Ghost knifefish

Ghost knifefishes
	Black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Gymnotiformes
Suborder:	Sternopygoidei
Superfamily:	Apteronotoidea
Family:	Apteronotidae; D. S. Jordan, 1923

The ghost knifefishes are a family, Apteronotidae, of ray-finned fishes in the order Gymnotiformes. These fish are native to Panama and South America.^[1] They inhabit a wide range of freshwater habitats, but more than half the species in the family are found deep in rivers (typically deeper than 5 m or 16 ft) where there is little or no light.

The Apteronotidae should not be confused with the unrelated Notopteridae, which are also commonly called knifefishes.

They are distinguished from other gymnotiform fishes by the presence of a caudal fin (all other families lack a caudal fin) as well as a fleshy dorsal organ represented by a longitudinal strip along the dorsal midline.^[1] They vary greatly in size, ranging from about 15 cm (6 in) in total length in the smallest species to 60 cm (2 ft) in the largest.^[2] It has been claimed that Apteronotus magdalenensis is up to 130 cm (4.3 ft),^[1] but this is not supported by recent studies, which indicate that it does not surpass about 50 cm (1.6 ft).^[2]^[3] These nocturnal fish have small eyes.^[4] Also, sexual dimorphism exists in some genera in snout shape and jaws.^[4]

Apteronotids use a high frequency tone-type (also called wave-type) electric organ discharge (EOD) to communicate.^[4]

Many Apteronotids are aggressive predators of small aquatic insect larvae and fishes, though there are also piscivorous and planktivorous species. Species of the genus Sternarchella are very unusual, preying on the tails of other electric fishes. Other species, such as Sternarchorhynchus and Sternarchorhamphus, have tubular snouts and forage on the beds of aquatic insect larvae and other small animals which burrow into the river bottom. At least one species (Sternarchogiton nattereri) eats freshwater sponges which grow on submerged trees, stumps, and other woody debris. The genus Apteronotus is artificial and some of the species do not actually belong in it.

The black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) and brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) are readily available as aquarium fish. Others are known to appear in the trade but are quite rare.

Genera

FishBase lists 89 species in 16 genera,^[4] However, after a number of recent taxonomic advances,^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes recognizes 94 species in 16 genera.

Genus Adontosternarchus
Genus Apteronotus
Genus Compsaraia
Genus Megadontognathus
Genus Melanosternarchus
Genus Orthosternarchus
Genus Parapteronotus
Genus Pariosternarchus
Genus Platyurosternarchus
Genus Porotergus
Genus Sternarchella
Genus Sternarchogiton
Genus Sternarchorhamphus
Genus Sternarchorhynchus
Genus Tembeassu
Genus Tenebrosternarchus

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. pp. 322–330. ISBN 978-0691170749.
^ Maldonado-Ocampo, J.A.; Santana, C.D. de; W.G.R. Crampton (2011). "On Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae): a poorly known species endemic to the río Magdalena basin, Colombia". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 9 (3): 505–514. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252011000300005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Apteronotidae". FishBase. October 2017 version.
^ Evans, K.M.; W.G.R. Crampton; J.S. Albert (2017). "Taxonomic revision of the deep channel electric fish genus Sternarchella (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), with descriptions of two new species". Neotropical Ichthyology. 15 (2): e160168. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20160168.
^ Bernt, M.J.; J.S. Albert (2017). "A New Species of Deep-channel Electric Knifefish Compsaraia(Apteronotidae, Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon River". Copeia. 105 (2): 211-219. doi:10.1643/CI-16-529. S2CID 89729804.
^ Bernt, M.J.; W.G.R. Crampton; A.B. Orfinger; J.S. Albert (2018). "Melanosternarchus amaru, a new genus and species of electric ghost knifefish (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon Basin". Zootaxa. 4378 (4): 451–479. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4378.4.1. PMID 29689992.
^ Bernt, M.J.; A.H. Fronk; J.S. Albert; J.S. Albert (2020). "A redescription of deep-channel ghost knifefish, Sternarchogiton preto (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), with assignment to a new genus". Neotropical Ichthyology. 18 (1): e190126. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0126.