Footballers generally begin as amateurs and the best players progress to become professional players. Normally they start at a youth team (any local team) and from there, based on skill and talent, scouts offer contracts. Once signed, some learn to play better football and a few advance to the senior or professional teams.
Pay
Pay in some top men's leagues is significantly higher than in other jobs. Players in the Premier League earn an average of $3 million per year.[3] In the wealthiest clubs in European football leagues, men earn an average $7.19 million per year.[4] The best players of those clubs can earn up to $260 million per year.[5]
However, only a fraction of men's professional football players are paid at this level. Wages may be somewhat more moderate in other divisions and leagues. For example, the average annual salary for footballers in Major League Soccer (MLS) is $530,262 as of May 2023.[6]
Average salaries in women's leagues are far lower. For example, players in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), which started in 2012, earn an average of $54,000 per year as of May 2022.[7] For the first time in 2022, the NWSL guaranteed players a living wage. The minimum salary in 2023 is $36,400 to ensure players do not need second or third jobs to survive.[8]
A minority of retired footballers continue working full-time in football, for instance as football managers. A 1979 study reported that former first-team ballplayers were over-represented as top-ranking executives in their companies and had greater income mobility than second-teamers and reserves.[9] However, some experience chronic health issues, see below.
In association football, there are four traditional types of specialties (positions): goalkeepers (goalies), defenders (full-backs), midfielders (half-backs), and forwards (attackers). Special purpose positions include such performers as sweepers, stoppers, second forwards (under-attackers), wingers, insiders, etc.
Goalkeepers: good reflexes, communication with defence, one-on-one ability, command of the penalty area and aerial intelligence.[10]
Centre-backs: good heading and tackling ability, height, bravery in attempting challenges, and concentration.[11]
Full-backs: pace, stamina, anticipation, tackling and marking abilities, work rate, and team responsibility.[12]
Central midfielders: stamina, passing ability, team responsibility, positioning, marking abilities.[13]
Wingers: pace, technical ability like dribbling and close control, off-the-ball intelligence, creativity.[14]
The American football teams' positions are categorized by a form of play where each of them has its spectrum of positions. Those are offensive, defensive, and special teams.
Research shows that association football players who take less than 200 milliseconds after the referee blows their whistle to make a penalty kick are significantly less likely to score than those who take over a second.[16][17]
Health issues
Cristiano Ronaldo, an example of a "lean and muscular" men's association football player
Faith Ikidi, an example of a "lean and muscular" women's association football player
An Irish 2002 study of association and Gaelic football players characterized players as "lean and muscular with a reasonably high level of capacity in all areas of physical performance".[18] The opposite is the case for American football, where obesity could be the cause of grave health problems.[19]
A 2000 study documented injuries sustained by Czech [association] football players at all levels:[20]
Trauma was the cause of 81.5% of the injuries, and overuse was the cause of 18.5%. Joint sprains predominated (30%), followed by fractures (16%), muscle strains (15%), ligament ruptures (12%), meniscal tears and contusions (8%), and other injuries. Injuries to the knee were most prevalent (29%), followed by injuries to the ankle (19%) and spine (9%). More injuries occurred during games (59%) than in practice.
[21] Patellar tendinitis (knee pain) is considered an injury that comes from overexertion, which also happens to other athletes of virtually every sport. It is a common problem that football players develop and can usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program. Jumping activities place particularly high strains on the tendon and with repetitive jumping, tearing and injury of the tendon can occur. The chronic injury and healing response results in inflammation and localized pain.[22]
Although levels of depression and pain in retired football players are on par with the societal average,[23] some players suffer from post-retirement chronic injuries. Head injuries are a particular concern.
Life expectancy
Studies have long shown former American football NFL players have a longer life expectancy than the general public or males with a similar age and race distribution, but a higher rate of cardiovascular issues.[24] A study comparing the deaths of former Major League Baseball players found baseball players lived longer still, perhaps suggesting a "healthy worker" bias where NFL athletes lived less long than they would otherwise have, despite their longer than average life expectancy.[25] A 2009 review of the evidence in the American Journal of Medicine concluded the existing evidence "did not suggest an increased mortality" but does "suggest increased cardiovascular risk..., particularly the heavier linemen."[26]
In association football, a 2011 German study found that German national team players lived 1.9 years less than the general male population.[27]
Football players participating in international matches for Germany have reduced longevity compared to the general population. This disadvantage was the larger, the earlier the international football player started his international career. This finding is in line with the current knowledge of life expectancy in major athletes, especially those from other team sports
A 1983 study of rugby players found that the life expectancy of All Blacks was the same as for the general population.[28]
Australian rules footballers have lower death rates than the general population.[29]
Head
Abby Wambach, a retired player known for scoring header goals
Heading of the ball in association football can increase the risk of chronic brain damage.
