Fang language

Fang
Fang
Pangwe
Faŋ, Paŋwe
Native to	Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, and São Tomé and Príncipe
Ethnicity	Fang
Native speakers	1 million (2006–2013)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu (Zone A) Beti Fang; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Southwest Fang; Ntoumou-Fang; Okak-Fang; Mekê-Fang; Mvaïe-Fang; Atsi-Fang; Nzaman-Fang; Mveni-Fang;
Official status
Recognised minority; language in	Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
Language codes
ISO 639-2	fan
ISO 639-3	fan
Glottolog	fang1246
Guthrie code	A.75,751

Fang /ˈfɒŋ/ is a Central African language spoken by around 1 million people, most of them in Equatorial Guinea, and northern Gabon, where it is the dominant Bantu language; Fang is also spoken in southern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and small fractions of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is related to the Bulu and Ewondo languages of southern Cameroon.

Under President Macías Nguema, Fang was the official language of Equatorial Guinea, although in 1982, the Third Constitution once again replaced it with Spanish. Since then, each version of the Constitution has recognized Fang and other languages indigenous to the country as integral to the national culture, despite these languages not having official status.

There are many different variants of Fang in northern Gabon and southern Cameroon. Maho (2009) lists Southwest Fang as a distinct language. The other dialects are Ntoumou, Okak, Mekê, Atsi (Batsi), Nzaman (Zaman), Mveni, and Mvaïe.

Distribution

According to ALCAM (2012), Fang is mainly spoken in northern Gabon and also in Equatorial Guinea. Dialects include Ntumu, Mvayn, and Okak. In Cameroon, Fang is spoken in the southern half of Dja-et-Lobo department (Southern Region) south of Djoum. It is also spoken in the southeast of Mvila department: south of Mvangan, plus small isolated parts of Océan department between Lolodorf and Kribi where the Okak dialect is spoken. The other dialects, Mvayn and Ntumu, are spoken in Vallée-du-Ntem department.^[3]

Corpus and lexicology

Despite Fang's lack of any well-defined literary corpus, it is of note that linguists have, in the past, made attempts to compile dictionaries and lexicons for the Fang language. The two most notable ones to be proposed or fully compiled were made by Maillard (2007)^[4] and Bibang (2014). Neither created a direct Fang-English dictionary, but opted instead to separate the two languages via a third European language as a bridge for various loanwords.

The translation efforts to English have been done through Romance languages: specifically, Spanish and French. The latter of the two languages would likely have had the most impact on the language, given the occupation of Gabon by the French during the existence of French Equatorial Africa (itself part of French West Africa), which lasted 75 years from 1885 to 1960. To a lesser extent, in São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese also likely has influenced the dialects of Fang present there, due to the country being occupied by Portugal for most of the islands' history of habitation.

Phonology

The phonology of Fang is listed below.^[5]

Vowels

Fang has 7 vowels, each of which can have short or long realizations.

Vowel Phonemes
	Front (short/long)	Back (short/long)
Close	i iː (ĩ)	u uː (ũ)
Close-mid	e eː (ẽ)	o oː (õ)
Open-mid	ɛ ɛː (ɛ̃)	ɔ ɔː (ɔ̃)
Open	a aː (ã)

Nasal vowels are allophones of the respective oral vowels, when followed by a nasal consonant [ŋ] or [ɲ]. Words cannot start with [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] or [u].

Diphthongs

Diphthongs can be a combination of any vowel with [j] or [w], as well as [ea], [oe], [oa], [ua].

Tone

Fang distinguishes between at least 5 lexical tones, conventionally called: high, mid, low, rising and falling. One vowel in a sequences of vowels can be elided in casual speech, though its tone remains and attaches to the remaining vowel. ^[6]

Consonants

In Fang, there are 24 plain consonants. The majority of them can become prenasalized:

		Labial	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Velar	Labial–velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	plain	p b	t d		k ɡ	k͡p ɡ͡b	ʔ
Plosive	prenasal	ᵐp ᵐb	ⁿt ⁿd		ᵑk ᵑg	ᵑk͡p ᵑɡ͡b
Affricate	plain		t͡s d͡z
Affricate	prenasal		ⁿt͡s ⁿd͡z
Fricative	plain	f v	s z				h
Fricative	prenasal	ᶬf ᶬv	ⁿs ⁿz
Approximant	plain		l	j	w
Approximant	prenasal			ᶮj	ⁿw
Tap			ɾ

/h/ is only used in interjections and loanwords. Words can not start with /ŋ/, except when followed by a velar consonant. /ɾ/ and /z/ also are restricted from word-initial position. /g/ and /p/ can only come in word-initial position in words of foreign origin, although in many of these cases, /g/ becomes realized as [ŋg].

The morpheme "gh" is pronounced as ɾ in the case of the word "Beyoghe" (the Fang term for Libreville); one of several changes to pronunciation by morphology.

It is also important to note that in Fang, at every "hiatus" (shock of two vowels), such as in "Ma adzi", it is required for one to make the second word an aphetism, dropping the pronunciation of the aː sound at the start of the second word (e.g. "Ma dzi").

References

^ Fang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
^ Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
^ Ella, Edgar Maillard (2007-03). A Theoretical Model For a Fang-French-English Specialized Multi-Volume School Dictionary.
^ Bibang Oyee, Julián-Bibang (2014). Diccionario Español-Fang/Fang-Español. Akal.
^ Bibang Oyee, Julián (1990). Curso de lengua fang. Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano