colour ranges from dark...

concave but flattens over time, with a pale to dark red-brown colour. The exciple (a rim around the disc) is also densely hairy, matching the colour of the...

Phaeographis dendritica but differs in having smaller spores and lacking a proper exciple (the protective outer layer of the fruiting body). It also bears some resemblance...

in the outer apothecial wall (the amphithecium). The inner wall (proper exciple) is brown-black, yet its interior turns an unusual emerald-green and does...

(capitulum). The spore mass (mazaedium) is dark brown and powdery, and the exciple is well developed as a continuation of the stalk tissue. The asci are cylindrical...

structures) of Zeroviella are of the zeorine/lecanorine type, with a true exciple that is scleroplectenchymatous in nature. When it comes to the reproductive...

without soredia, the almost smooth, not warty and not reticulate-wrinkled exciple of the apothecium, and the curved spores." The species was later identified...

Arthonia usually lacks a thalline exciple (a protective rim made of thallus tissue) and often also lacks a true exciple (a layer of fungal tissue), though...

typically strongly pinched at the base. Under the microscope, the outer rim (exciple) lacks crystals and has weakly birefringent cell walls, the spore-bearing...

a persistent, slightly raised edge about 0.05 mm wide. In section the exciple is nearly clear inside, built from slender, interwoven hyphae about 1 micrometres...

color as with the thallus and becoming covered with isidia. The proper exciple is somewhat paraplectenchymatous at the margin and soon narrows to 25 μm...

immersed, flattened, blackened, and covered by farinose whitish pruina. The exciple is thin, with apical carbonisation and an aeruginose pigment that fades...

the perithecia, the exciple, blends with the involucrellum and is mostly visible around the edges of the perithecia. The exciple is made of pale to brown...

proper exciple with swollen hyphal tips, a Bacidia-like ascus, the presence of an unusual brown K+ (olive-green) pigment in the epihymenium and exciple, broadly...

surrounded by a pale rim. The outer edge of the apothecium, known as the exciple, is made of tightly packed fungal cells (paraplectenchymatous) and is 30–50 μm...

allowing mature spores to escape. Beneath the hairs, the ascoma wall (exciple) consists of flattened, dark brown cells that form a tough outer shell...

thalline margin (a raised rim formed by the thallus). A compact proper exciple (the apothecial wall) of elongated, thick-walled cells underlies the hymenium...

orange to brownish-orange. The thalline exciple is 100–150 μm thick and lacks a cortical layer, while the true exciple varies in thickness, being thicker at...

older structures, the edges may not be as distinct. The supporting tissue (exciple) surrounding the reproductive discs is either colourless or a pale orange-brown...

of C. rosulans. It can be distinguished by C. vitanela having a visible exciple (the rim around the apothecia disc), which C. rosulans does not have. It...

shallow, disc-like apothecium that sits on the surface. The surrounding rim (exciple) is medium to dark brown and usually shows no reaction to the potassium...

Psora does not have a thalline margin around its apothecia. The true exciple, a ring of hyphae surrounding the apothecial disc, is colourless to pale...

refers to the wide zone of enlarged cell lumina along the edge of the exciple. "Bacidia elongata Gerasimova & A. Beck". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000:...

sharply delimited. Microscopy reveals only a rudimentary outer wall (true exciple) whose dark outer zone contains hyphae with somewhat swollen cells, while...

by turning the epihymenium, the outer layers of the true exciple, and the thalline exciple purple. The major lichen product present in Sirenophila maccarthyi...

acute tip. The disc of the ascomata is narrow, black, and indistinct. The exciple is present at the base, non-striate, and non-carbonized, with a round and...

convex and reddish-brown, sometimes darkening towards black. The proper exciple (the apothecial rim tissue) is extremely reduced—at most a thin, pale border—and...

smooth to granulose, isidiate to lobulate, and often persistent. The true exciple is raised, cup-shaped, and predominantly composed of isodiametric cells...

apothecia is exposed, white, and features a rimose, pruinose layer. The exciple (the outer layer of the ascomata) initially contains algae and a cortex...

lack a thalline exciple, compared to the zeorine apothecia of Y. galbina. Additionally, Y. seokpoensis has a more developed true exciple, narrower paraphysis...

also resembles P. ocellatum but is distinguishable by its crust texture, exciple colour, and absence of the sorediate-isidiate feature that characterises...

8-spored asci but differ in their secondary metabolite suites and degree of exciple carbonisation. The thallus forms a thin (60–100 μm), pale grey to olive-grey...

the thallus. These apothecia are convex, red-brown in colour, with an exciple (the outer layer of the apothecia) that is also red-brown, but lightens...

(line-shaped) fruiting bodies with a narrow slit-like disk, and a dark exciple surrounding the spore-bearing hymenium. Originally proposed by Abramo Bartolommeo...

striate labia and a thin thalline cover, a completely carbonized (blackened) exciple, and four submuriform (i.e., somewhat chambered) ascospores per ascus....

original account, C. indica is defined by a laterally carbonized (blackened) exciple, trans-septate ascospores, and the presence of salazinic acid. In their...

opaque, with scattered hyaline crystals, particularly clustered near the exciple. This species lacks soredia and a prothallus. The apothecia of Graphis...

sometimes appear greenish black or citrine-black. The epihymenium and exciple do not react to potassium hydroxide solution (K–), which is a key differentiator...

surrounded by the cracked pattern. The outer rim of the apothecia (true exciple) is subtly present and appears reddish-brown. The layer above the spore-bearing...

true exciple (the outer layer of tissue enclosing the spore-bearing layer) are densely interspersed with oil droplets or aggregations. The true exciple is...

and typically not wavy. The outer ring of the apothecia (the thalline exciple) features a well-developed cortex composed of vertically aligned hyphae...

potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), and encloses a paler inner sphere (the exciple). The interior is filled with a clear gel traversed by slender, sparsely...

entire thalline margins, as well as a thin, reduced, uncarbonised proper exciple that lacks lateral paraphyses. The genus features a non-inspersed hymenium...

merges with the dark basal tissue. The inner spore-producing chamber (exciple) measures 170–210 μm in diameter. The spore sacs (asci) each contain 8...

features, including the presence of Lecidea green pigment in the cortex and exciple, as well as their distribution spanning both the Northern and Southern...

fruiting bodies and an exciple with reddish pigments, whereas Thelocarpon has mostly perithecial ascomata with a colourless exciple and often yellow pruina...

that is scleroplectenchymatous, and it has a prosoplectenchymatous true exciple (the ring-shaped layer surrounding the hymenium). Additionally, the lichen...

color than the disc and becomes less prominent over time. Internally, the exciple (the outer tissue layer surrounding the apothecium) is colorless to yellowish...

exciple (inner wall). This layer measures 50–100 μm in thickness and is either pressed against the exciple or slightly diverging from it. The exciple...

small and speck-like, although it can occasionally widen up to 0.5 mm. The exciple, the outer wall of the apothecium, is 10–20 μm thick on the sides, while...

simple, and typically 1–4 mm long and 0.25–0.5 mm wide. Their rim (the exciple) is non-carbonized and colourless to pale yellowish-brown; it has a narrow...

unlike many lichens they lack a rim of thallus tissue. The encasing wall (exciple) may be little more than a trace, or it can be well-developed, in which...

species are its unique globose to ellipsoid, 4–6 loculate ascospores and an exciple that is fully carbonised. Aptroot and Robert Lücking transferred the taxon...

perithecium has an exciple — the outer protective layer of the fruiting body — which measures between 0.35 and 0.6 mm wide. The apex of the exciple extends into...

relatively broad and short, slender ascospores, and a rudimentary true exciple with a textura intricata tissue structure. The genus was circumscribed...

involucrellum with individual ostioles, and are clypeate in shape. The exciple, transitioning in colour from pale to dark brown, blends with the involucrellum...

characterised Blastenia by its discoid fruiting bodies with their own proper rim (exciple), the disc coloured rust-brown to saffron-red and often becoming slightly...

when wet and turns black when dry. The outer rim of the apothecium, the exciple, is pale pink or whitish and has a rough texture. The asci (spore-producing...

the thallus, with shades of dull pink, whitish-brown, or brownish. The exciple is paraplectenchymatous, with a hymenium reaching up to 100 μm in height...

cross-section, perithecia measure 150–250 μm in diameter, with a dark brown exciple (inner wall of the fruiting body). The ascospores (spores produced in specialised...

apothecia lack a thalline margin. Instead they are encircled by a true exciple—tightly packed hyphae that radiate like spokes and stay pale or yellowish...

barrel-shaped; the usual dark cap (involucrellum) is missing, so its wall (exciple) grades seamlessly outward. That wall is thick and stratified: a pigmented...

greenish white, farinaceous (mealy) thallus, short immersed lirellae, an exciple that is entire to sometimes internally grooved (striate), and its secondary...

to the base level of the inner wall (exciple) or curves underneath it, sometimes completely enveloping the exciple. This outer layer measures 38–76 μm...

apothecia have a thalline margin, a rim composed of thallus tissue. The true exciple, or the outer layer surrounding the apothecia, is thin and either colourless...

Tassiloa can be categorized as either zeorine or lecanorine. Its true exciple has a paraplectenchymatous tissue structure. In terms of chemistry, Tassiloa...

zeorine, meaning that the proper exciple (the ring-shaped layer surrounding the hymenium) is enclosed in the thalline exciple. Pycnidia can be present or absent;...

elevated but often not well defined, and it may or may not be pruinose. The exciple (the rim surrounding the apothecium) is nearly non-existent or sometimes...

and turns strongly convex as it over-matures. A narrow fungal wall (true exciple) borders young apothecia; it is built from radiating hyphae whose outer...

black, wavy (flexuose) ring. The outer layer of the apothecia (thalline exciple) typically has a phenocorticate cortex (containing hyphal fragments and...

is lined by a dark red-brown sheath of densely packed cells (the true exciple). Between the spore-producing sacs are unbranched to sparsely forked threads...

sit directly on the surface (sessile). Each has a hard, carbonized wall (exciple) about 75 μm thick that is covered by a thin, non-carbonized red-pigmented...

thallus, fully formed labia, a predominantly inspersed hymenium, and an exciple which is non-carbonized, displaying a spectrum of colours from pale yellowish-brown...

(orange-red); thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detects argopsin. The apothecial exciple and epithecium contain Sedifolia-grey pigment; pigmented parts turn violet...

surrounding areole swollen and the apothecium appearing as a sunken disc. The exciple commonly forms a pigmented orange-brown ring, and the disc can appear bright...

less than 0.4 mm in diameter, with a brown to black disc and exciple, and a thalline exciple matching the thallus colour. The hymenium is colourless, occasionally...

margin is a cup-shaped layer (the exciple) composed of long, thick-walled hyphae that darken with age. Above the exciple lies a clear spore-bearing layer...

apothecium from A. punctata taken through a compound microscope, x400. (The exciple is uniformly pigmented dark brown; the epihymenium is brown; the hypothecium...

subhymenium, is dotted with oil droplets. Verrucoplaca has a distinctive true exciple, a protective rim around the apothecia. The lichen produces conidia (asexual...

fruiting bodies with a persistent margin, and anatomical differences in the exciple and paraphyses; he also noted that the two species differ in both distribution...

species B. paludicola by having protruding apothecia, a thinner proper exciple, somewhat shorter ascospores, and by lacking pycnidia. In 2017, the lichen...

of the slightly carbonised (blackened) exciple, which usually obscures the disc. In cross-section, the exciple is poorly differentiated from adjacent...

(pruina) and are surrounded by slightly paler yellowish margins. The true exciple (the outer layer of the apothecium) varies from scleroplectenchymatous...

The endochrysa and crocata groups share sessile apothecia with a proper exciple that lacks photobiont cells. The endochrysa (Podostictina) clade appears...

in diameter, and range from roundish to slightly irregular. The proper exciple is visible from the surface, and is whitish to off-white, and incurved...

are sunken, and bordered by the thallus, with a barely developed proper exciple (a margin around the apothecia, lacking algae). The asci have an amyloid...

in the thallus; he emphasised that they have only a very thin lateral exciple and no true perithecial wall. The hymenium bears numerous paraphyses that...

pruina may be present. A thalline margin may surround the disc. The true exciple is persistent and essentially colourless but appears straw-coloured because...

surrounding exciple. This exciple is strikingly star-like and has multiple layers, adding to the distinct appearance of the lichen. The exciple varies in...

starts as distinct but eventually becomes excluded and black. The proper exciple measures between 35 and 95 μm in thickness, lacking secondary metabolites...

thin thalline margin. The internal structure includes a colourless proper exciple (inner rim), a brownish epithecium (upper layer), and a colourless hymenium...

surrounded by a persistent, thallus-coloured rim. Internally, the proper exciple is cup-shaped and richly gelatinised; the hymenium is 60–75 μm tall, with...

smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter, with a black disc with a true, zeorine exciple. The thallus of Pyrenodesmia micromarina is ochre to grey, occasionally...

opening 0.1–0.2 mm wide. The margin is entire and white, and the proper exciple is distinctly free, forming a double margin. The hymenium is 100–130 μm...

partly exposed and the thin lips (labia) are yellow-white. Internally the exciple is colorless to orange-brown, 15–25 μm thick; the hymenium stands 90–100 μm...

the base of the exciple (inner wall), measuring 50–70 μm in thickness but sometimes thickening toward the base to 60–110 μm. The exciple itself measures...

and flat, 0.5–0.7 mm across, with a thick, raised, and persistent proper exciple (rim). The hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is colourless, stains blue with...

bright orange disc and a true exciple, differing from the (usually) biatorine type found in M. occidentalis. The exciple of D. kaernefeltiana is scleroplectenchymatous...

the Opegraphaceae or Graphidaceae. In young apothecia the dark lateral exciple completely covers the disc, which later opens in a star-like or slit-like...

slightly convex, and the external layer (the thalline exciple) and the true internal layer (the true exciple) are composed of closely interwoven cells (paraplectenchymatous)...

and a low, flat disc. They lack a thalline margin; instead, a thin true exciple—pale to mid-brown rather than black—outlines each slit. Under the microscope...

(inner mass of the perithecium) measures 185–295 μm in diameter, with an exciple (inner wall) that is either colourless or yellow. The ascus (spore-producing...

brownish-orange disc surrounded by a noticeable yellow to orange rim (exciple). As the apothecium matures, the disc becomes convex and the rim becomes...

involucrellum that fuses laterally with the black basal layer, and the main wall (exciple) is uniformly pigmented dark brown to black. Microscopic examination shows...

with a whitish or yellowish bloom (pruina). Internally, the lateral wall (exciple) may be pale or blackened ("carbonised") and often shows fine striations...

brown, 2–3.5 μm wide, septate, and ramify from the lower parts of the exciple. The ascomata are perithecial, blackish, more or less glossy, roughly spherical...

 africanum, and it has a convergent, non-carbonized exciple instead of the distinctly divergent exciple found in D. africanum. Also, D. agumbense contains...

(pruinose disc), but lack a distinct outer rim (proper margin). The proper exciple, which is the outer edge of the apothecia, is poorly developed and composed...

3 mm wide. A conspicuously thick, pale rim of fungal tissue (the true exciple) encircles each disc, creating the fish-eye appearance by which the species...

paler rim surrounds the disc and persists with age. Inside, the cup wall (exciple) is made of colourless, radially arranged cells that, like the medulla...

bark-dwelling Ptychographa, and both differ from Wadeana, which has a weaker exciple, reddish apothecia and a filamentous green alga (Trentepohlia) as its photobiont...

wide with tips that are not or only slightly widened. A protective layer (exciple) is only present in young reproductive structures, measuring 35–55 μm wide...

matches the thallus in colour (a thalline margin). The apothecial wall (true exciple) is composed of pseudoprosoplectenchymatous tissue, and the spore-bearing...

largely hidden by the tightly appressed margins. Microscopically, the exciple is dark brown to black and becomes greenish-black in potassium hydroxide...

tissue derived from the thallus itself. In some species, a narrow true exciple, the tissue surrounding the hymenium (spore-producing layer), is visible...

similar-looking species by a combination of features, including its non-grooved exciple and the absence of detectable lichen substances in chemical tests (in contrast...

the exciple. The pigmentation ranges from dark brown to dark reddish-brown, with the ostiolar area often displaying dark green pigment. The exciple measures...

be distinguished from Megalaria by its different hymenial pigmentation, exciple structure, and thin-walled ascospores with slight constrictions at the...