American football players are prone to head injuries such as concussions. In later life, this increases the risk of dementia[30] and Alzheimer's.[31] Professional American football players self-reporting concussions are at greater risk for having depressive episodes later in life compared with those retired players self-reporting no concussions.[32][33]
Probably due to the repeated trauma associated with heading balls, professional association football has been suggested to increase the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[34] In a 1987 study of former Norwegian association football national team players, one third of the players were found to have central cerebral atrophy, i.e. brain damage.[35] A 1999 study connected soccer to chronic traumatic head injury (CTHI):[36]
[P]articipation in amateur association football in general and concussion specifically is associated with impaired performance in memory and planning functions. Due to the worldwide popularity of soccer, these observations may have important public health implications
A 2012 study of association football injuries found that 19% of all injuries were muscle injuries, of which 54% affected the thigh muscles.[38]
Sleep and psychological functioning
In a 2009 study, association football was found to be associated with favourable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescent male football players.[39]
The rate of suicide among NFL vets has been found to be 59% lower than in the general population.[40]
FIFA response
In 2012, FIFA released a paper intended to identify key risk factors for association football players.[41]
Longevity and factors of mortality
In 2015, a systematic review of a sample of fifty-four peer-reviewed publications and three articles on elite athletes’ mortality and longevity, resulted in major longevity outcomes for the elite athletes (baseball, football, soccer, basketball, and cycling) "compared to age and sex-matched controls from the general population and other athletes." The span longevities were influenced by factors like the type of sport, the playing position, the race, and the energy system.[42]
International level
An observational study held from professional footballers -active (during their career) and recently retired (post-career, aged more than 45 years)- in 70 countries between 2007 and 2013, elaborated on data from the World Footballers' Union (FIFPro), recorded 214 deaths of which 25% was caused by accidents, 11% by suicides and 33% by a suspected cardiacpathology (on an overall 55% of deaths caused by some sort of disease).[43]
In 2015, 205 deaths among North American professional athletes who were registered as active at the time of their decease were analysed. Data were collected for the four major sports: National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Baseball (MLB). The NFL and NBA active players had "a higher likelihood of dying in a car accident" and a significantly higher likelihood of dying from a cardiac-related illness compared to the NHL and MLB active populations.[45]
In 2013, a study on 3,439 retired athletes of the National Football Leagues with at least five credited playing seasons between 1959 and 1988 did not show a statistical correlation between suicide mortality and professional activity, particularly football-related compared with the general control sample. No stratification was reported between speed and non-speed position players.[46]
Italy
Until the 2000s a very limited number of formal studies has been published on mortality from all causes in soccer players, despite the high interest of the public to the matter.
An extended study held in Italy between 1975 and 2003 on a total of 5.389 players, aged 14–35 years, highlighted that, while the mortality for cancer and cardiovascular diseases among the football players cohort was significantly lower than the general Italian population, the "mortality rates for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and car accidents were significantly higher than expected, and for ALS the risk is 18 times than expected."[47]
^Claridge, Steve (30 October 2007). "Sam Vokes, Wolves". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 December 2008. Scouting report on the Wolverhampton Wanderers forward based on these attributes.
^Strudwick, A.; Reilly, T.; Doran, D. (June 2002). "Anthropometric and fitness profiles of elite players in two football codes". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 42 (2): 239–242. PMID12032422.
^Kuss, Oliver; Kluttig, Alexander; Greiser, Karin H. (December 2011). "Longevity of soccer players: an investigation of all German internationals from 1908 to 2006". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21 (6): e260–e265. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01269.x. PMID21435018. S2CID30783906. Pdf.
^Kerr, Zachary Y.; Marshall, Stephen W.; Harding, Herndon P. Jr.; Guskiewicz, Kevin M. (October 2012). "Nine-year risk of depression diagnosis increases with increasing self-reported concussions in retired professional football players". American Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (10): 2206–2212. doi:10.1177/0363546512456193. PMID22922518. S2CID25752165.
^Brand, Serge; Beck, Johannes; Gerber, Markus; Hatzinger, Martin; Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith (November 2009). "'Football is good for your sleep': favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning of adolescent male intense football players compared to controls". Journal of Health Psychology. 14 (8): 1144–1155. doi:10.1177/1359105309342602. PMID19858334. S2CID10312855.
