Fujimorism

Fujimorism

Fujimorismo
Fujimorism Fujimorismo
	Alberto Fujimori (left) and his daughter Keiko Fujimori (right) are the leading exponents of Fujimorism.
Leader	Keiko Fujimori; Martha Chavez; Martha Hildebrandt; Martha Moyano; Luisa Maria Cuculiza
Founder	Alberto Fujimori
Founded	1989; 35 years ago
Membership	Popular Force; Peru Secure Homeland;
Ideology	Conservatism (Peruvian); Right-wing populism; Neoliberalism; Anti-communism;
Political position	Right-wing
Colours	Orange Black
Seats in the Congress	24 / 130
Governorships	0 / 25
Party flag
	Politics of Peru; Political parties; Elections;

Fujimorism (Spanish: Fujimorismo, Japanese: フジモリ主義, Hepburn: Fujimorishugi) is the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family, especially Keiko Fujimori. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for neoliberal economics, opposition to communism, and socially and culturally conservative stances such as opposition to LGBT rights and school curriculums including gender equality or sex education.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Opponents of Fujimorism are known as anti-Fujimorists.

Since Alberto Fujimori's election, Fujimorism has continued to maintain influence throughout Peru's institutions with the assistance of the 1993 constitution, its neoliberal policies and the support of extractivism.^[10]^[11] Political involvement was largely deactivated until 2011 when it was brought back to the forefront by his children, Keiko and Kenji, with Keiko's party Popular Force controlling much of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 2016 until 2020 through a system that was constitutionally drafted by her father.^[12] Since then, Fujimorism has obtained control of the majority of Peru's governing bodies.^[13]

History

1990s

The lack of a stable political-party system in Peru as well as in other countries of Latin America has led many times to the emergence in the political arena of strong personalities without overt ideological affiliations.^[14] In Peru, the "surprise" 1990 election of Fujimori to the office of the President. Fujimori led the 1992 Peruvian self-coup, ostensibly directed against domestic terrorists. Following the 1992 crisis, Fujimori would broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents.^[15] Using the terruqueo, a fearmongering tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a cult of personality by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru.^[15] Political scientist Daniel Encinas stated that the terruqueo would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the tactic as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence".^[16]^[17]

In 1993, the Constitution of Peru was rewritten by Fujimori and his supporters and is currently used today. This constitution would later come to benefit Alberto Fujimori's children.^[12]

2000s

Fujimori took refuge in Japan when faced with charges of corruption in 2000. On arriving in Japan, he attempted to resign his presidency via fax, but his resignation was rejected by the Congress of the Republic, which preferred to remove him from office by the process of impeachment. Fujimori maintained a self-imposed exile until he was arrested while visiting Chile in November 2005.^[18] He was extradited to face criminal charges in Peru in September 2007.^[19] In December 2007, Fujimori was convicted of ordering an illegal search and seizure, and was sentenced to six years in prison.^[20]^[21]^[22] The Supreme Court upheld the decision upon his appeal.^[23] In April 2009, Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.

2010s

Following Fujimori's fall from power, his self-exile to Japan, his extradition back to Peru and his subsequent trial and imprisonment, there emerged political parties that continued to proclaim to follow the legacy of Alberto Fujimori. The most prominent of these groups that formed in the aftermath of Alberto's downfall is Popular Force (Fuerza Popular), a political party that was created and is led by the former president's daughter Keiko Fujimori, a presidential candidate in 2011 and again in 2016.

Kenji and Keiko Fujimori

In March 2017, Popular Force blocked an investigation into alleged sexual abuse within the Catholic church using the justification that it was only intended as an attack on religion.^[8]

As a result of the 2016 Peruvian general election, Keiko Fujimori lost the presidential race, though her Popular Force party gained control of Peru's congress while economist Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the presidency.^[12] Shortly after the election, Fujimorist congress immediately began to politically attack President Kuczynski, beginning two impeachment proceedings against the president; a failed attempt in 2017 and another attempt in 2018.^[12]

Shortly after the first impeachment vote failed, President Kuczynski pardoned Alberto Fujimori, with Kuczynski, citing Fujimori's health and age as the main reason for his pardoning.^[24] Days before the second vote was to occur, Kenji Fujimori – who was then still part of his sister's party Popular Force – was involved in the Kenjivideos scandal where he was seen attempting to buy the votes in favor of President Kuczynski to avoid the president's impeachment.^[25]^[26]^[27] As a result of the scandal, President Kuczynski resigned the presidency.

Following this series of events, First Vice President Martín Vizcarra was sworn into the presidency by the Fujimorist-led congress. During this ceremony, some Peruvians took to the streets to protest against the government, calling for the removal of all politicians.^[28] Others have stated that the attacks against President Kuczynski was a conspiracy of the Fujimorists to gain control of Peru's political system once more. Soon after taking office, President Vizcarra made attempts to remove corruption within Peru, proposing a national referendum effort surrounding the country's legislative branch and election funding 28 July 2018.^[29]^[30] On 3 October 2018, Alberto Fujimori's pardon was overturned by a Peruvian court^[31] and a week later on 10 October 2018, Keiko Fujimori was detained by police as part of an investigation surrounding the Odebrecht scandal and money laundering allegations that involved her 2011 presidential campaign.^[32] On 23 January 2019, Alberto Fujimori was sent back to prison to complete his sentence^[33] with his pardon formally being annulled three weeks later on 13 February 2019.^[34]

During their majority in congress, Fujimorists "earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation's rampant corruption" according to the Associated Press.^[35]

2020s

During the 2021 Peruvian general election, the right-wing elite, business groups and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborated with the campaign of Keiko Fujimori by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents.^[36]^[37]^[38] Media organizations in Peru would use the terruqueo along with fake news in an effort to support Fujimori.^[39] Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "generally backed Fujimori".^[40] After Pedro Castillo was elected to the presidency, Fujimorists began to manipulate laws to prevent the dissolution of Congress and to solidify governing power within the legislature^[41] in which they succeeded in 2023, while Castillo himself was removed from Presidency in December 2022 after his self-coup attempt.

Characteristics

Ideology

Fujimorism is characterized by its social conservatism and has been described as having traits of authoritarianism.^[2]^[42] It is also known for strong opposition to left-wing and far-left groups.^[43]^[44] The principal foundations of the regime were staunch anti-communism, forceful anti-terrorist actions, pro-free market policies and disregard for political institutions.^[45] In terms of the decision-making process, a logic of closed and isolated decision-making at the top became the major characteristic of Fujimori governance.^[46] Fujimorism is considered neoliberal economically as it minimized the role of the state functions through privatizations of public companies and by signing contracts with transnational companies to support foreign investment in large sectors.^[47] Peruvian sociologist Aníbal Quijano has described Fujimorism to have "fascistic" traits, though he distinguishes it from fascism due to its absence of a nationalist character, the mythology which it sways multitudes and the mass mobilization usually seen in mass movements.^[48]

Parties and alliances

Self-proclaimed Fujimorist parties and electoral coalitions include Cambio 90, New Majority, Sí Cumple, Peru 2000, Alliance for the Future (2006–2010), Popular Force (since 2010), and Peru Secure Homeland (since 2013). Beginning in the late 2010s, the far-right neo-fascist group La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia, with links to Popular Renewal, participated in protests to support Fujimorist causes.^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]

Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force has also allied with the conservative parties Advance Country of Hernando de Soto and Popular Renewal of Rafael López Aliaga, with the parties signing the Madrid Charter, an anti-leftist manifesto promoted by the right-wing Spanish party Vox.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56] Fujimorists have also allied themselves with leftist parties such as Free Peru, with the latter approaching Popular Force due to its power within governing institutions.^[41]

Notes

^ Meléndez 2019, p. 5-6.
^ ^a ^b Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Fujimorism was an unprecedented authoritarian political regime
^ "'Con mis hijos no te metas' asegura tener apoyo de bancada fujimorista en el Congreso". Exitosa. March 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ "Fujimorismo respaldó polémica movilización en contra del nuevo currículo escolar". La República. March 4, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ Tiburcio, Graciela (March 2, 2018). "Julio Rosas condecoró al colectivo Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas en el Congreso". Wayka.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ ""¿Puede surgir un liderazgo conservador a la derecha de Keiko?"". El Comercio. March 11, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ Fonseca, Juan (May 4, 2016). "Esta es la verdadera historia de la reunión de Keiko Fujimori con los líderes evangélicos ultraconservadores". Utero.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Caso Sodalicio: Congreso, con votos del fujimorismo, evita investigar abusos". La República. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ "Fujimorismo insiste en no investigar al Sodalicio". La República. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
^ "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
^ Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rochabrún, Marcelo; Zarate, Andrea (2018-03-22). "A Low-Profile Engineer Is Set to Take Power in Peru". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
^ "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
^ Mainwaring (2006).
^ ^a ^b Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
^ Feline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (13 January 2021). ""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
^ "Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-18.
^ Conditional release for Fujimori, BBC News, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
^ Extradited Fujimori back in Peru 22 September 2007.
^ Fujimori jailed for abusing power, BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
^ Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. Resolution 17-2008 Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search, New York Times, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
^ Emery, Alex (15 April 2008). "Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
^ "UPDATE 6-Peru president pardons ex-leader Fujimori; foes take to streets". Msn.com. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "'Kenjivideos' y compra de votos: Funcionario explica cuál es el "negocio" de los congresistas (VIDEO)" (in Spanish). Diario Correo. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Rochabrún, Marcelo; Casey, Nicholas (21 March 2018). "Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal". The New York Times. Lima, Peru. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Collyns, Dan (23 March 2018). "Martín Vizcarra sworn in as Peru's new president as embattled Kuczynski exits". The Guardian. Lima. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ "Martin Vizcarra Sworn In As Peru's New President". NPR. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018). "Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
^ Taj, Mitra. "Peru president proposes referendum on political, judicial reform". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
^ "Peru court reverses ex-leader's pardon". BBC News. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
^ Collyns, Dan (2018-10-10). "Peru opposition leader Keiko Fujimori detained over 'money laundering'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
^ "Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison". Reuters. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
^ "Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail". The West Australian. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ "Dark days for Peru's political dynasty after congress closes". Associated Press. 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
^ Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.
^ "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.
^ Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936.
^ Aquino, Marco (28 June 2021). "Peru's Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
^ Martínez, José Honorio (15 June 2009). "Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista". Historia Actual Online. 9.
^ "Santiago Fujimori: "izquierda caviar" manipula juicios contra mi familia - Panamericana TV". Archived from the original on 2012-09-08.
^ Ghersi, Enrique (August 2007). "El gobierno de Fujimori fue liberal". Perú Económico. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.
^ Lawson (2010), pp. 185–190.
^ Lawson (2010), p. 186.
^ Diez Canseco, Javier (2002). Balance de la inversión privada y privatización, 1990-2001 : objetivos/resultados. Lima, Peru: Congreso del Perú. ISBN 978-9972890086. OCLC 52895332.
^ Quijano, Aníbal (1995). "Fujimorism and Peru". Socialism and Democracy. 9 (2): 45–63. doi:10.1080/08854309508428165.
^ "'La Pestilencia' por dentro". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ PERU21, NOTICIAS (2021-07-18). "La Resistencia: la radiografía de un grupo violento | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-05-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Mitrovic, Mijail (2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936. The deaths of the two young men led to a dispute over public space that prefigured the following months: the memorials erected spontaneously by citizens were repeatedly razed to the ground by the pro-Fujimori group La Resistencia, a far-right shock troop that months later would boast of shouting "no to communism" with the fascist gesture of the raised right arm during the second round between Keiko Fujimori (Fuerza Popular) and Pedro Castillo (Perú Libre).
^ Drinot, Paulo (17 March 2022). "Peruvian Stasis". New Left Review. Retrieved 21 May 2023. neofascist groups like La Resistencia, with close ties to the fujimorista movement, have sought to intimidate government ministers, independent journalists and feminist activists.
^ "Vox estrecha lazos con derecha peruana y suma firmas a su pacto anticomunista". EFE (in Spanish). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
^ Teruggi, Marco (20 October 2021). "La derecha dura española descubrió América | El grupo Vox busca crear una internacional en la "iberoesfera"". Página 12. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
^ "Poderes no santos: alianzas de ultraderecha en Latinoamérica". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
^ Cabral, Ernesto (2021-01-12). "Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-12-07.

References

Meléndez, Carlos (2019). "La derecha que se bifurca. Las vertientes populista-conservadora y tecnocrática-liberal en Perú post-2000". Colombia Internacional (99): 3–27. doi:10.7440/colombiaint99.2019.01.
Mainwaring, Scott & Ana Maria Bejarano. The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes; Stanford University Press; 2006; ISBN 978-0804752787
Lawson, Kay & Jorge Lanzaro. Political Parties and Democracy: Volume I: The Americas; Praeger; 2010; ISBN 978-0313383144
"Profile: Alberto Fujimori", BBC News, 8 December 2011
"Daughter of Peru's disgraced Fujimori leads presidential poll", Yahoo News, 10 February 2016

[FOOTNOTEMeléndez20195-6-1] Meléndez 2019, p. 5-6.

[PROFE12-2] Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Fujimorism was an unprecedented authoritarian political regime

[3] "'Con mis hijos no te metas' asegura tener apoyo de bancada fujimorista en el Congreso". Exitosa. March 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[4] "Fujimorismo respaldó polémica movilización en contra del nuevo currículo escolar". La República. March 4, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[5] Tiburcio, Graciela (March 2, 2018). "Julio Rosas condecoró al colectivo Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas en el Congreso". Wayka.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[6] ""¿Puede surgir un liderazgo conservador a la derecha de Keiko?"". El Comercio. March 11, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[7] Fonseca, Juan (May 4, 2016). "Esta es la verdadera historia de la reunión de Keiko Fujimori con los líderes evangélicos ultraconservadores". Utero.pe. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[blocked-investigation-8] "Caso Sodalicio: Congreso, con votos del fujimorismo, evita investigar abusos". La República. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[9] "Fujimorismo insiste en no investigar al Sodalicio". La República. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

[10] "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.

[:22-11] Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social

[:0-12] Rochabrún, Marcelo; Zarate, Andrea (2018-03-22). "A Low-Profile Engineer Is Set to Take Power in Peru". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-25.

[13] "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.

[14] Mainwaring (2006).

[:23-15] Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A TOTALIDADE NEOLIBERAL-FUJIMORISTA: ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO E COLONIALIDADE NO PERU CONTEMPORÂNEO". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. S2CID 251877338. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social

[:03-16] Feline Freier, Luisa; Castillo Jara, Soledad (13 January 2021). ""Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2021-11-18.

[:13-17] "Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-18.

[18] Conditional release for Fujimori, BBC News, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.

[19] Extradited Fujimori back in Peru 22 September 2007.

[20] Fujimori jailed for abusing power, BBC News, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.

[21] Corte Suprema de la República. 10 December 2008. Resolution 17-2008 Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[DecNYT-22] Peru's Ex-President Gets 6 Years for Illicit Search, New York Times, 12 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.

[23] Emery, Alex (15 April 2008). "Peru Supreme Court Upholds Former President's Prison Sentence". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 April 2009.

[24] "UPDATE 6-Peru president pardons ex-leader Fujimori; foes take to streets". Msn.com. Retrieved 2 January 2018.