"true exciple" (the boundary around the apothecium) often narrows near the base. In some species, pale granular crystals are present within this exciple, while...

Additionally, Zeroviella esfahanensis has a paraplectenchymatous true exciple that is well developed, while Z. mandschurica has a scleroplectenchymatous...

dusted with a faint rusty or ochre powder (pruina). Both the outer wall (exciple) and the layer beneath the spore-producing tissue (hypothecium) are dark...

underlying layer (hypothecium), and they are free of oil droplets. The true exciple, the outer ring of tissue surrounding the hymenium, has a cell structure...

apothecia have a true exciple, which is a distinct outer rim surrounding the spore-producing area. In some cases, the exciple may be further enclosed...

lacks a thalline exciple, which is a rim of tissue derived from the lichen thallus surrounding the apothecium. Instead, it has a true exciple, which is usually...

features irregular, prosoplectenchymatous hyphae that are 40–50 μm high. The exciple (outer rim of the apothecia) consists of thin-walled oval to polygonal...

margin is absent in almost all cases. Internally, the apothecial margin (exciple) ranges from poorly developed to well developed and is formed from radiating...

lirellate apothecia that are 1–5 mm long and 0.3–0.4 mm wide. The proper exciple is wedge-shaped at its apex, and is carbonised. The hypothecium is brownish...

differing in a set of consistent characters: a distinctly green-tinged rim (exciple) when viewed in water, a basal tissue that shows a reaction in the standard...

among foliicolous "Lopadium" species. The combination of a very reduced exciple, the presence of algal cells in the epithecium, and campylidia bearing...

thalline exciple (the outer layer of the apothecium) is composed of densely packed, palisade-like cells and is up to 15 μm thick. The true exciple (the inner...

diameter, and have an ostiole (pore) that is often inconspicuous. The exciple (the ring-shaped tissue layer surrounding the hymenium) is dark brown to...

directly on the thallus. Each fruit body has a broadly flared rim (the exciple) made of intertwined fungal filaments, while the reddish-brown disc is...

margin of thallus-like tissue, sometimes with the margin being a true exciple. The apothecia are usually immersed, and round to very irregular in shape...

pruinose, often with additional patches of white pruina. In section, the exciple is brown and relatively thin (7–20 μm). The epithecium forms a brown layer...

zeorine, meaning that the proper exciple (the ring-shaped layer surrounding the hymenium) is enclosed in the thalline exciple. Pycnidia can be present or absent;...

convex. They lack a distinct thalline margin but have a well-developed true exciple, which is composed largely of thick-walled cells with isodiametric to ellipsoidal...

purple-violet, and is often most strongly coloured in the lower parts. The exciple (the wall of the perithecium) is colourless to straw-coloured. Asci measure...

defined, with few hyaline hyphae (filamentous fungal cells). The thalline exciple (the thallus-like layer around the hymenium) consists of three parts: a...

thalline exciple contain Sedifolia-gray but lack anthraquinones. The apothecia are zeorine or seemingly lecanorine with a thin true exciple always present...

by the exciple: in Fellhanera it is paraplectenchymatous, whereas many Byssoloma species have a byssoid (cottony), often crystal-rich exciple that sometimes...

are up to about 2.5 mm across, with a concave disc; the rim (thalline exciple) is initially ornamented with small wart-like structures and later bears...

the epithecium (the tissue layer above the asci) and in the rim of the exciple (the ring-like structure surrounding the apothecium). The thallus varies...

resembling lecanorine to biatorine types as the true exciple deteriorates. The thalline exciple, the rim surrounding the disc of the apothecia, varies...

margins and often have a powdery crimson to scarlet surface. A well-defined exciple is lacking, and the upper spore-bearing layers are only weakly gelatinized...

surrounding rim of thallus tissue (thalline margin); instead the true exciple—their own wall—is thin and chestnut-brown, often glazed with a frost of...

that some traits of the new species (e.g. a paraplectenchymatous outer exciple; narrow, needle-shaped ascospores; and threadlike conidia) suggested a...

lirellae and a thin, pale, non-carbonised exciple that is overlaid by the thalline margin. The lirellae's wall (exciple) is thin, pale orange-brown and lacks...

apothecia (fruiting bodies) are zeorine (where the proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple) to biatorine (with a pale or colourless margin). The...

characterised by narrow lirellae with only weak carbonisation of the exciple. The thallus forms a pale- to mid-brown, glossy crust that soon becomes...

branched. The proper exciple is black and distinctly visible from above, while the disc is open and brown to dark brown. The exciple is laterally carbonized...

thick, hemispherical to conical involucrellum that is appressed to the exciple and reaches down to the base. The perithecial wall shows no reaction with...

apothecia lack a rim of thallus tissue, the disc merges directly into the true exciple—a cup wall built from radiating hyphae that is initially the same colour...

reddish-orange to rusty brown colouration of the apothecial disc. The true exciple in Opeltia has a paraplectenchymatous structure in the basal portion, transitioning...

substrate; ascomata in the form of an apothecium with a reduced ring-shaped exciple (the layer surrounding the hymenium that sometimes develops into a distinct...

height. The proper exciple, epithecium, hymenium, and hypothecium all feature a medium olivish-brown colouration. The proper exciple is composed of compacted...

Laurocerasi-brown in the proper exciple, hymenium and wall of the pycnidium, Bagliettoana-green in the hymenium and uppermost part of proper exciple, and sometimes small...

slit-like apothecia) with thick thalline margins and a darkened (carbonized) exciple, and often contain detectable secondary metabolites. The epithet paradussii...

sits on a pale yellowish hypothecium about 25–30 μm thick. The colourless exciple can be more than 100 μm thick. Asci are club-shaped and contain two large...

Brigantiaea or Letrouitia. The apothecia are biatorine, with the true exciple being paraplectenchymatous and the hymenium reaching 100–180 μm in height...

and typically convex, with the pore only slightly depressed. The pale exciple (perithecial wall) is capped by a sooty, hemispherical involucrellum that...

well-developed margins, later becoming lecanorine. The thalline exciple is 60–70 μm thick, and the true exciple is 30–40 μm wide in the upper portion, thinning towards...

together. They are constricted at the base with a thick, swollen true exciple (rim) that is persistent, black, shiny, and raised, ranging from entire...

sessile, usually with a persistent thalline margin and little or no proper exciple. The hymenium gives a strong iodine staining reaction (turns deep blue...

the thallus, prominently protruding, or forming pits in limestone. The exciple, which is the outer layer of the ascomata, may contain dark pigments. Additionally...

include the grooves around the tissue supporting the fruiting bodies (the exciple), a spore-bearing layer hymenium containing oil droplets, ascospores divided...

structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup-shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's...

wrinkled, without any lobules or warting. The apothecial wall lacks a proper exciple; the hypothecium (the tissue beneath the spore layer) is built of elongated...

includes a prosoplectenchymatous true exciple and hypothecium measuring approximately 10–30 μm thick, and a thalline exciple about 100 μm thick. The cortical...

red-brown urn shaped (urceolate) to flat or slightly convex discs. An exciple may or may not be present. Heppia adglutinata A.Massal. (1854) Heppia arenacea...

apothecia that lack a thalline margin, so the only border is the true exciple, a dark, compact ring of fungal tissue. A thin brown epithecium coats the...

branched, and sit flush with the surface. Each lirella is lined by an exciple (the rim) that is orange-brown but not carbonised (i.e., it lacks the black...

brown or whitish dot 40–80 μm wide, either flat or slightly convex. The exciple (inner protective wall) measures 180–305 μm in diameter and is unpigmented...

thalline margin is whitish, measuring about 50–150 μm thick. The true exciple is hyaline-greyish, ranging from 50 to 75 μm in width, with the disc appearing...

cortex of the thalline exciple is made up of palisade paraplectenchymatous cells, measuring 7–12 by 2–5 μm in size. The true exciple, in contrast, is thicker...

confluent when numerous. Apothecia have usually black concave discs, with exciple margins of thallus tissue. Asci are club shaped (clavate), with 8 ellipsoid...

section of K/I-stained Lecidea uniformis apothecium, showing a proper exciple (translucent), hymenium with asci and paraphyses (blue), hypothecium (red-brown)...

the Fauriea reveals additional details about its morphology; the true exciple shows a range of tissue structure from scleroplectenchymatous to mesodermatous...

colourless and smooth, lacking any crystalline deposits. The apothecial wall (exciple) is not clearly layered; it is built from short-celled, tightly glued hyphae...

roundish, zeorine apothecia (i.e., in which the proper exciple is enclosed in the thalline exciple) measuring 0.5–1.7 mm (0.02–0.07 in) in diameter that...

The apothecial disc of D. archeri is only slightly open, and its proper exciple is not carbonized. Additionally, Diorygma archeri has larger ascospores...

flat to gently domed and surrounded by a raised, jet-black wall (the true exciple) made of densely packed hyphae; in a thin microscope section this wall...

dark brown or cherry-blossom brown. The thalline exciple is up to 72 μm wide, and the true exciple is 24–36 μm wide in the upper portion, thinning out...

The thalline margin is whole and sometimes displays isidia. The true exciple consists of cells that can be either uniformly sized or elongated. The...

parts of the apothecium/exciple showed a K+ (purple) reaction, while in L. reducta the epihymenium and uppermost true exciple were reported as K+ bluish...

The hymenium is 98–120 μm thick and the subhymenium 23–47 μm, with an exciple about 10–20 μm thick at the base and 20–30 μm at the margin. The asci are...

mature. The internal structure of the lirellae is complex: the sides (exciple flanks) are strongly carbonised, appearing black, but this carbonisation...

is formed by the expanded exciple (sometimes called a parathecial crown) rather than the algal thallus itself. This exciple can become quite prominent...

Further, it has considerably smaller perithecia with a thinner and lighter exciple on the sides and at the base, and its asci are also shorter. List of Verrucaria...

thallus tissue (thalline margin), while the fruit body's own wall (true exciple) remains poorly developed and soon blends into the surrounding crust. Internally...

of thallus tissue; instead, a prominent, glossy black exciple surrounds the disc. This exciple is tough and carbon-rich, appears smooth or distinctly...

surrounding areoles. The protecting rim derived from the thallus (the true exciple) soon wears away so that the apothecial disc appears rimless; in thin section...

meaning they sit directly on the thallus without a stalk. The thalline exciple, which is the rim around the apothecia, is thick and wavy. The disc, or...

thalline margin); lips (labia) that develop grooves; a fruiting body wall (exciple) that is blackened (carbonized) along the sides; small ascospores divided...

the thallus, and span 0.3–0.8 mm. The surrounding ring of tissue (proper exciple) stays visible even in older specimens and shows a vivid red reaction when...

the rim of thallus tissue (exciple) seen in many other genera. Microscopic tests show that the rim tissue (the true exciple) turns olive with potassium...

The thalline exciple, which is the layer surrounding the apothecial disc, can be white, greyish, or yellow-white in colour. This exciple may either disappear...

apothecia are biatorine, meaning they have algae present only at the base. The exciple (the outermost layer) varies in thickness and colour. Paraphyses are slender...

except, exceptant, exception, exceptional, exceptive, exceptor, excipient, exciple, excipulum, forceps, imperceptible, incapability, incapable, incapacious...

non-powdery (epruinose), and either weakly concave or flat. The proper exciple is thin, persistent, and black, with an outer zone that is aeruginose-black...

becomes translucent and slightly swollen when wet. Beneath this rim lies the exciple, a radiating sheath of fungal hyphae 40–60 μm thick at the sides; internally...

though this rim may erode with age to expose the inner fungal wall (exciple). The exciple is colourless to pale brown and conspicuous above but tapers below...

excipulum that covers the fruiting bodies. Angiactis species have a thalline exciple (rim), but lack a cortex. Their asci are of the Grumulosa-type, and the...

transitioning to a dull orange or a bright scarlet. Microscopically, the true exciple (outer rim of the apothecium) is made of scleroplectenchymatous tissue...

made from the thallus) is lacking. Instead, the apothecium has a true exciple (a structural rim of fungal tissue) that is initially raised and clear-cut...

protective covering over the perithecium) is absent in this genus. The exciple (the outer wall of the fruiting body) is usually pale, though it may rarely...

and a have narrow to moderately broad disc that is not pruinose. The exciple, a protective layer surrounding the fertile, spore-bearing hymenium, is...

measuring 0.19 to 0.44 mm in diameter. They feature a very thin proper exciple, darkening to a deep purple when treated with a potassium hydroxide solution...

slightly paler in comparison. The tissues of the apothecia, including the exciple and cortex, consist of elongated cells arranged in an irregular pattern...

margin) and from a distinct internal ring of fungal tissue (the proper exciple). The outer thalline rim is shallow and rather smooth, while the inner...

compound russulone in their apothecia and having a prosoplectenchymatous exciple. The family Ramboldiaceae was erected in 2014 to contain the genus. Ramboldia...

Beneath this margin lies a robust black wall of carbonised hyphae—the true exciple—which encloses a forest of branched, interwoven filaments (paraphysoids)...

diameter. The disc of the mature apothecia can range from flat to convex. The exciple, which surrounds the apothecia, measures between 50 and 130 μm in thickness...

frosting (they are epruinose). In vertical section, the firm outer wall (true exciple) is up to about 50 μm thick at the upper sides and about 30 μm lower down...

proper exciple is 70–100 μm thick at its uppermost lateral portion, reducing to 15–20 μm in the lower lateral and basal portions. The exciple is scleroplectenchymatous...

either lirellate or stellate, and emerge singly or in clusters. The true exciple is brown, consisting of compressed, vertically aligned paraphysoidal hyphae...

N test. No rim of thallus tissue surrounds the disc, but a thin proper exciple of radiating fungal cells is present. The hymenium itself is blue‑green...

below a low rim. No true thalline margin surrounds them, but a proper exciple of fungal tissue is present. Threads called paraphyses run through the...

its saxicolous habit and its comparatively well-developed thallus and exciple. A five-locus phylogeny published in 2026 recovered Helocarpon as a strongly...

ascomata are bluish-gray and pruinose; they have a reddish-brown proper exciple. Usnic acid and isousnic acid are lichen products found in the species;...

brownish-orange centres. Anatomically, the firm rim around the disc (the true exciple) consists of dense, short-celled tissue embedded in a well-developed matrix...

retains a rim of thallus tissue (the thalline margin), while the true exciple—the inner cup wall found in many other lichens—is reduced to a thin, often...

 boccanum include immersed perithecia (flask-shaped fruiting bodies), with an exciple (outer wall) that is pale except around the ostiole (opening). The asci...

with a distinct shiny margin and often irregular shape. Both the proper exciple and hypothecium contain a dark red-brown pigment that turns purplish in...

not to only slightly prominent and somewhat darker. Microscopically, the exciple is hyaline and well developed (branched hyphae in a gelatinous matrix,...

 albolirellata from close relatives by a completely carbonized (blackened) exciple, somewhat muriform spores (spores with mostly cross-walls plus a few lengthwise...

slits that are surrounded by a prominent thalline margin and lack a proper exciple. He noted the brownish hypothecium, eight-spored asci with enclosed paraphyses...

(non-pruinose), and typically round. The surrounding fungal wall (true exciple) remains prominent; under a hand lens it may show a faint pale dusting...