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Labirinto (disambigua). I labirinti botanici sono stati anche usati come attrazioni per i giardini delle ville Labirinto sulle incisioni rupestri della Valcamonica Labirinto in gres 60x60 nell'atrio centrale della scuola G. Monteverde ad Acqui Terme Il labirinto è una struttura, solitamente di vaste dimensioni, costruita in modo tale che risulti difficile per chi vi entra trovare l'uscita. Anticamente per lo più unicursale, ovvero co…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Raijin-2 (Rising-2) adalah mikro-satelit Jepang diluncurkan pada 2014. Satelit itu dibangun di sekitar diameter 10 cm. Referensi RISING-2 mission equipment Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. Eoportal RISING-2 page
Niki LaudaLauda pada tahun 1996LahirAndreas Nikolaus Lauda(1949-02-22)22 Februari 1949Wina, AustriaMeninggal20 Mei 2019(2019-05-20) (umur 70)Zurich, SwissKarier Kejuaraan Dunia Formula SatuKebangsaan AustriaTahun aktif1971–1979, 1982–1985TimMarch, BRM, Ferrari, Brabham, McLarenJumlah lomba177 (171 start)Juara dunia3 (1975, 1977, 1984)Menang25Podium54Total poin420,5Posisi pole24Lap tercepat24Lomba pertamaGrand Prix Austria 1971Menang pertamaGrand Prix Spanyol 1974Menang terakhirGrand Pri…
National Equality MarchLogo for the marchTanggal11 Oktober 2009 (2009-10-11)(National Coming Out Day)LokasiWashington, D.C.Partisipanlesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights activists and supportersHasilMatthew Shepard Act signed into law (October 22); US President Barack Obama committed to end Don't ask, don't tell, the US military policy forbidding gays and lesbians to serve openlySitus webwww.NationalEqualityMarch.com Rally at the west front of the United States Capitol foll…
British video game publisher Wired ProductionsCompany typePrivateIndustryVideo gamesFounded2008; 16 years ago (2008) in Watford, United KingdomArea servedWorldwideWebsitewiredproductions.com Wired Productions is a video game publisher company based in Watford, United Kingdom. The company publishes games on all main gaming platforms (PC, PS4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch) working on international projects, founded by Leo Zullo, Jason Harman and Kevin Leathers.[1][2&…
Risk management strategy The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous.[1] Critics argue that it is vague, self-cancelling, unscientific and an obstacle to progress.[2][3] In an engineering co…
Arkia ארקיעخطوط أركيا IATA ICAO Kode panggil IZ AIZ ARKIA Didirikan1949 (sebagai Israel Inland Airlines)Pusat operasiBandar Udara Internasional Ben GurionBandar Udara EilatBandar Udara Internasional OvdaBandar Udara Sde DovArmada10 (+18 pesanan)Tujuan17Perusahaan indukJordache Enterprises (75%)Kantor pusatBandar Udara DovTel Aviv, IsraelTokoh utama Gadi Tepper (CEO) Situs webwww.arkia.com Arkia Israel Airlines (Ibrani: ארקיעcode: he is deprecated , Aku akan membumbung, Arab: …
Dinas PengadaanTentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan DaratDibentuk21 April 2020Negara IndonesiaCabang TNI Angkatan DaratBagian dariTentara Nasional IndonesiaJulukanDisadaadTokohKomandan saat iniBrigadir Jenderal TNI Hari Pahlwantoro Dinas Pengadaan Angkatan Darat, atau disingkat Disadaad adalah sebuah organisasi yang diresmikan oleh Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat Jenderal TNI Andika Perkasa pada tanggal 21 April 2020. Pembentukan Dinas Pengadaan Angkatan Darat ini sesuai dengan amanah Peraturan P…
Amir Reza Khadem Anggota Parlemen IranMasa jabatan28 Mei 2004 – 28 Mei 2008Daerah pemilihanTehran, Rey, Shemiranat dan EslamshahrMayoritas693.603[1] Informasi pribadiLahirAmir Reza Khadem Azghadi10 Februari 1970 (umur 54)Mashhad, Negara Kekaisaran IranPartai politikIndependenOrang tuaMohammad Khadem (ayah)KerabatRasoul Khadem (saudara)Alma materUniversitas Shahid BeheshtiKarier olahragaNegara IranOlahragaGulat Rekam medali Gulat gaya bebas putra Permainan Olimpiade 1…
