Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet

The Most Excellent
The Baron of Carondelet
The Most Excellent The Baron of Carondelet
	Portrait by unknown artist
2nd Spanish Governor of San Salvador
	In office; 1789–1791
Monarch	Charles IV
Preceded by	José Ortiz de la Peña
Succeeded by	José Antonio María de Aguilar
7th Spanish Governor of Louisiana
	In office; 1791–1797
Monarch	Charles IV
Preceded by	Esteban Rodríguez Miró
Succeeded by	Manuel Gayoso de Lemos
27th President of; the Real Audiencia of Quito
	In office; 1799–1807
Monarch	Charles IV
Preceded by	Luis Antonio de Guzmán
Succeeded by	Manuel Ruiz Urriés de Castilla
Personal details
Born	Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist; July 29, 1748; Noyelles-sur-Selle, French Flanders, France
Died	August 10, 1807 (aged 59); Quito, Ecuador
Resting place	Cathedral of Quito
Spouse	Maria Concepción Castaños y Aragorri
Parent(s)	Jean Louis de Carondelet and Marie Angélique Bernarde de Rasoir
Military service
Allegiance	Viceroyalty of New Spain; Kingdom of Spain
Branch/service	Spanish Army
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War

Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist, 5th Baron of Carondelet, (born 1748, Noyelles-sur-Selle, Flanders – died 1807 Quito, Ecuador) was a Spanish administrator of partial Burgundian descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire. He was a Knight of Malta.^[1]

Biography

Youth and military career

Carondelet entered the service of the King of Spain in 1762, at age fifteen. By 1781, he commanded the IV Division, which fought at the Siege of Pensacola in 1781. Upon his return to Spain in 1787, he was attached to the Flandres Regimiento, with the rank of Infantry Colonel, and was received in the Order of Malta.^[1] During this period he married, against his own family's will, a woman from Aragón whose family was very influential at the royal court, Maria Concepción Castaños y Aragorri.^[2]

Governor of El Salvador (1789 – 1791)

Carondelet was named governor of El Salvador in 1789. Because the local indigenous population working in the indigo industry had declined greatly, Carondolet recruited Spanish laborers. Their descendants are among the blonde and fair-skinned people of today's Chalatenango Department.^[3]

Governor of Louisiana (1791 – 1797)

After his term as governor of El Salvador ended he was appointed governor of the Spanish colonies of Louisiana and West Florida, from 1791 to 1797. As French was his mother tongue, he was well regarded by the French Creole population. He established Louisiana's first newspaper, Le Moniteur. He made many improvements in the infrastructure of New Orleans, including the Carondelet Canal and the city's first street lighting. The street light tenders (attendants) served as watchmen and de facto municipal police.^[4]

About 1793, he granted land near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Black Bob Band of Hathawekela Shawnee.^[5]

U.S. expansion

Carondelet became concerned about westward U.S. expansion and was involved in the West Florida Controversy, which concerned the border between West Florida and the United States. He wanted to thwart the American policy of trying to secure unchallenged access to the Mississippi River, a goal which made Spanish colonial officials fear for the independence of Louisiana and New Spain. Working through an alliance with Native American tribes, Carondelet succeeded in thwarting westward American expansion for several years.

However, the U.S. finally gained ratification (1795) of Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo.^[3] It established intentions of friendship between the U.S. and Spain and defined the boundaries between the U.S. and the Spanish colonies. The treaty guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

Slave code

Upon taking up his post he had to deal with the Mina uprising in the vicinity of New Roads. Having assumed office just after the first stages of the Haitian Revolution, Carondelet was concerned that mistreatment of slaves might provoke additional rebellions in Louisiana; hence, he promptly introduced a slave code giving some protection to the slaves, which prescribed standards for quantity and quality of food and clothing.

This initiative created a certain amount of tension between him and the slaveholders. Carondelet responded by developing a stronger relationship with the slave and free-colored populations. He commissioned 29 free men of color in the militia and was proud of the three companies he formed with soldiers of African descent.^[3]

President of the Real Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador) (1799 – 1807)

After his term in Louisiana, Carondelet served as President of the Real Audiencia de Quito from 1799 through his death in 1807, supervising territory including present-day Ecuador, parts of Peru and Colombia. He was known as a moderate person who refrained from the arrogance and arbitrary behavior so often associated with functionaries. In 1803 he assisted the naturalists Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland during their visit to Quito. An educated man with progressive interests, he also helped the naturalist and geographer Francisco José de Caldas and the orator José Mejía Lequerica.^[2]

In 1803, Indian insurrections took place in Guamote, Columbe and Yaruquies. Carondolet awarded the Cacique de Licán, José Leandro Zepla y Oro, with a position as the Regidor del Cabildo de Riobamba in 1805, for his loyalty during these uprisings. Carondolet improved the road to Guayaquil and was a patron of the construction of the dome of the Cathedral of Quito. After his death on August 10, 1807, he was interred at the Cathedral.^[2]

Namesakes in North and South America

The Carondelet Canal in New Orleans was constructed on his orders and named for him. (It was filled in during the 1930s, with its turning basin the origin for the name of Basin Street.)
Carondelet Street in New Orleans
- Carondelet Farm in San Diego, California, named after the New Orleans Street
Carondelet Street in Mandeville, Louisiana
Carondelet, a neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri
Carondelet Drive in Kansas City, MO (named for the St. Joseph Medical Center (Kansas City, Missouri), originally founded by Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet from St. Louis, Missouri)
Fort Carondelet, a fort located on the Osage River in Vernon County, Missouri
Carondelet Presidential Palace in Quito, Ecuador
Carondelet Street in Dallas, TX. No longer exists. When the railroads entered Dallas after 1872, trackage rights in lower North Dallas affected several pioneer streets. Carondelet was chopped off and closed on its way to the river bank to permit the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad to build yards and station facilities. The stub end of the street from Market eastward then lost its name when it became a part of Ross Avenue.

References

^ ^a ^b American Council of Learned Societies (1999). Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark Christopher (eds.). American National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-520635-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel. "LUIS HÉCTOR GUISLAIN DE CARONDELET Y BARÓN DE CARONDELET". www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c "François Louis Hector de Carondelet". Noyelles sur Selle, Carondelet (in French). Retrieved 2013-02-18.
^ Powell, Lawrence N. (2012). The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780674059870.
^ "Hathawekela Indian Tribe History". Access Genealogy. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-17.

External links

Carondelet's Administration, 1792 to 1797 (Vol. III, Chapter 6 of Gayarré's History of Louisiana)

Political offices
Preceded by José Ortiz de la Peña	Spanish Governor of San Salvador 1789–1791	Succeeded by José Antonio María de Aguilar
Preceded by Esteban Rodríguez Miró	Spanish Governor of Louisiana 1791–1797	Succeeded by Manuel Gayoso de Lemos