0.3 to 0.9 mm in width. The disc of the lirellae remains obscured. The exciple, visible in cross-section, is poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues...

thalline margin (a rim formed by the lichen thallus) and possess a true exciple, which is a layer of loosely arranged hyphae that can appear hairy or web-like...

rim of thallus tissue is missing, so the fruit body's own wall—the true exciple—remains exposed as a raised black border. Internally, the hymenium is colourless...

can fall into three types: biatorine, zeorine, or lecanorine. The true exciple of these structures are made of pseudoprosoplectenchymatous tissue. Each...

short-stalked, brownish-black in colour with a paler, sometimes downy, edge (exciple), and measure between 1 and 2 mm in diameter. The supporting structure...

5 mm thick. They are lecanorine in form. This means they have a thalline exciple – a rim that is similar in composition to the thallus – coloured yellowish-brownish...

(openings) that are delimited by a thin, translucent rim. The thalline exciple, or outermost layer of the apothecia, is dull brown on the outside and...

transversely septate spores but develop more conspicuous fruiting bodies, grooved exciples, and an isohypocrelline pigment. The lichen forms a snow-white, crust-like...

and Caloplaca turkuensis. Both the disc of the apothecia and the true exciple contain the lichen product parietin as a major metabolite; there are smaller...

with bark cells—and surrounded internally by a thin, usually colourless exciple (the fruit-body wall). The hyphae are dark brown and react K+ (greenish)...

which are black, and can be either sessile or partially immersed. The true exciple is consistently thick, particularly at the base, and has a blackish-brown...

inconspicuous, blending into the rest of the lichen surface. The true exciple, a layer of tissue surrounding the hymenium (the spore-producing region)...

with age; the thalline exciple is entire, without pseudocyphellae; hymenium 40–45 μm; subhymenium 20–30 μm; the proper exciple is 50–70 μm thick. Ascospores...

is capped by an involucrellum, a second wall that merges with the main exciple and offers extra protection. Inside, only short, peg-like filaments (periphysoids)...

members have narrowly acute lirellae with only weak carbonisation of the exciple. The thallus forms a brown, glossy crust that soon becomes uneven, finely...

morphologically from Parmelia species by having thinner ascospore walls and a proper exciple (a layer of hyphae directly surrounding and derived from the ascocarp itself...

of the spore-bearing layer) is distinctly reddish-brown. However, its exciple anatomy (the tissues that form the apothecial rim) was considered closer...

narrow and reddish-brown to black in colour with a pruinose surface. The exciple, a protective layer, is brown and non-striate, converging at the base and...

it is differentiated by its fully developed, darkly pigmented proper exciple, paraphyses that are less tightly adhered and feature a more defined pigmented...

chestnut-coloured. The paraphyses (sterile filamentous cells in the apothecia) and the exciple (the outer layer surrounding the apothecia) have hyphae (fungal filaments)...

four greyish to blackish, punctiform to papillate ostioles. The thalline exciple is hyaline and has few large crystals that persist in K. There are abundant...

biatorine, meaning that it resembles the genus Biatora–having a proper exciple, which is not coal-black (carbonised, but coloured or blackening. It has...

powder (pruina). Microscopic examination shows only a rudimentary true exciple, merging seamlessly with the underlying hypothecium, both of which are...

or more evident and can extend into a short beak. The perithecial wall (exciple) is colourless (hyaline) and becomes strongly thickened in the upper part...

 graphidioides. It differs from this species in having a distinct brown true exciple. Pseudoschismatomma rufescens grows as a very thin, paint-like crust (a...

Each lirella ends in an acute tip and has a non-carbonised orange-brown exciple; the swollen thalline margin overlies an orange-brown corticiform layer...

brown to dark reddish-brown or black. A thalline exciple may or may not be present, while the proper exciple can be thin and weakly pigmented or well-developed...

mazaedium has a faint yellow pruina, particularly in young ascomata. The exciple is densely interwoven and heavily sclerotized, and the hypothecium has...

dark orange to orange in colour, ringed by a thin, light orange thalline exciple. The ascospores, which number eight per ascus, are polarilocular, and measure...

which allows spores to be released. The outer layer of the perithecia (exciple) is dark in colour throughout, and unlike some related lichens, Endocarpon...

from the genus Acarospora due to its budding apothecia with only lateral exciple. Silobia rufescens was first discovered and originally described as Sagedia...

extra outer cap seen in some verrucarioid lichens). The perithecial wall (exciple) is brown and thickens towards the ostiole; the upper wall gives a blue-green...

the disc is beige-pink to pale brown and flat to shallowly concave. The exciple is thin and pale; the hymenium is colourless and stains I− or faintly I+...

from the thallus is missing, so the only margin is the fungal wall (true exciple). That wall is scarcely raised—about 0.04 mm thick—and internally shows...

the fertile head is surrounded by a well-developed raised rim called an exciple, which forms a collar-like structure where it meets the stalk. When fresh...

of the perithecium, and its thickness and orientation relative to the exciple (inner layer) are also variable. The spores of V. vacillans are moderately...

but have a well-developed true exciple, a cup-like structure that extends below into a stalk-like extension. The exciple is pale brown at the upper edge...

obovoid to inverted-cone shaped and is encircled by a well-developed rim (exciple) that often splits irregularly; its underside carries a dense white pruina...

apothecia are biatorine in form and are encased in an outer layer, the true exciple, that is either paraplectenchymatous or scleroparaplectenchymatous. Each...

pigment in the epithecium (the uppermost layer of the apothecium) and exciple (the outer layer of the apothecium). This pigment does not change colour...

diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm. Surrounding the discs, the thalline exciple is up to 20 μm thick. The epihymenium is reddish, does not react to potassium...

habit and b) a section of the apothecia; the arrow points to the proper exciple. Scale bars: 1 mm (a), 20 µm (b) Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi...

before the surrounding tissue splits slightly and raises them. Their walls (exciple) remain pale and never develop the thick black carbon layer seen in many...

the lichen squamules. A thin section shows that the apothecial wall (the exciple) is colourless inside and built from hyphae that radiate outward in a glass-like...

narrow, sunken, and usually not visible, but when visible, it is brown. The exciple is thick and indistinct at the base but converges at the apical portion...

margin; the disc is concealed. The labia are black and entire, and the exciple is completely carbonized (blackened). The hymenium is clear (not inspersed)...

the apothecia is also black and persistent. Microscopically, the proper exciple, the layer beneath the disc, is dark brown to brown, black, but paler internally...

Antarctic species with black apothecia featuring a carbonaceous (blackened) exciple and a bright blue epihymenium. Because the nomenclatural committee for...

rises slightly as the surrounding cortex swells and splits; its walls (the exciple) are pale orange-brown and lack the blackened carbon layer (carbonisation)...

punctiform ostioles, which are small spore-releasing openings. The thalline exciple is transparent and contains large crystals that persist when treated with...

31 in) wide with a concave disc and pseudocyphellae on the margin of the exciple. Ascospores are 11–15 by 8–9 μm. Parmelia protosignifera is morphologically...