Nama ini menggunakan kebiasaan penamaan Filipina; nama tengah atau nama keluarga pihak ibunya adalah Furagganan dan marga atau nama keluarga pihak ayahnya adalah Ponce Enrile. Enrile pada 2017 Juan Furagganan Ponce Enrile Sr. (Tagalog: [hwɐn ˈpɔnsɛ ɛnˈrilɛ]; nama lahir Juanito Furagganan; lahir 14 Februari 1924),[1] juga dikenal dengan inisial JPE, adalah seorang politikus dan pengacara asal Filipina, Ia menjabat sebagai Menteri Kehakiman dan Menteri Pertahanan pada rezi…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Jarak sosial – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Jarak sosial adalah pemisahan secara sosial yang dianggap ada dan terjadi antarindividu, antarkelompok, atau antara individu dan kelompok. …
Liga 3 Jawa Timur 2019Liga 3 Kapal Api Jawa TimurTanggal penyelenggaraan26 Juli 2019-14 Nov 2019Jumlah peserta40Juara bertahanPersiga TrenggalekJuaraPutra Sinar Giri FC(gelar ke-1)Tempat keduaPerseta TulungagungKualifikasi untukPutaran regional Jawa Liga 3 2019← 2018 2020 → Seluruh statistik akurat per 15 November 2019. Liga 3 2019 Jawa Timur (disebut juga Liga 3 Kapal Api Jawa Timur 2019 untuk alasan bersponsor) adalah musim kompetisi liga 3 zona provinsi Jawa Timur yang akan dimulai pada 2…
Dalam biologi perkembangan, diferensiasi sel atau pembedaan sel adalah proses ketika sel kurang khusus menjadi jenis sel yang lebih khusus, dengan struktur, fungsi dan sifat biokimia spesifik[1]. Diferensiasi terjadi beberapa kali selama perkembangan organisme multiselular ketika organisme berubah dari zigot sederhana menjadi suatu sistem jaringan dan jenis sel yang rumit. Diferensiasi adalah proses yang lazim pada makhluk dewasa: sel punca dewasa terpisah dan menciptakan sel anak yang t…
Untuk mantan Ketua MPR/DPR RI, lihat Daryatmo. Daryatmo Informasi pribadiLahir10 April 1955 (umur 68)Wonogiri, Jawa TengahPartai politikHanuraAlma materAkademi Angkatan Udara (1978)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan UdaraMasa dinas1978 – 2013Pangkat Marsekal Madya TNISatuanKorps PenerbangSunting kotak info • L • B Marsekal Madya TNI (Purn.) Daryatmo, S.IP. (lahir 10 April 1955) adalah seorang purnawirawan TNI Angkatan Udara lulusan Akademi Angka…
Nilai rata-rata Matematika siswa-siswi kelas 8 tahun 2011 Nilai rata-rata Sains siswa-siswi kelas 8 tahun 2011 Kecenderungan Pembelajaran Matematika dan Sains Internasional atau dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut juga dengan Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) adalah rangkaian penilaian internasional akan pengetahuan matematika dan sains dari para pelajar di berbagai belahan dunia. Pelajar-pelajar yang ikut serta berasal dari kumpulan sistem pendidikan yang beragam dalam hal …
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) كأس التشيك 2001–02 تفاصيل الموسم كأس التشيك البلد جمهورية التشيك المنظم اتحاد جمهورية التشيك لكرة الق…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Cipendawa, Pacet, Cianjur – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR CipendawaDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa BaratKabupatenCianjurKecamatanPacetKode Kemendagri32.03.10.2007 Luas10.066 haJuml…
Biografi ini tidak memiliki sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak dapat dipastikan. Bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus.Cari sumber: Anna Kournikova – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Anna KournikovaAnna KournikovaKebangsaan Ru…
Andina JulieAndina Julie pada tahun 2022LahirAndina Yulianti28 Juli 2001 (umur 22)[1]Kabupaten Muara Enim, Sumatera Selatan, IndonesiaAlmamaterUniversitas Indo Global MandiriPekerjaanModelArtisPenyanyipemegang gelar kontes kecantikanTinggi182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Pemenang kontes kecantikanGelar Miss Grand Indonesia 2022 2nd Runner-Up Miss Grand International 2022 AgensiYayasan Dunia Mega BintangWarna rambutHitamWarna mataCokelat tuaKompetisiutama Miss Grand Indonesia 2022(Te…
For other uses, see High Water (disambiguation). 2004 studio album by El-P featuring The Blue Series ContinuumHigh WaterStudio album by El-P featuring The Blue Series ContinuumReleasedMarch 9, 2004 (2004-03-09)GenreElectronic, jazz fusionLength44:06LabelThirsty EarProducerEl-PEl-P chronology Fantastic Damage(2002) High Water(2004) Collecting the Kid(2004) High Water is a collaborative studio album by El-P featuring The Blue Series Continuum. It was released through Thirsty…