Glazkov culture

Glazkov culture
	-2000 EBLA MARI ASSYRIA Jeul-; mun Andronovo; culture Sintashta; culture BMAC Vakhsh Ancient; Northeast Asians Tarim; mummies Okunev Elunino Glazkov Karakol Samus Lower; Xiajiadian Chemurchek Seima-Turbino; culture SUMER ELAM INDUS; VALLEY; CIVILIZATION EGYPT; MIDDLE; KINGDOM Kerma; culture Longshan Qijia Xichengyi Linya Zhukaigou Shimao Baodun Shijiahe Abashevo; Culture Catacomb; Culture Location of the Glazkov culture, with other contemporary cultures c. -2000 BCE.
Alternative names	Glazkovo, Glazkovskaya
Horizon	Indigenous peoples of Siberia
Geographical range	Irkutsk, Siberia
Period	Bronze Age
Dates	c. 2200 BCE - 1200 BCE
Type site	Glazkov (Irkutsk)

The Glazkov culture, Glazkovo culture, or Glazkovskaya culture (2200-1200 BCE),^[2] was an archaeological culture in the Lake Baikal area during the Early Bronze Age.

Glazkovs is a conditional name for the group of the ancient tribes inhabiting Siberia in the 2nd millennium BCE (Glazkov time) the headwaters of Angara river.^[3] Glazkov culture is named after a suburb of the city Irkutsk, where it was first found.^[4]

Areal

Archeologists distinguish in the 2nd millennium BCE Southern Siberia two synchronous independent cultures: Glazkov in the east and the Andronovo culture in the west.

"In the Baikal territory lived a Glazkov group of related tribes, most likely the ancestors of modern Evenks, Evens or Yukagirs. Their culture was very close to the culture of the inhabitants of the upper Amur and Northern Manchuria, and of Mongolia to the Great Wall of China and Ordos Loop. It is possible, hence, that all this extensive area was populated by peoples culturally related with the hunter and fisher tribes of Neolith and Early Bronze... probably speaking related tribal languages".^[5] Later the carriers of the southern part Glazkov culture tribes converged with some ancestors of the Huns, and intermixed with them.^[6] In the 18th century BCE the elements of the Andronovo culture seized the Minusinsk depression and almost encountered the Glazkovs on the Yenisei. Glazkovs and Andronovs played a secondary role in the 2nd millennium BCE Southern Siberia.^[7]

Culture

The elements of Glazkov material culture are stitched birch bark boat, dishes of birch bark and wood, portable cradles, a sawhorse-like contraption for carrying load on the back, composite bow, short strong spear with a massive long tip, three-component divaricating dress that allows to dry by the fire without having to completely undress. Glazkov material remains included copper knives, bronze fishing hooks, and ceramics.

Burials

Glazkov burials brought new funeral traditions into the region: the deceased were oriented down the river, instead of previously common geographical direction orientations. The remains were placed in a crouched position, with intentionally broken artifacts, likely to protect the living from the danger presented by a deceased.

To the end of the Glazkov time in the southern portion of the eastern Baikal area, there was an influx of people from Mongolia, who brought a distinctive tradition of stone kurgans with fences (chereksurs), which resulted in the formation of a Slab Grave culture that became the eastern wing of a huge nomadic world in Eurasia, which produced in the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE a bright civilization known as Scythian-Siberian World.

Related cultures

Glazkov culture had clearly expressed variations, bringing about a number of hypotheses about ethno-cultural situation in the Baikal area, all of them concurring that all population groups are of the animal husbandry type. These cultures are Daur, Slab Grave Culture, and Palace Type burials, seen by some researchers as the earliest predecessor of the Slab Grave Culture.^[9]

Economy

Their economy was mainly based on hunting, fishery and gathering.

Archaeogenetics

Haplogroups

All 4 tested Early Bronze Age individuals from the Ust-Ida burial site belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup Q-YP4004 under Q1a2.^[10] Two earlier Late Neolithic burials from the same area yielded Y-haplogroups Q1a2 and N1c1.^[11]

Autosomal DNA

The genetic ancestry associated with the Glazkovo culture remains is known as "Baikal Early Bronze Age" (Baikal_EBA) ancestry, and falls into the Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA) gene pool, with c. 11% (5-20%) admixture from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE).^[12]^[13] The Glazkovo remains display high genetic affinity with the "Cisbaikal_LNBA" ancestry, possibly associated with ancient Yeniseian speakers. Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry is inferred to be rich in Ancient Paleo-Siberian ancestry, and also display affinity to Inner Northeast Asian (Yumin-like) groups.^[14]

Modern Altaians display genetic affinity to the Glazkovo hunter-gatherer culture, and can be used as possible proxy for the East Eurasian component among Saka (Scytho-Siberian nomads).^[15]

References

Glazkov culture (In Russian)
Ancient history (In Russian)
Debets G.F. "Paleoanthropology of the USSR", Moscow-Leningrad, 1948 (In Russian)
Okladnikov A.P. "Neolith and the Bronze Age of Baikal", Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955 (In Russian)
Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People" (In Russian)

^ Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904, Figure 1 A, B, C. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037.
^ Fagan, Brian M. (5 December 1996). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977121-9.
^ Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.2, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph02.htm (In Russian)
^ "История культуры Бурятии" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
^ Okladnikov A.P., "Neolith and Bronze Age of Baikal", Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955, p. 8, in Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", Moscow, 'Science', Ch.2, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph02.htm (In Russian)
^ Okladnikov A.P., "Neolith and Bronze Age of Baikal", Part 3, Moscow-Leningrad, 1955, p. 9-10 (In Russian)
^ Grumm-Grjimailo, G. E., Western Mongolia and Uryanhai territory, vol. 2, Leningrad, 1926, p. 34-35 (In Russian)
^ Török, Tibor (July 2023). "Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians". Genes. 14 (7): 1345. doi:10.3390/genes14071345. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10379071. PMID 37510249.
^ ""History of Buratia Culture", Ulan-Ude, 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
^ Yfull tree https://yfull.com/tree/Q-YP4004/
^ De Barros Damgaard, Peter; et al. (2018). "The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia". Science. 360 (6396). doi:10.1126/science.aar7711. PMC 6748862. PMID 29743352.
^ Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904.e29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037. Reanalyzing published data from the western Baikal early Neolithic Kitoi culture (Baikal_EN) and the early Bronze Age Glazkovo culture (Baikal_EBA) (Damgaard et al., 2018a), we find that they have similar ancestry profiles and a slight increase in ANE ancestry through time (from 6.4% to 20.1%) (Figure 3A).
^ Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Hagan, Richard W.; Bromage, Sabri; Tsolmon, Soninkhishig; Trachsel, Christian; Grossmann, Jonas; Littleton, Judith; Makarewicz, Cheryl A.; Krigbaum, John; Burri, Marta; Scott, Ashley (27 November 2018). "Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (48): E11248–E11255. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511248J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813608115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6275519. PMID 30397125.
^ Zeng, Tian Chen; et al. (2 October 2023). "Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages". BioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332. S2CID 263706090.
^ Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg (22 July 2019). "Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance". Current Biology. 29 (14): 2430–2441.e10. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E2430J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31303491.