Collemataceae by the periclinal (parallel) arrangement of hyphae in the proper exciple, rather than the usual anticlinal architecture. In both her natural and...

translucent cortex; the disc itself remains hidden. Internally the entire exciple—tissue surrounding the hymenium—is heavily blackened (carbonised), reaching...

periphysoids, the presence of chlorococcoid algae, and a poorly developed proper exciple differentiate the new species from these others. Phlyctis subhimalayensis...

dusting of surface crystals (pruina) is optional. The dark outer wall (exciple) reacts with a drop of potassium hydroxide solution (the K test) by becoming...

similar to Skyttea fusispora, but unlike that fungus, it has an orange-brown exciple that stains purple with the K test, and has shorter ascospores, typically...

a plane to slightly concave disc that can become convex with age. The exciple is built from dark, thick-walled, mostly isodiametric cells arranged in...

thick. Chemical analysis using standard spot tests reveals that the true exciple and epithecium react K+ (reddish violet, turning bluish violet), with the...

covering) that extends to the base-level, and a black, roughly spherical exciple (inner wall) measuring 0.16–0.22 mm across. The hamathecium (sterile tissue...

head itself is near-spherical, just 0.1–0.2 mm across. Its outer rim (exciple) is poorly developed and may appear only as a slight collar sitting below...

opening up to about 0.5 mm across and an entire thalline margin. The true exciple is free from the surrounding thallus and can often be seen through the...

in colour, and lacks pruina (a powdery or waxy coating). The thalline exciple (the rim around the disc containing algal cells) is relatively thin, smooth...

and their narrow, slit-like discs are not visible from the surface. The exciple (the outer layer of tissue surrounding the ascomata) is intact at the base...

not powdery (epruinose), and can be flat or slightly sunken. The proper exciple, the rim surrounding the disc, is thick at first and protrudes above the...

thalline margin is quite thick, and the disc has an uneven surface. The true exciple is 30–35 μm thick, with elongated hyphae. The hymenium is 40–45 μm high...

outlines. A thin rim of thallus tissue borders each disc, while the proper exciple—the fungal wall immediately surrounding the hymenium—is poorly developed...

scarlet-red when wet, and is dusted with a white coating (pruinose). The exciple is brown, not grooved, and mainly developed at the base of the ascoma....

measuring about 0.2 mm in diameter, and have a distinct carbonized (blackened) exciple (rim). The asci contains eight ascospores and are fissitunicate, meaning...

diameter that remain essentially flat. A narrow, dark wall called the true exciple surrounds each disc; in section the inner part looks red-brown and flashes...

(sometimes becoming sessile), and in many members of the family the proper exciple is reduced compared with related families in the Pertusariales. Where described...

entirely crustose (never squamulose) thallus and a prosoplectenchymatous exciple. The type species is Amundsenia austrocontinentalis, with the previously...

vascular plants). Apothecia are lecanorine with a paraplectenchymatous true exciple. The lichen contains anthraquinones of the parietin chemosyndrome. Igneoplaca...

isidia-like lobules, zeorine to lecanorine apothecia with a paraplectenchymatous exciple, and anthraquinone profile. The thallus forms minute, cushion-like tufts...

distinctive: each is surrounded by a thick rim of radiating fungal filaments (the exciple) and capped by a flat disc coloured bright yellow, orange, or rusty brown...

black. They lack a thalline margin, so the observable rim is the true exciple—a ring of brown, brick-like fungal tissue that curves inward when young...

apothecia are innate to broadly attached, with a poorly developed proper exciple (the ring of fungal tissue around the disc) and a light brown to orange-brown...

lips (labia); a completely blackened (carbonized) fruiting body wall (exciple); a spore-bearing layer (hymenium) that is inspersed (contains granular...

the apothecia is thin and black, with a narrow, poorly differentiated exciple containing deep blue and reddish-brown pigmentation. The hymenium is hyaline...

capitulum is 0.21-0.28 mm in diameter and lens- or slightly bell-shaped. The exciple has an upper part that is often slightly translucent and pale, formed as...

apothecium is thick and prominent. Its inner part, known as the proper exciple, is yellowish brown to pale brown and has a matte, non-powdery appearance...

tissue (thalline margin); instead a persistent brown-black wall (the true exciple) encircles the flat to slightly convex surface, which may look polished...

merges with the dark basal tissue. The inner spore-producing chamber (exciple) measures 260–270 μm in diameter. The spores (ascospores) are oblong-ellipsoid...

hymenium is (88–)150–190 μm tall and the subhymenium 20–70 μm, with an exciple 10–35 μm thick. The asci are 8-spored and cylindrical to obclavate (about...

and instead show a red-brown to black disc bordered only by the exciple. This true exciple is thick and pseudoparenchymatous, the cells rounded to oblong...

These fruiting bodies have a well-developed internal margin (the proper exciple) and often appear rough and knobbed because bands of sterile fungal tissue...

grey to pale grey rim (thalline exciple) that usually recedes, leaving a well-defined, persistent yellow rim (true exciple) that is always paler than the...

colours from soft yellow to a more vibrant pinkish orange-brown. The true exciple, or outer layer, is characterised by a complex interwoven structure, known...

cross-section it is 70–80 μm thick. A narrow dark-brown rim (the proper exciple, 10–15 μm wide) surrounds a clear, jelly-like interior. The outer hyphal...

lack an additional protective outer wall (involucrellum). Their wall (exciple) may comprise flattened cells or distinct filamentous hyphae, and the internal...

wavy-edged margin. Beneath the disc is a dark brown layer called the proper exciple, which can be up to 100 μm thick. The spore-producing layer is 50–65 μm...

atypical status. Microscopically the species shows the paraplectenchymatous exciple and amyloid ascal apparatus typical of Lecanoraceae, yet its combination...

black, non-powdery (epruinose), flat to weakly convex disc. The proper exciple is prominent, entire, and shiny, measuring 40–50 μm thick. The epihymenium...

rounded, and sessile structures vary from 0.5 to 0.7 mm in diameter. A true exciple, or the rim surrounding the apothecium, is typically visible in younger...

lack a pale outer rim, a condition termed lecideine. The fleshy rim (true exciple) is built from radiating or intertwined fungal threads (hyphae) and may...

flat to slightly convex dark disc surrounded by a prominent true rim (exciple). Under microscopic examination, the upper layer of the apothecia (epithecium)...

reported presence of atranorin in the thallus and algal cells in the basal exciple—are inconsistent and taxonomically unreliable, with thin-layer chromatography...

pruina—a powdery coating of minute crystals. Under the microscope, the proper exciple (marginal tissue) is hyaline, the hymenium reaches 135–240 micrometres...

the early stages, they may be covered with a whitish pruina. The true exciple of the apothecia is prosoplectenchymatous. The asci contain eight spores...

The apothecia are characterised by a thin to moderately thick proper exciple, producing a deep red leachate when treated with potassium hydroxide solution...

bear orange to brownish-orange discs. The rim around the disc (the true exciple) is composed of interwoven hyphae (textura intricata) or a somewhat thick-walled...

pruina (a powdery surface coating) on the head and along the margin of the exciple (the rim of the fruiting body). The stalk is slender, about 0.1–0.3 mm...

closely resemble those of Arthothelium, but differ in having a thalline exciple, a carbonised excipulum, and non-muriform ascospores. The genus Paradoxomyces...

epihymenium, the upper part of the hymenium, and the proper exciple. The proper exciple is well developed and built of mostly upright (anticlinal) hyphae...

algae and an amphithecium, and are typically black with a carbonaceous exciple (rim) and blackish disc. The apothecia often have a ragged margin, like...

persistent thalline margin. Anatomically, the thalline exciple is ecorticate, while the proper exciple is relatively thin and exhibits a euthyplectenchymatous...

leave small black pits and have a brittle, carbonised wall in which the exciple and involucrellum are integrated. The ostiole is small and centrally placed...

the protective wall (exciple) in some perithecia, occasionally reaching all the way to the base. The lower portion of the exciple ranges from translucent...

The exciple, a rim of protective tissue surrounding the apothecium, is sometimes visible as a band of golden-brown cells, but the thalline exciple is absent...

found within the lichen, often incorporating algae within their outer rim (exciple) and featuring an internal structure (stipe) that turns red when treated...

lichens, Rimularia lacks a thalline margin; the visible rim is the true exciple, a persistent ring of contorted, often gyrose, black tissue. Inside, the...

generally present, though it can become excluded in some apothecia. The exciple is usually 35–50 μm thick and may be slightly raised or level with the...

Edward Tuckerman—used those details to delimit genera on ascospore shape, septation and exciple anatomy, giving lichenology its first genuinely anatomical classification...

