Governorate of Ambon

Governorate of Ambon
Gouvernement Amboyna
Governorate of Ambon Gouvernement Amboyna
1605–1796
	Flag Coat of arms
	Amboina around 1651
Status	Dutch colony
Capital	Fort Victoria
Common languages	Dutch
Governor
• 1605–1611	Frederick de Houtman
• 1618–1625	Herman van Speult
• 1701–1706	Balthasar Coyett
• 1724–1729	Stephanus Versluys
• 1794–1796	Alexander Cornabé
Historical era	Imperialism
• Dutch capture	22 February 1605
• British takeover	1796
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Portuguese Empire
Bencoolen

Ambon was a governorate of the Dutch East India Company, consisting of Ambon Island and ten neighbouring islands.^[1] Steven van der Hagen captured Fort Victoria on 22 February 1605 from the Portuguese in the name of the Dutch East India Company. Until 1619, Ambon served as the capital of the Dutch possessions in East Asia. In that year Batavia was founded to function as the staple port for the Dutch East India Company in Asia. The island was the world center of clove production until the 19th century. The Dutch prohibited the rearing of the clove-tree in all the other islands subject to their rule, in order to secure the monopoly to Ambon.

History

In 1513, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to land on Ambon Island, and it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate.^[2] The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521, but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production. The creole trade language Portugis however was spoken well into the 19th century and many families still have Portuguese names and claim Portuguese ancestry.^[3]

The Portuguese were dispossessed by the Dutch on 22 February 1605, when Steven van der Hagen took over Fort Victoria without a single shot. Ambon was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) from 1610 to 1619 until the founding of Batavia, now Jakarta, by the Dutch.^[4] Around 1615, the English founded a settlement on the island at Cambello, which lasted until 1623.

Amboyna massacre

In 1623, the Dutch uncovered a plot by VOC-employed Japanese mercenary soldiers to seize Fort Victoria and assassinate the governor, purportedly in conspiracy with the English merchants. During questioning most suspects were waterboarded. Among those who confessed, 10 VOC mercenary soldiers and 10 English East India Company employees were found guilty of treason and were executed by a local Dutch court.^[5] On request of England, the involved judges were recalled to the Netherlands and put on trial, but were finally (in 1632) judged to have acted lawfully. Decades later, Oliver Cromwell used embellished versions of this event, dubbed the "Amboyna massacre", as one of the pretexts to start both the First Anglo-Dutch War (in 1652) and the Second Anglo-Dutch War (in 1665),^[6] while John Dryden produced his tragedy Amboyna; or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants on request of one of the English negotiators of the Secret Treaty of Dover during the Third Anglo-Dutch War.^[7] The 17th-century propaganda of a deliberate and gruesome slaughter of innocent merchants surfaces even in modern popular historical narratives.^[8]

Capture by the British

In 1795, the Batavian Republic was established with the help of French forces in the territory of the Dutch Republic. The latest stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange, asked the British in the Kew Letters to temporarily occupy the Dutch colonies. Indeed, in 1796, British Admiral Rainier sailed to Ambon to take the colony, which was accepted by governor of Ambon, Alexander Cornabé. The territory was restored to the Dutch at the Peace of Amiens in 1802, but the Dutch East India Company had been nationalized in the meantime, which meant that Ambon become a colony of the Batavian Republic and later the Kingdom of Holland.

Ambon was retaken by the British in 1810, but once more restored to the Dutch by virtue of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. It then remained, as part of the Dutch East Indies, a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, until in 1949 Maluku was transferred to Indonesia, under agreements that Moluccans could choose or opt out of the new country. After a proclamation of independence the Moluccan islands were invaded by the Indonesian army in 1950 during the Invasion of Ambon.

List of governors

1605–1611: Frederick de Houtman
1611–1615: Caspar Janszoon
1615–1616: Adriaen Maertensz Block
1616–1618: Steven van der Hagen
1618–1625: Herman van Speult
1625–1628: Jan van Gorcum
1628–1631: Philip Lucaszoon
1631–1634: Artus Gysels
1634–1635: Antoni van den Heuvel
1635–1637: Joachim Roelofsz van Deutekom
1637–1641: Johan Ottens
1642–1642: Antoni Caan
1642–1647: Gerard Demmer
1647–1651: Arnold de Vlaming van Outshoorn
1651–1654: Willem Verbeek
1654–1656: Arnold de Vlaming van Outshoorn

1656–1662: Jacob Hustaert
1662–1664: Simon Cos
1664–1665: Johan van Dam
1666–1667: Pieter Marville
1669–1672: Jacob Cos
1672–1678: Anthonio Hurdt
1678–1682: Robbert de Vicq
1682–1687: Robbert Padbrugge
1687–1691: Dirk de Haas
1691–1696: Joan Paul Schaghen
1697–1701: Willem van Wijngaarden
1701–1706: Balthasar Coyett
1706–1720: Adriaan van der Stel
1721–1725: Pieter Gabrij
1725–1727: Stephanus Versluys
1727–1733: Johannes Bernard

1733–1738: David Johan Bake
1738–1743: Jacob de Jong
1743–1748: Nathaniël Steinmetz
1748–1750: Cornelis Roosenboom
1750–1752: Nicolaus Jongma
1752–1757: Gerard Cluysenaar
1757–1763: Meyert Johan van Idsinga
1763–1763: Goderd Ludolf van Beusechem
1764–1767: Willem Fockens
1767–1770: Hendrik Breton
1770–1775: Johan Abraham van der Voort
1775–1785: Bernardus van Pleuren
1785–1788: Adriaan de Bock
1788–1794: Johan Adam Schilling
1794–1796: Alexander Cornabé [nl]

References

^ "Amboina". De VOC site. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Ricklefs 1999, p. 25.
^ Sneddon, James (2003). The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780868405988.
^ Ricklefs 1999, p. 28.
^ Shorto, R., The Island at the Center of the World. Doubleday 2004, p. 72
^ Schmidt, B. : Innocence abroad: The Dutch imagination and the New World, 1570–1670, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-80408-6, p. 297
^ Zwicker, S.N., The Cambridge Companion to John Dryden, Cambridge U.P., 2004, ISBN 0-521-53144-6, p. 141
^ Milton, G., Nathaniel’s Nutmeg: How one man's courage changed the course of history, Sceptre, 2000, ISBN 0-340-69676-1