She was born Flora Annie Webster at Sudbury Priory, Sudbury, Middlesex, the sixth child of George Webster.[1] Her mother, Isabella MacCallum, was an heiress.[2]: 1 In 1867 she married Henry William Steel, a member of the Indian Civil Service, and they lived in India until 1889,[3] chiefly in the Punjab, with which most of her books are connected.[4] She grew deeply interested in native Indian life and began to urge educational reforms on the government of India. Mrs Steel herself became an Inspectress of Government and Aided Schools in the Punjab and also worked with John Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, fostering Indian arts and crafts.[5] When her husband's health was weak, Flora Annie Steel took over some of his responsibilities.
Flora was interested in relating to all classes of Indian society. The birth of her daughter gave her a chance to interact with local women and learn their language. She encouraged the production of local handicrafts and collected folk-tales, a collection of which she published in 1894.
Her interest in schools and the education of women gave her insight into native life and character.[4] A year before leaving India, she co-authored and published The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook, which gave detailed directions to European women on all aspects of household management in India.
In 1889 the family moved back to Britain, and she continued her writing there. Some of her best work, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, is contained in two collections of her short stories, From the Five Rivers and Tales of the Punjab.[4]
She also wrote a popular history of India.[4] John F. Riddick describes Steel's The Hosts of the Lord as one of the "three significant works" produced by Anglo-Indian writers on Indian missionaries, along with The Old Missionary (1895) by William Wilson Hunter and Idolatry (1909) by Alice Perrin.[10] Among her other literary associates in India was Bithia Mary Croker.[11]
The Garden Of Fidelity: Being The Autobiography Of Flora Annie Steel 1847–1929[14]
References
^ abcBrown, Susan; Patricia Clements & Isobel Grundy (2006). "Flora Annie Steel entry: Overview screen". Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present. Cambridge University Press Online. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^Mannsaker, Frances M. (Autumn 1982). "Flora Annie Steel, Novelist of India by Violet Powell". Victorian Studies. 26 (1): 105–106. JSTOR3827506.
^Parry, Benita (April 1967). "A Star of India: Flora Annie Steel, Her Works and Times by Daya Patwardhan". The Modern Language Review. 62 (2): 324–325. doi:10.2307/3723865. JSTOR3723865.