(directly attached to the surface without a stalk) and lack a thalline exciple, meaning they do not have a rim of thallus-derived tissue around them....

red-brown but soon turns black. The outer layer of the apothecia (proper exciple) is thin and persists as the lichen matures. It starts pale red-brown but...

the perithecium); instead, the upper part of the perithecial wall (the exciple) is dark and becomes paler toward the base. Each ascus usually contains...

apothecia can be yellow, orange, or dark rust-brown in colour. The true exciple the tissue surrounding the hymenium of the apothecia, is scleroplectenchymatous...

measuring 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Initially concave with a thalline exciple (a rim-like structure surrounding the apothecia), they become convex over...

narrow, slightly raised rim derived from the thallus itself (the thalline exciple). Scattered among them are equally black but more domed pycnidia – flask-shaped...

appearing more or less pedicellate with a disc that is concave and thalline exciple that is often sparsely isidiate. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid,...

discs begin as narrow cracks and may later widen; the surrounding true exciple forms a thick, inward-curving wall that appears dark reddish-brown and...

It has apothecia with noticeable sessile opened lirellae. The proper exciple is often thin on the sides but well-developed at the base and appears charred...

Thalloidima is defined by the distinctive grey pigment in the epithecium and exciple rim, which turns violet with K+ and N+ reactions, originally termed as...

either plane (flat) or becomes convex with age. The thin, persistent proper exciple (outer rim of the apothecium) often has adhering necrotic thalline (lichen...

small as 0.4 mm or as large as 1.2 mm) and form convex projections. The exciple contains numerous colourless crystals, and the hymenium lacks anthraquinones...

have both fungal and algal tissue in their rim, with the inner part (true exciple) formed by parallel fungal hyphae. These apothecia initially develop with...

brownish orange or brownish orange, blending in with the thallus. The true exciple, the outer layer of tissue surrounding the reproductive cells, also has...

elevated. The apothecia lack a distinct outer thalline margin. The true exciple of the apothecia is a dull to bright yellow or orange colour, very narrow...

but they become convex as they mature and lose the clear margin. The exciple, a rim surrounding the apothecia, is 30 to 50 μm broad and brown or greenish-brown...

with a layer below the hypothecium that is paraplectenchymatous. The true exciple is scleroplectenchymatous, measuring 15 to 20 μm thick in the lower lateral...

merging in colour with the surrounding crust, while an internal fungal wall (exciple) remains paler and better developed around the sides than at the base....

in colour and texture to the thallus. Within these structures, the true exciple (the rim of tissue enclosing the spore-producing layer) is very thin and...

is looser and densely infused with photobiont cells. A pale, thin true exciple surrounds the hymenium. When treated with iodine, the hymenium stains blackish...

thalline margin). Instead, the edge of the apothecium is made up of the true exciple, which is a layer of hyphae (fungal filaments) arranged in a vertical or...

less aspicilioid) or sitting on top of the surface (sessile). The proper exciple—the tissue forming the rim of the apothecium—appears dark brown and opaque...

reach just 0.13–0.64 mm in diameter. The colourless outer rim (proper exciple) is strongly gelatinised and lacks any crystalline pigments, while the...

subhymenium is 10–35 μm tall and stains blue in iodine (I+ blue). The exciple is weakly developed (about 10–25 μm thick), and the paraphyses have slightly...

solitary and either immersed or erumpent, with a distinct ostiole. The exciple has a clear border between the outer and inner layer, while the hamathecium...

developing a slight convexity over time. Within the apothecia, the proper exciple appears narrow and lacks differentiation, resembling the aethalea-type...

a yellow pruina. The thalline exciple is formed by a palisade plectenchymatous cortical layer, while the true exciple is scleroplectenchymatous. The...

(breaking through the surface) and usually lack obvious striations, the exciple is carbonised near the top, and the colourless ascospores have 6–8 transverse...

a thin, biatorine margin of the granifera type. The rim tissue (proper exciple) is hyaline peripherally and internally shows a medullary layer of loosely...

to flat or even convex, becoming wavy (undulate) as it ages. The proper exciple (rim surrounding the disc) is initially prominent and elevated above the...

wide. They are shallowly concave, pale brown to black, with the thalline exciple (rim-like structure) smooth and margin involute (rolled inward) at first...

suggested that characters such as a wrinkled ascomatal surface, a darker exciple, and ascospores with a thick gelatinous sheath may help indicate closer...

The apothecia lack the typical rim of algal cells (known as a thalline exciple) that is common in many other lichens. Inside the apothecia, the spore-producing...

buried in the thallus or nestle between the tiny areoles. Their wall (exciple) is strongly pigmented: dark brown in the upper half but fading to pale...

by a separate ring of fungal tissue. In Allopyrenis, a distinct proper exciple (a cup‑like rim of purely fungal tissue) is lacking. The asci are club‑shaped...

generally sits flush with the surrounding thallus, and the thin outer rim (exciple) is even paler. The underlying host surface is otherwise undisturbed, so...

diameter, and have a dark ostiole (pore) that is often inconspicuous. The exciple (the ring-shaped tissue layer surrounding the hymenium) measures 0.15–0...

bodies) are lecanorine in form, meaning they have a rim (called the thalline exciple) that contains algal cells and looks similar to the thallus. The hymenium...

bears a well-raised rim of thallus tissue, while the encircling wall (exciple) is narrow and composed of tightly parallel hyphae. A pale-brown epithecium...

zeorine structure. This margin consists of three layers: an inner proper exciple (the true margin of the apothecia), an outer thalline margin (derived from...

which are often darkened (by the pigment known as Cinereorufa-green), an exciple (a saucer-shaped rim around the hymenium) consisting of radiating, narrow...

surrounding the disc is elevated and matches the colour of the thallus. The exciple, or external tissue of the ascomata, is thin and can be stained by iodine...

becomes ragged, sometimes itself producing soredia. Beneath the disc, the exciple—a thin band of fungal tissue—remains brown, while deeper layers (the hypothecium)...

immersed or only weakly differentiated from the surrounding thallus. The exciple is frequently thin or poorly developed. Asci are cylindrical and contain...

black, non-powdery, and either weakly concave or convex disc. The proper exciple, the rim around the disc, is thin, initially raised above the disc, but...

black, initially flat but become distinctly convex as they mature. The exciple is coloured dark blue-green and reacts negatively to standard lichen spot...

white dusting (pruina). Surrounding each disc is a low rim (the proper exciple) that is the same colour as the disc itself; in cross-section it resembles...

through a tiny pore) about 1.0–1.8 mm wide, with a hard carbonized wall (exciple) and an apical ostiole. The tissue between the spore sacs (hamathecium)...

brownish-orange or yellowish-brown disc that is noticeably raised. The true exciple is 35–50 μm thick at its uppermost lateral portion and is raised above...

present, are lecanorine in form with a well-developed, gelatinised proper exciple. The hymenium is relatively low; the epihymenium is brown to reddish-brown...

present or absent depending on the species. The apothecial wall (true exciple) is typically raised and persistent, though in some cases it becomes excluded...

disc that is red and epruinose, surrounded by a well-developed exciple. This exciple is fully carbonised (blackened), measuring 130 to 250 μm, and is...

original authors compared the species to H. laubertianum on the basis of exciple characters and ascospore size, but distinguished it by its lichen substances...

blue in iodine (I+ blue), reaching about 150–200 μm in height; the true exciple is not apparent. The asci are Bacidia-type and 8-spored, and the ascospores...

bordered by a low rim sometimes fringed by minute lobules of bark tissue. The exciple is dark reddish-brown and turns olive in potassium hydroxide solution (K+...

metabolites, and by the dark olive-brown tissue (hypothecium and inner exciple) that turns green in potassium hydroxide (K). The thallus is squamulose—composed...

lineage tend to have a more conspicuous apothecial margin (a well-developed exciple) and, in some taxa, relatively large photobiont cells rather than the paired...

species in Micarea because the apothecia have only a weakly developed true exciple (the rim tissue), the sterile filaments in the hymenium (paraphyses) are...

distinct, superficial layers of aggregated pigment crystals. The proper exciple, a structural component of the apothecium, has distinctly radiating and...

is flat, dull orange, or brownish-orange, and brownish-yellow. The true exciple is approximately 100–120 μm thick at the uppermost portion, tapering to...

free hyphae similar to those of the thallus, which conceals the proper exciple (the true rim of the fruiting body). Inside, the asci (spore-producing...

when present, may be zeorine, lecanorine or biatorine in form; a proper exciple is often developed. Asci are mainly prototunicate of the Lichina or Peccania...

They lack a thalline margin, so the rim is formed solely by the true exciple, which is dark brown above and pales towards the base. Inside, the spore-bearing...

almost black; it never turns blue in iodine stains. A yellow-brown to black exciple of isodiametric or elongate cells surrounds the disc and lacks any external...

margins. These discs are black and flat, rimmed by a persistent fungal exciple rather than thallus tissue. Each ascus typically produces a single large...

warty; the margin is 80–130 μm thick and whitish to cream. The proper exciple is hyaline at the periphery and internally shows a medullary layer of loosely...

age; the margin ranges from grey to dark brownish or blackish. The proper exciple is hyaline at the periphery and internally shows a medullary layer with...

medium-sized hemispherically protruding perithecia, more or less spherical pale exciples with a well-developed involucrellum of medium thickness that usually reaches...

darker orange and surrounded by orange thallus-like tissue (a lecanorine exciple) that is flush with the thallus, not raised or imbedded. The 0.2–0.7 mm...

packed fungal cells and even contains a few Scytonema filaments. The proper exciple is so reduced that it is scarcely visible. Over the hymenium lies a red‑brown...

species are characterized by apothecia that are either lecideine (where exciple forms the underside and outer layer of the apothecium, extending up to...

(thalline margin) may or may not be present, while the apothecial wall (true exciple) is thick and matches the red colour of the disc. Inside, the apothecia...

a thin white margin formed from the thallus tissue, but lack a proper exciple (the specialised tissue that normally forms a protective rim around the...

their margins are prominent when young, later fading or disappearing. The exciple—the tissue forming the rim around the apothecial disc—is paraplectenchymatous...

disc, though a few taxa retain such a margin. Internally, the thin true exciple that frames the disc soon erodes; above it lies a dark brown epithecium...

in diameter, and have a dark, flat, inconspicuous ostiole (pore). The exciple (the ring-shaped tissue layer surrounding the hymenium) measures 0.16–0...

ascomata of Allographa grandis are of the illinata-morph type, and its exciple is apically carbonized. This lichen bears hyaline ascospores that turn...

(thalline margin) that surrounds only a thin, often pale yellowish proper exciple. The spore-bearing layer (hymenium) contains septate paraphyses and stains...

(pruina). A thin, irregular thalline rim borders the disc, while the proper exciple is poorly developed. The epithecium carries granular, pale-brown pigment...

of Loekoesia lichens are black and biatorine in form, featuring a true exciple that is paraplectenchymatous (comprising fungal hyphae that are oriented...

Microscopically, the spore-bearing layer (hymenium) is about 0.1 mm tall; the exciple is built of thin, interwoven hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix and...

marginate and often shortly stalked when young, with a well-developed exciple. Pycnidia are reported to be rare and sessile (about 0.065–0.15 mm across)...

discs and thick thalline margins; a fused, hyaline to yellowish proper exciple with lateral paraphyses; a non-inspersed hymenium; hyaline, non-amyloid...

irregularly shaped, spanning 0.3 to 0.7 mm in diameter. The outer layer (the exciple) measures between 9.6 and 14.8 μm in thickness. Internally, the hymenium...

the medulla. They have a diameter of 0.6–0.65 mm, with a brown, fused exciple. The columella (the sterile central axis of the apothecia) is carbonized...

with a paraplectenchymatous thalline exciple (outer rim of rounded cells) and a prosoplectenchymatous true exciple (inner rim of elongated cells). Scythioria...

wide, with a poorly defined cortex containing few algal cells. The proper exciple is broad, composed of parallel hyphae (prosoplectenchymatous), strongly...

surface and some more prominent; all have rounded to oval pores. The proper exciple (the margin of the apothecium, lacking algal cells) is reddish brown. The...

thallus and becoming covered with isidia (0.1–0.2 mm wide). The proper exciple is visible as a narrow, yellowish-tan line around the inside edge and is...

2–0.8 mm in diameter with pale to dark orange discs. The rim (thalline exciple) matches the thallus colour and can be smooth to somewhat granular or isidiate...

only by the fungal exciple—a dark, usually raised wall that can also pick up a pruinose coating. In microscopic section the exciple and underlying tissue...

combination of features: its reddish apothecia, a paraplectenchymatous exciple (in which the rim tissue around the disc is composed of small, tightly...

Leucolejeunea and in having a thallus made up of goniocysts, a distinctly cellular exciple, and ascospores with a weakly warted perispore. The species epithet honors...

some species also carry a light dusting of pruina. The apothecial wall (exciple) is typically three-layered and built from interwoven, narrow hyphae; it...

or slightly convex, without a whitish frosting (epruinose). The proper exciple is persistent, the same colour as the disc, and cup-shaped in section,...

The combination of minute crustose thallus, prosoplectenchymatous proper exciple and chemosyndrome A (parietin-dominated) underpins the generic placement...

wide. The thalline exciple includes a cortical layer around 20–30 μm thick, often filled with rhombic crystals. The true exciple has a scleroplectenchymatous...

plane to gently domed and may age to brownish orange. In section the true exciple is 30–50 μm thick laterally and up to 70 μm at the base, merging into a...

apothecia show several distinct layers. The outer protective layer (true exciple) curves backward and contains densely packed, radiating fungal threads...

(an rim of tissue containing the lichen's photobiont) but possess a true exciple (an inner rim of fungal tissue). The photobiont associated with Leptogidium...

emerges. Internally the apothecium has a very thin, pale receptacle (proper exciple) that merges into a clear hymenium; simple to sparsely branched paraphyses...

by a flat to slightly convex disc with a violet flush when fresh. The exciple is barely 30 micrometres (μm) thick and grades from a paraplectenchymatous...

encase the perithecium or persist only as a dark cap, while the inner wall (exciple) is built from tightly compressed fungal threads (hyphae) that can be colourless...

convex as they mature, eventually losing the margin. The apothecial wall (exciple) is 20–30 μm thick on the sides and 60–70 μm at the base. It has a brown...

itself ranges from orange-brown to blackish. The internal fungal wall (exciple) is extremely thin – usually under 15 μm – and may be hard to see, while...

lacking and the disc ranges from pale orange-brown to bluish-grey. The exciple is reduced, composed of branched hyphae; the hymenium is 50–65 μm high...

ages. There is no true thalline margin. In section, the apothecial wall (exciple) is built from chains of inflated cells; the outermost layer is charcoal-black...

lightens when treated with potassium hydroxide solution, while the true exciple beneath is thin and almost indistinct. The spore-bearing tissue (hymenium)...

the genus Rinodina. It typically accumulates in the thallus, thalline exciple and/or epihymenium as irregularly shaped crystals of varying size that...

characters over vegetative features. Characters of the ascomata (especially exciple anatomy and ascospore characteristics), conidial types, and cell wall polysaccharides...

dark grey to brown and may carry a dusting of white pruina. The wall (exciple) is built from tightly bound hyphae that grade into a layer of periphysoids...

lecideine form, meaning that it is black, with a carbonaceous (blackened) exciple and blackish disc. The disc, when young, has an umbo that becomes more...

light in colour and with a soft consistency – and have a poorly developed exciple. The asci are club-shaped (clavate) and have a gelatinous outer layer....

irregular. A conspicuous, raised rim made purely of fungal tissue (the true exciple) encircles each disc and persists even on old specimens. The disc itself...

(1-septate), colourless ascospores, and because the anatomy of the proper exciple consists of radiating hyphae, as in the type species C. atropurpurea. The...

embedded in the thallus but often sit free on the surface. The two-layered exciple has a colourless inner wall and an olive-brown to blackish outer wall....

pigment is dispersed through the hymenium. The inner cup wall (proper exciple) is highly reduced and composed of hyphae indistinguishable from the paraphyses...