A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.^[2] Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families.^[3] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.^[4][5]

Etymology

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French.^[6] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.^[7]

The first recorded used of the word "festival" as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").^[6] Feast first came into usage as a noun c. 1200,^[8] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.^[9]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor.^[10] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.^[11]

History

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and history and are found in virtually all cultures.^[12][13] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.^[14] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.^[15] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival.^[16] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.^[16] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century.^[5][16][17] Festivals prospered following the Second World War.^[16] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.^[18] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.^[14] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit.^[19][20]

Traditions

Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid-al-Fitr and Eid-al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.^[21] In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.^[22]

Types of festivals

The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.^[23][16] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.^[24] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.^[25] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.^[14] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.^[25]

Religious festivals

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods.^[26] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter, and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.^[27] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.^[28]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.^[29]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.^[30] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa.^[31]

Arts festivals

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals, literary festivals and music festivals.^[32] Sub-categories include comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz festivals and buskers festivals; poetry festivals,^[33] theatre festivals, and storytelling festivals; and re-enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the Philippines, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.^[34] The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.^[4] Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.^[35]

Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival.

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.^[36][37] Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.^{[citation needed]}

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.^[38] In the Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb. A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice. Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.^[39]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.^{[citation needed]}

Politics

Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.^[5][25] Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.^[40] Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.^[14][25] In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.^[16][25]

Study of festivals

• Festive ecology – explores the relationships between the symbolism and the ecology of the plants, fungi and animals associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions and special occasions.
• Heortology – the study of religious festivals. It was originally only used in respect of Christian festivals,^[41] but it now covers all religions, in particular those of Ancient Greece.^[42] See list of foods with religious symbolism for some topical overlap.

See also

References

• Cudny, Waldemar (2016). Festivalisation of Urban Spaces. Springer Geography. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1. ISBN 978-3-319-31997-1. S2CID 168194339.

Further reading

• Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective (1st ed., repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5872-0.

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Festivals".

• Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary