GRU (Soviet Union)

Main Intelligence Directorate
Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije; ГРУ СССР; Главное разведывательное управление
Agency overview
Formed	5 November 1918; as Registration Agency; GRU since 1942
Preceding agencies	Fifth Department of the Russian Imperial Chief of Staff; Expedition for Secret Affairs;
Dissolved	7 May 1992
Superseding agency	GRU (Russian Federation);
Jurisdiction	Red Army (1918–1946); Soviet Army (1946–1991);
Headquarters	Moscow
Employees	Classified
Annual budget	Classified
Parent agency	Ministry of Defense
Child agencies	Osnaz; Spetsnaz GRU;

Main Intelligence Directorate (Russian: Главное разведывательное управление, romanized: Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye, IPA: [ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə]), abbreviated GRU (Russian: ГРУ, IPA: [ɡɨ̞‿rɨ̞‿ˈu], [gru]), was the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces until 1991. For a few months it was also the foreign military intelligence agency of the newly established Russian Federation until 7 May 1992 when it was dissolved and the Russian GRU took over its activities.

History

The GRU's first predecessor in Russia formed on October 21, 1918 by secret order under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky (then the civilian leader of the Red Army), signed by Jukums Vācietis, the first commander-in-chief of the Red Army (RKKA), and by Ephraim Sklyansky, deputy to Trotsky;^[1] it was originally known as the Registration Directorate (Registrupravlenie, or RU). Semyon Aralov was its first head. In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes:

As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff (at the time called the Red Army Field Staff – Polevoi Shtab). Administratively, it was the Third Department of the Field Staff's Operations Directorate. In July 1920, the RU was made the second of four main departments in the Operations Directorate. Until 1921, it was usually called the Registrupr (Registration Department). That year, following the Soviet–Polish War, it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter known as the Razvedupr. This probably resulted from its new primary peacetime responsibilities as the main source of foreign intelligence for the Soviet leadership. As part of a major re-organization of the Red Army, sometime in 1925 or 1926 the RU (then Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenye) became the Fourth (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff, and was thereafter also known simply as the "Fourth Department." Throughout most of the interwar period, the men and women who worked for Red Army Intelligence called it either the Fourth Department, the Intelligence Service, the Razvedupr, or the RU. […] As a result of the re-organization [in 1926], carried out in part to break up Trotsky's hold on the army, the Fourth Department seems to have been placed directly under the control of the State Defense Council (Gosudarstvennaia komissiia oborony, or GKO), the successor of the RVSR. Thereafter its analysis and reports went directly to the GKO and the Politburo, apparently even bypassing the Red Army Staff.^[2]

The first head of the 4th Directorate was Yan Karlovich Berzin, a Latvian Communist and former member of the Cheka, who served until 1935 and again in 1937. He was arrested in May 1938 and subsequently murdered in July 1938 during the so-called "Latvian Operation" of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.

The GRU in its modern form was created by Stalin in February 1942, less than a year after the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany. From April 1943 the GRU handled human intelligence exclusively outside the USSR.^[3]^[4]

The GRU had the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union. It operated rezidenturas (residencies) all over the world, along with the signals intelligence (SIGINT) station in Lourdes, Cuba, and throughout the Soviet-bloc countries.

The GRU was known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "internal intelligence organizations", such as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB), State Political Directorate (GPU), MGB, OGPU, NKVD, NKGB, KGB and the First Chief Directorate (PGU). At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (the predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations.

Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919. That worsened a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage. The rivalry became even more intense than that between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency in the US.

The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era, but documents concerning it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, Georges Agabekov, and described in detail in the 1939 autobiography of Walter Krivitsky (I Was Stalin's Agent), who was the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect.^[5] It became widely known in Russia, and in the West outside the narrow confines of the intelligence community, during perestroika, in part thanks to the writings of "Viktor Suvorov" (Vladimir Rezun), a GRU officer who defected to Great Britain in 1978 and wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services. According to Suvorov, even the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when entering the GRU headquarters, needed to go through a security screening. In Aquarium Suvorov alleges that during his training and service he was often reminded that exiting the GRU (retiring) was only possible through "The Smoke Stack". This was a GRU reference to a training film shown to him, in which he alleges he watched a condemned agent being burned alive in a furnace.,^[6]^{[page needed]}

Activities

During the Cold War, the Sixth Directorate was responsible for monitoring Intelsat communication satellites traffic.^[7]

GRU Sixth Directorate officers reportedly visited North Korea following the capture (January 1968) of the USS Pueblo, inspecting the vessel and receiving some of the captured equipment.^[8]

Heads

No.	Head	Term	Leader(s) served under
1	Semyon Aralov	November 1918 – July 1919	Vladimir Lenin
2	Sergei Gusev	July 1919 – January 1920
3	Georgy Pyatakov	January 1920 – February 1920
4	Voldemar Aussem	February 1920 – August 1920
5	Yan Lentsman	August 1920 – April 1921
6	Arvid Zeybot	April 1921 – March 1924
6	Arvid Zeybot	April 1921 – March 1924	Joseph Stalin
7	Yan Karlovich Berzin	1924 – April 1935
8	Semyon Uritsky	April 1935 – July 1937
(7)	Yan Karlovich Berzin	July 1937 – August 1937
9	Alexander Nikonov	August 1937 – August 1937
10	Semyon Gendin	September 1937 – October 1938
11	Alexander Orlov	October 1938 – April 1939
12	Ivan Proskurov	April 1939 – July 1940
13	Filipp Golikov	July 1940 – October 1941
14	Alexei Panfilov	October 1941 – November 1942
15	Ivan Ilyichev	November 1942 – June 1945
16	Fyodor Kuznetsov	June 1945 – November 1947
17	Nikolai Trusov	September 1947 – January 1949
18	Matvei Zakharov	January 1949 – June 1952
19	Mikhail Shalin	June 1952 – August 1956
19	Mikhail Shalin	June 1952 – August 1956	Nikita Khrushchev
20	Sergei Shtemenko	August 1956 – October 1957
(19)	Mikhail Shalin	October 1957 – December 1958
21	Ivan Serov	December 1958 – February 1963
21	Ivan Serov	March 1963 – July 1987
22	Pyotr Ivashutin		Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov Konstantin Chernenko
	Pyotr Ivashutin		Mikhail Gorbachev
23	Vladlen Mikhailov [ru]	July 1987 – October 1991	Mikhail Gorbachev

Personnel

Defectors

Whittaker Chambers, an American journalist and ex-GRU agent who broke with Communism in 1938^[9]
Ismail Akhmedov, a Lieutenant-Colonel of the GRU, who defected to Turkey in 1942.^[10] At the end of World War II, the Turks revealed Akhmedov to the Allies, and in 1948 he was interviewed by the first secretary at the British Consulate in Istanbul, in reality the local station chief of the SIS and a Soviet mole, Kim Philby.^[11]
Iavor Entchev, a communist member of GRU; defected to United States during the Cold War.
Igor Gouzenko, a GRU cipher clerk who defected to Canada in 1945.
Walter Krivitsky, a GRU defector who predicted that Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler would conclude a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, found dead in 1941.
Stanislav Lunev, a GRU intelligence officer who defected to U.S. authorities in 1992.
Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU officer who played an important role during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Dmitri Polyakov, a high-ranking GRU officer who volunteered to spy for the FBI in 1962.
Juliet Poyntz, an American communist and founding member of the Communist Party of the United States, allegedly kidnapped and killed in New York in 1937 by NKVD agents for an attempt to defect.
Ignace Reiss, a GRU defector who sent a letter of defection to Stalin in July 1937, found dead in September 1937.
Viktor Suvorov (pseudonym of Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun), a GRU officer who defected to the SIS with his wife (also a GRU officer) in Geneva in 1978.
Kaarlo Tupmi, an illegal GRU officer turned double agent by the FBI in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1959.

Agents

Stig Bergling
Joseph Milton Bernstein
Eugene Franklin Coleman
Desmond Patrick Costello (alleged)^[12]
Sviatoslav Konstantinovich Mel'nikov
Klaus Fuchs
Harold Glasser
Tanner Greimann
Rudolf Herrnstadt
Arvid Jacobson
Gerhard Kegel
Mary Jane Keeney and Philip Keeney
Tadeusz Kobylański
George Koval, a scientist who stole atomic secrets from the Manhattan Project.
Ursula Kuczynski
Stefan Litauer
Seán MacBride
Robert Osman
Ward Pigman
Adam Priess
Alexander Radó
Vincent Reno
Elie Renous
William Spiegel
Lydia Stahl
Irving Charles Velson, Brooklyn Navy Yard; American Labor Party candidate for New York State Senate
Stig Wennerström

"Illegals"

Naval agents

Jack Fahy (Naval GRU), Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs; Board of Economic Warfare; United States Department of the Interior
Edna Patterson Naval GRU, served in US August 1943 to 1956
Dieter Gerhardt, a commodore who served in South African Navy from 1962 to 1983 and spied for the Soviets for 20 years

References

^ Earl F. Ziemke, Russian Review 60(2001): 130.
^ Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p. 7.
^ "Военная разведка: 1941–1945" [Military intelligence: 1941–1945]. hrono.ru.
^ Главное разведывательное управление Генштаба ВС России. Справка. (tr. "Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Reference") RIA Novosti, 19 March 2009.
^ Leonard, Secret Soldiers of the Revolution, p.xiv.
^ Aquarium (Аквариум), 1985, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11545-0
^ "The Technology Acquisition Effort of the Soviet Intelligence Services" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. June 18, 1982. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2016.
^ Newton, Robert E. (1992). "The Capture of the USS Pueblo and Its Effect on SIGINT Operations" (PDF). National Security Archive. p. 177. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2016. Other collateral sources reported that a group of Soviet military intelligence officers from the Sixth Directorate (responsible for Soviet SIGINT matters) of the Chief Intelligence Directorate (GRU) visited North Korea shortly after the seizure of the ship and inspected the vessel. Later, the North Koreans were reported to have turned over some of the captured equipment to the GRU. Apparently, some of this equipment was taken to Soviet radio plants in Kharkov, Voronezh, and Gorkij for examination by technicians.
^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952), Witness, New York: Random House, p. 799, ISBN 9780895269157, LCCN 52005149
^ Richard J. Aldrich, Michael F. Hopkins, Intelligence, Defence and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World, Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2013, p. 211
^ Nigel West, Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence, Scarecrow Press, 2008, p. 6
^ Hunt, Graeme. "Spies and Revolutionaries – A History of New Zealand subversion" (Auckland: Reed, 2009), p.171

Raymond W. Leonard. Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918–1933. Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30990-6