[25] "'Kenjivideos' y compra de votos: Funcionario explica cuál es el "negocio" de los congresistas (VIDEO)" (in Spanish). Diario Correo. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

[nytimes-26] Rochabrún, Marcelo; Casey, Nicholas (21 March 2018). "Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal". The New York Times. Lima, Peru. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

[guardian-27] Collyns, Dan (23 March 2018). "Martín Vizcarra sworn in as Peru's new president as embattled Kuczynski exits". The Guardian. Lima. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

[SWORNnpr-28] "Martin Vizcarra Sworn In As Peru's New President". NPR. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.

[:3-29] Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018). "Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-17.

[30] Taj, Mitra. "Peru president proposes referendum on political, judicial reform". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-08-17.

[:02-31] "Peru court reverses ex-leader's pardon". BBC News. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-04.

[:1-32] Collyns, Dan (2018-10-10). "Peru opposition leader Keiko Fujimori detained over 'money laundering'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-10.

[:12-33] "Peru's Fujimori, pardon annulled, forced back to prison". Reuters. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.

[:2-34] "Peru Supreme Court keeps Fujimori in jail". The West Australian. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

[35] "Dark days for Peru's political dynasty after congress closes". Associated Press. 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2019-10-07.

[:21-36] Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.

[:43-37] "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

[FOOTNOTEAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone202164–65-38] Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.

[:32-39] Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936.

[:19-40] Aquino, Marco (28 June 2021). "Peru's Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

[:4-41] "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.

[42] Martínez, José Honorio (15 June 2009). "Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista". Historia Actual Online. 9.

[43] "Santiago Fujimori: "izquierda caviar" manipula juicios contra mi familia - Panamericana TV". Archived from the original on 2012-09-08.

[44] Ghersi, Enrique (August 2007). "El gobierno de Fujimori fue liberal". Perú Económico. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.

[45] Lawson (2010), pp. 185–190.

[46] Lawson (2010), p. 186.

[47] Diez Canseco, Javier (2002). Balance de la inversión privada y privatización, 1990-2001 : objetivos/resultados. Lima, Peru: Congreso del Perú. ISBN 978-9972890086. OCLC 52895332.

[48] Quijano, Aníbal (1995). "Fujimorism and Peru". Socialism and Democracy. 9 (2): 45–63. doi:10.1080/08854309508428165.

[:14-49] "'La Pestilencia' por dentro". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

[:52-50] PERU21, NOTICIAS (2021-07-18). "La Resistencia: la radiografía de un grupo violento | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-05-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[:24-51] Mitrovic, Mijail (2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936. The deaths of the two young men led to a dispute over public space that prefigured the following months: the memorials erected spontaneously by citizens were repeatedly razed to the ground by the pro-Fujimori group La Resistencia, a far-right shock troop that months later would boast of shouting "no to communism" with the fascist gesture of the raised right arm during the second round between Keiko Fujimori (Fuerza Popular) and Pedro Castillo (Perú Libre).

[52] Drinot, Paulo (17 March 2022). "Peruvian Stasis". New Left Review. Retrieved 21 May 2023. neofascist groups like La Resistencia, with close ties to the fujimorista movement, have sought to intimidate government ministers, independent journalists and feminist activists.

[:5-53] "Vox estrecha lazos con derecha peruana y suma firmas a su pacto anticomunista". EFE (in Spanish). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-07.

[:7-54] Teruggi, Marco (20 October 2021). "La derecha dura española descubrió América | El grupo Vox busca crear una internacional en la "iberoesfera"". Página 12. Retrieved 2021-12-07.

[55] "Poderes no santos: alianzas de ultraderecha en Latinoamérica". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-12-07.

[56] Cabral, Ernesto (2021-01-12). "Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-12-07.

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Fujimorism

History

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Characteristics

Ideology

Parties and alliances

See also

Notes

References

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