Fiber Distributed Data Interface

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network. It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium.

It was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), standardized as TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent), also referred to as TP-DDI (Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface).

FDDI was effectively made obsolete in local networks by Fast Ethernet which offered the same 100 Mbit/s speeds, but at a much lower cost and, from 1998 on, by Gigabit Ethernet due to its speed, even lower cost, and ubiquity.^[1]

Description

FDDI provides a 100 Mbit/s optical standard for data transmission in local area network that can extend in length up to 200 kilometers (120 mi).^[2] Although FDDI logical topology is a ring-based token network, it did not use the IEEE 802.5 Token Ring protocol as its basis; instead, its protocol was derived from the IEEE 802.4 token bus timed token protocol. In addition to covering large geographical areas, FDDI local area networks can support thousands of users. FDDI offers both a Dual-Attached Station (DAS), counter-rotating token ring topology and a Single-Attached Station (SAS), token bus passing ring topology.^[3]

FDDI, as a product of American National Standards Institute X3T9.5 (now X3T12), conforms to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model of functional layering using other protocols. The standards process started in the mid 1980s.^[4] FDDI-II, a version of FDDI described in 1989, added circuit-switched service capability to the network so that it could also handle voice and video signals.^[5] Work started to connect FDDI networks to synchronous optical networking (SONET) technology.

An FDDI network contains two rings, one as a secondary backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. When a network has no requirement for the secondary ring to do backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbit/s. The single ring can extend the maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km (62 mi). FDDI had a larger maximum frame size (4,352 bytes) than the standard Ethernet family, which only supports a maximum frame size of 1,500 bytes,^[a] allowing better effective data rates in some cases.

Topology

Designers normally constructed FDDI rings in a network topology such as a "dual ring of trees". A small number of devices, typically infrastructure devices such as routers and concentrators rather than host computers, were "dual-attached" to both rings. Host computers then connect as single-attached devices to the routers or concentrators. The dual ring in its most degenerate form simply collapses into a single device. Typically, a computer-room contained the whole dual ring, although some implementations deployed FDDI as a metropolitan area network.^[6]

FDDI requires this network topology because the dual ring actually passes through each connected device and requires each such device to remain continuously operational. The standard actually allows for optical bypasses, but network engineers consider these unreliable and error-prone. Devices such as workstations and minicomputers that might not come under the control of the network managers are not suitable for connection to the dual ring.

As an alternative to using a dual-attached connection, a workstation can obtain the same degree of resilience through a dual-homed connection made simultaneously to two separate devices in the same FDDI ring. One of the connections becomes active while the other one is automatically blocked. If the first connection fails, the backup link takes over with no perceptible delay.^[7]

Frame format

FDDI data frame format^[8]
Preamble, PA	16 bits
Start delimiter, SD	8 bits
Frame control, FC	8 bits
Destination address, DA	48 bits
Source address, SA	48 bits
Protocol (or packet) data unit, PDU	Up to 4478 × 8 bits
Frame check sequence, FCS	32 bits
End delimiter/frame status, ED/FS	16 bits

The frame check sequence uses the same cyclic redundancy check as Token Ring and Ethernet.

The Internet Engineering Task Force defined a standard for transmission of the Internet Protocol (which would be the protocol data unit in this case) over FDDI. It was first proposed in June 1989^[9] and revised in 1990.^[10] Some aspects of the protocol were compatible with the IEEE 802.2 standard for logical link control. For example, the 48-bit MAC addresses that became popular with the Ethernet family. Thus other protocols such as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) could be common as well.^[10]

Deployment

FDDI was considered an attractive campus backbone network technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s rates. Thus it was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100 Mbit/s. By 1994, vendors included Cisco Systems, National Semiconductor, Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by Marvell Technology Group), and 3Com.^[11]

FDDI installations have largely been replaced by Ethernet deployments.^[1]

Standards

FDDI standards included:^[12]

ANSI X3.139-1987, Media Access Control (MAC) — also ISO 9314-2
ANSI X3.148-1988, Physical Layer Protocol (PHY) — also ISO 9314-1
ANSI X3.166-1989, Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) — also ISO 9314-3
ANSI X3.184-1993, Single Mode Fiber Physical Medium Dependent (SMF-PMD) — also ISO 9314-4
ANSI X3.229-1994, Station Management (SMT) — also ISO 9314-6
ANSI X3.263-1995, Twisted Pair Physical Medium Dependent (TP-PMD)

Notes

^ Jumbo frames can be used to extend Ethernet's maximum frame size to 9,000 bytes or more.

References

^ ^a ^b A. Selvarajan; Subrat Kar; T. Srinivas (2003). Optical Fiber Communication: Principles and Systems. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 241–249. ISBN 978-1-259-08220-7.
^ ANSI X3.263-1995
^ Bernhard Albert; Anura P. Jayasumana (1994). FDDI and FDDI-II: architecture, protocols, and performance. Artech House. ISBN 978-0-89006-633-1.
^ Floyd Ross (May 1986). "FDDI - A tutorial". Communications Magazine. 24 (5). IEEE Communications Society: 10–17. doi:10.1109/MCOM.1986.1093085. S2CID 6989611.
^ Michael Teener and R. Gvozdanovic (October 10, 1989). "FDDI-II operation and architectures". [1989] Proceedings. 14th Conference on Local Computer Networks. IEEE. pp. 49–61. doi:10.1109/LCN.1989.65243. ISBN 0-8186-1968-6. S2CID 29459918.
^ T. Boston (June 29, 1988). "FDDI-II: A High Speed Integrated Service LAN". Sixth European Fibre Optic Communications and Local Area Networks Exposition. Information Gatekeepers: 123–126. ISBN 978-1-56851-055-2. Reprinted in Fiber Optic Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 1984-1991
^ This article is based on material taken from Fiber+Distributed+Data+Interface at the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
^ Wolfgang Schulte. "Fiber Distributed Data Interface". Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^ Dave Katz (June 1989). "A Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI Networks". RFC 1103. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1103. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Dave Katz (June 1989). "A Proposed Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over FDDI Networks". RFC 1183. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC1188. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ Mark Miller (March 21, 1994). "Wading Through Plethora of Options Poses Challenge for Life on the Fast LAN". Network World. pp. 41, 44, 46–49. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ "fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)". Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, Federal Standard 1037C. National Communications System of the US Department of Defense. August 7, 1996. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2013.