Frederick William, Elector of Hesse

Frederick William
Frederick William
Elector of Hesse
Reign	1847–1866
Predecessor	William II
Successor	Electorate abolished
Born	20 August 1802; Hanau, Holy Roman Empire
Died	6 January 1875 (aged 72); Prague, Austria-Hungary
Spouse	Gertrude Falkenstein, Princess of Hanau
Issue	Princess Augusta of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Princess Alexandrine of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hanau and Hořowitz; Prince Moritz of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Prince Wilhelm of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Princess Maria of Hanau and Hořowitz; Prince Karl of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Prince Heinrich of Hanau and Hořowitz ; Prince Philipp of Hanau and Hořowitz
House	House of Hesse
Father	William II
Mother	Princess Augusta of Prussia

Frederick William I (20 August 1802 – 6 January 1875) was, between 1847 and 1866, the last Prince-elector of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel).

Early life

He was born at Hanau on 20 August 1802. He was the son of Prince William, later William II, Elector of Hesse, and Princess Augusta of Prussia, daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia. During the French occupation of Hesse-Kassel from 1806 to 1813, he stayed with his mother in Berlin. Reportedly, he had a poor relationship with his father because of his father's affair with Emilie Ortlöpp.

Frederick was educated at Marburg and Leipzig.

Career

On 30 September 1831, he became co-regent and, in 1847, Prince-elector.^[1] Under influence of his minister Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich Hassenpflug, he conducted a reactionary policy, which made him very unpopular. He was forced to give in to the demands of the March Revolution, but reinstated Hassenpflug in 1850 after the revolution had been crushed.

In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, he chose the side of Austria. His capital, Kassel, was occupied by Prussia, and, as a consequence of his refusal to negotiate,^[1] he was transferred as a prisoner to Stettin on 23 June. Hessen-Kassel was annexed by Prussia in the same year.

Frederick William never accepted the Prussian dominance over his territory. Even after the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871, he tried to regain his throne.

Personal life

Coat of arms of the House of Hanau-Schaumburg, Frederick William's morganatic descendants

On 26 June 1831 Frederick William was morganatically married to Gertrude Falkenstein Lehmann (1803–1882). She had been born in Bonn and was a daughter of apothecary Johann Gottfried Falkenstein and his wife, Magdalena Schulz. When Frederick William met Gertrude, she was the wife of Lt Karl Michael Lehmann (married in 1822) and the mother of two sons.^[2] Gertrude and her husband were divorced in 1830/31, but already by this time, some children had been born to her and Frederick William. They were married in 1831, after which they had further children.

In 1831, Frederick William's father William II made Gertrude Her Illustrious Highness Countess of Schaumburg. In 1853, she was made Princess of Hanau and Horowitz. All of the nine children that she bore to Frederick William, whether born before or after their marriage, were made Princes of Hanau, and granted the style of Serene Highness in 1862,^[3] including:^[4]

Augusta Marie Gertrude (1829–1887), who married Ferdinand Maximilian III, Prince of Isenburg-Büdingen (1824–1903) in Wächtersbach in 1849.^[3]
Alexandrine (1830–1871), who married Prince Felix zu Hohenlohe-Oehringen (1818–1900), youngest son of August, Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen, in 1851.^[3]
Friedrich Wilhelm (1832–1889), who married, morganatically, twice Auguste Birnbaum in 1856 and, in 1875, Ludowika Gloede; their children were Counts von Schaumburg, but post-1918 descendants bear the title Prince and Princess von Hanau.^[4]
Moritz (1834–1889), who married, morganatically, Anne von Lossberg in 1875; no children.^[3]
Wilhelm (1836–1902), who married Princess Elisabeth of Schaumburg-Lippe, daughter of George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, in 1868; they divorced in 1870 and he married Countess Elisabeth of Lippe-Weissenfeld (1868–1952) in 1890; neither marriage produced children.^[3]
Maria (1839–1917), who married Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1831–1890) in 1857. They divorced in 1872 and Maria and her children were granted the titles HSH Prince/ss of Ardeck after her divorce.^[4]
Karl (1840–1905), who married Countess Hermine Grote in 1882; they did not have children.^[3]
Heinrich (1842–1917), who married, morganatically, Martha Riegel.^[3]
Philipp (1844–1914), who married, morganatically, Albertine Hubatschek-Stauber; their children bear the title Count and Countess von Schaumburg.^[4]

He died at Prague in 1875, where his widow also died on 9 July 1882. Because of his morganatic marriage, his sons were excluded from succession. He was succeeded, as titular Prince-elector of Hesse, by Prince Frederick William of Hesse, from the house of Hesse-Rumpenheim.^[3]

Honours

Grand Cross of the House Order of the Golden Lion^[5]
18 June 1821: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle^[6]
1837: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen^[7]
April 1844: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the First-called
15 February 1846: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold^[8]
29 January 1848: Knight of the Order of the Elephant^[9]
13 August 1865: Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown

Ancestry

Ancestors of Frederick William, Elector of Hesse

8. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

4. William I, Elector of Hesse

9. Princess Mary of Great Britain

2. William II, Elector of Hesse

10. Frederick V of Denmark

5. Princess Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark

11. Louise of Great Britain

1. Frederick William, Elector of Hesse

12. Prince Augustus William of Prussia

6. Frederick William II of Prussia

13. Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg

3. Princess Augusta of Prussia

14. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

7. Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

15. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken

Notes and references

^ ^a ^b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Frederick William I. (Hesse)" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
^ "Austro-Hungarian Army – Otto Freiherr von Scholley".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. p. 757. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1942), pages 431–432
^ Hessen-Kassel (1846). Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1846. Waisenhaus. p. 11.
^ Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm IV. ernannte Ritter" p. 18
^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ferdinand Veldekens (1858). Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer. lelong. p. 199.
^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1875) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1875 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1875] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 17 December 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.

Regnal titles
Frederick William, Elector of Hesse House of Hesse-Kassel Cadet branch of the House of Hesse Born: 20 August 1802 Died: 6 January 1875
Preceded by William II	Elector of Hesse 1847–1866	Monarchy abolished Electorate annexed by Prussia
Political offices
Preceded by William II as Elector of Hesse	Head of State of Hesse-Kassel 1847–1866	Succeeded by William I of Prussia as German Emperor
Titles in pretence
Loss of title Electorate annexed to Prussia	— TITULAR — Elector of Hesse 1866–1875	Succeeded by Frederick William II

[NIE-1] Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Frederick William I. (Hesse)" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

[2] "Austro-Hungarian Army – Otto Freiherr von Scholley".

[Harrison1914-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. p. 757. Retrieved 28 January 2022.

[hanau-4] Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1942), pages 431–432

[Hessen-Kassel1846-5] Hessen-Kassel (1846). Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1846. Waisenhaus. p. 11.

[6] Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm IV. ernannte Ritter" p. 18

[7] "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[Veldekens1858-8] Ferdinand Veldekens (1858). Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer. lelong. p. 199.

[9] Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1875) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1875 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1875] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 17 December 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.

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Frederick William, Elector of Hesse

Early life

Career

Personal life

Honours

Ancestry

Notes and references

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