It is situated on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle (part of East Africa's Great Rift Valley), along the left banks of the Awash River, between two minor tributaries, the eponymous Kada Hadar and the Kada Gona.[2] In 1972, Taieb organized a small exploratory reconnaissance of the Afar region to investigate more paleontological finds there. After six weeks of exploration, the party focused on the Hadar site.[3]
The site has yielded some of the most well-known hominin fossils, including "Lucy". These hominin fossils range in age from approximately 3.42 to 2.90 million years ago. These finds give us a greater understanding of hominin evolution during this period.
It is postulated that the specimens in the region were deposited by way of a large river system with associated crevasse channels/splays, deltas, and distributary channels, as well as periodic transgressions of paleolake Hadar located east of the research area (Aronson and Taieb, 1981, Tiercelin, 1986, Campisano and Feibel, in press) possibly related to geological activity or climatic cycles in at least the Kada Hadar Member (Yemane et al., 1996, Yemane, 1997, Campisano and Feibel, in press)."
According to Jon Kalb, early maps show caravan routes passing within 10 to 15 km of Hadar but not through it. The British explorer L.M. Nesbitt passed 15 km west of Hadar in 1928.[1]
Geology
The region's rocks consist mainly of mudstones, siltstones, fine-grained sandstones and volcanic tuffs. The region of Hadar has been divided into four geologic members — Basal (~3.8–3.42 Ma), Sidi Hakoma (~3.42–3.26 Ma), Denen Dora (~3.26–3.2 Ma), and Kada Hadar (<~3.2 Ma)—with three tuffs (Sidi Hakoma Tuff [SHT], Triple Tuff [TT] and Kada Hadar Tuff [KHT]) separating the four members.
The Sidi Hakoma member tends towards high rainfall and low seasonality. The overlying Denan Dora Member was a grassland habitat. Finally, the Kada Hadar Member was an even more open and arid habitat, as seen in the high abundance of antilopines, which frequent these types of terrains.[3]
Paleontology
The first paleo-geological explorations of the Hadar area were conducted by Maurice Taieb. He found Hadar in December 1970 by following the Ledi River, which originates in the highlands north of Bati to empty into the Awash River. Taieb recovered several fossils in the area and led a party back to Hadar in May 1972. In October 1973, 16 individuals with the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE) arrived at Hadar and camped there for two months during which the first hominin fossil was found. (Taieb claims in his 1985 book Sur la Terre des premiers Hommes to have discovered the Hadar fields in 1968, but Kalb argues that claim to be incorrect.)[4] The IARE party examined a series of sedimentary layers called the Hadar Formation, which was dated to the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epochs (3.5 to 2.3 million years ago).[5]
Discovery of Lucy
The anthropologist Donald Johanson, a member of the 1973 expedition to Hadar, returned the next year and discovered the fossil hominin "Lucy" in the late fall of 1974.[6] He spotted a right proximal ulna in a gully, followed by an occipital bone, a femur, some ribs, a pelvis, and a lower jaw. Within two weeks, nearly 40% of the hominoid skeleton had been identified and cataloged.[7] Lucy is the most famous fossil to have been found at Hadar. Lucy is among the oldest hominin fossils ever discovered[6] and was later given the taxonomic classification Australopithecus afarensis. (The name 'Lucy' was inspired by the song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles, which happened to be playing on the radio at base camp.)
Specimens and inferences
In 1975, Donald Johanson made another discovery at a nearby site in Hadar: 216 specimens from approximately 17 individuals, most likely related and varying in age, called AL 333 (colloquially referred to as the "First Family").
About thirty years later in nearby Dikika, another Australopithecus afarensis fossil skeleton was found in a separate outcrop of the Hadar Formation across the Awash River from Hadar. The skeleton is of a three-year-old girl later named "Selam," which means peace in Amharic Ethiopian languages.
In 1973 and 1974 when the first anatomical discoveries were made, their size and shape pointed towards a variety of taxa, but further research has confirmed that only one hominin taxon is present here. The first find there was a fossil knee joint estimated to date from 3.4 million years ago. Since then, the Hadar research area has yielded 370 specimens of A. afarensis, one specimen of Homo, and 7571 additional vertebrate specimens.
The specimens recovered display a variety of different primitive cranial post features, which indicate A. afarensis is distinct from other species of Australopithecus: small cranial capacity, palate similar to African apes (parallel tooth rows, shallow, long from front to back, narrow from side to side), primitive occipital, basal cranium anatomy, high frequency of unicuspid third premolars, prognathic face, and primitive mandibular anatomy. Postcranially, the pelvis, knee, ankle, and foot indicate habitual, terrestrial bipedalism, but ape-like curved finger and foot bones are retained ancestral ape-like features.[3]
Paleofauna
According to the geological members of Hadar, the Awash River (top) and Omo Valley (bottom) biomes might resemble the Hadar paleoenvironment.
Basal, Denen Dora, Kada Hadar, and Sidi Hakoma members
Partial skeletons featuring small cranial capacity, primitive occipitals, basal cranium anatomy, high frequency of unicuspid third premolars, prognathic faces, and primitive mandibular anatomy
^Reed, Kaye E. (June 2008). "Paleoecological patterns at the Hadar hominin site, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 743–768. doi:10.1016/J.JHEVOL.2007.08.013. PMID18191177.
^ abcdeWerdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (June 2001). "A revision of the genus Dinofelis (Mammalia, Felidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 132 (2): 147–258. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02465.x.
^ abcdeWerdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (2008). "New Species of Crocuta from the Early Pliocene of Kenya, with an Overview of Early Pliocene Hyenas of Eastern Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1162–1170. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1162W. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1162. JSTOR20491047.
^ abcGeraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (17 March 2011). "Enhydriodon dikikae , sp. nov. (Carnivora: Mammalia), a gigantic otter from the Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 447–453. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..447G. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550356.
^ abcdKalb, Jon E.; Mebrate, Assefa; Tischler, Doris (1993). "Fossil Elephantoids: From the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 83 (1): i–114. doi:10.2307/1006558. JSTOR1006558.
^ abcSanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012). "A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 19 (2): 105–128. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y.
^Campisano, Christopher J.; Rowan, John; Reed, Kaye E. (2022). "The Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia: Geology, Fauna, and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions". African Paleoecology and Human Evolution. pp. 214–228. doi:10.1017/9781139696470.018. ISBN978-1-139-69647-0.
^ abcdefghiGeraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (July 2015). "Pliocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation at Dikika, Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 107: 28–35. Bibcode:2015JAfES.107...28G. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.020.
^ abcdGeraads, Denis; Reed, Kaye; Bobe, Rene (March 2013). "Pliocene Giraffidae (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation of Hadar and Ledi-Geraru, Lower Awash, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 470–481. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..470G. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.723657.
^ abcdefFrost, Stephen R.; Delson, Eric (November 2002). "Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 43 (5): 687–748. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0603. PMID12457855.
^Kalb, Jon E.; Jolly, Clifford J.; Tebedge, Sleshi; Mebrate, Assefa; Smart, Charles; Oswald, Elizabeth B.; Whitehead, Paul F.; Woods, Craig B.; Adefris, Tsrha; Rawn-Schatzinger, Viola (1982). "Vertebrate Faunas from the Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2 (2): 237–258. Bibcode:1982JVPal...2..237K. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011932. JSTOR4522897.
^ abcdReed, Kaye E. (June 2008). "Paleoecological patterns at the Hadar hominin site, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 743–768. doi:10.1016/J.JHEVOL.2007.08.013. PMID18191177.
^Howell, F. C.; Petter, G. (1979). "Diversification et affinites des Carnivores pliocenes du groupe de l'Omo et de la formation d'Hadar (Ethiopie)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. S7-XXI (3): 289–293. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.s7-xxi.3.289.
^Gentry, A.W. (1996). "A fossil Budorcas (Mammalia, Bovidae) from Africa". Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals. pp. 571–587. doi:10.3138/9781487574154-028. ISBN978-1-4875-7415-4.
^Vrba, E. S. (1997). "New fossils of Alcelaphini and Caprinae (Bovidae: Mammalia) from Awash, Ethiopia, and phylogenetic analysis of Alcelaphini". Palaeontologia Africana. 34. hdl:10539/16416.
^Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (2010). "Nyctereutes Lockwoodi , N. Sp., a New Canid (carnivora: Mammalia) from the Middle Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 981–987. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..981G. doi:10.1080/02724631003758326. JSTOR40666211.
^Brodkorb, Pierce; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (January 1982). "Fossil Anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) from Early Man Sites of Hadar and Omo (Ethiopia) and Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)". Geobios. 15 (4): 505–515. Bibcode:1982Geobi..15..505B. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(82)80071-5.
Tanggal kelahiran Yesus tak disebutkan dalam injil-injil atau teks sekuler manapun, namun kebanyakan ahli berpendapat bahwa tanggal kelahirannya antara 6 SM dan 4 SM.[1] Bukti sejarah terlalu kurang lengkap untuk membolehkan penanggalan definitif,[2] namun tanggalnya diperkirakan melalui dua kesepakatan berbeda—satu melalui analisis referensi-referensi pada peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah yang diketahui yang disebutkan dalam catatan-catatan kelahiran dalam Injil Lukas dan Injil Mat…
2011 novel by Kate Christensen The Astral AuthorKate ChristensenCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreFictionPublished2011 (Doubleday)Media typePrint (Hardback)Pages311ISBN9780385530910OCLC666230046 The Astral is a 2011 novel by Kate Christensen. It is about a poet, Harry Quirk, who having been thrown out of the family apartment at the Astral by his wife Luz, attempts to get his life back together. Reception Daniel Handler, reviewing The Astral in The New York Times, called it an object l…
—— Permukiman di Uni Emirat Arab —— Jebel Aliجبل علي Pelabuhan Jebel Ali pada tanggal 1 Mei 2007 Negara Uni Emirat Arab Emirat Dubai Kota Dubai Didirikan 1977 Jumlah daerah 383-394 (Jebel Ali)500 (Desa Jebel Ali)511-529 (Zona Bebas Jebel Ali)599 (Perindustrian Jebel Ali) Statistik permukiman Luas 47.1 km² Jumlah penduduk 31,634 [1] (2000) Kepadatan penduduk 672/km² Permukiman sekitarnya Jumeirah Islands, Dubai Marina, Palm Jebel Ali Dubai Metro station …
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Silabus – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Silabus dapat didefinisikan sebagai “garis besar, ringkasan, atau pokok-pokok isi atau materi pelajaran”. Silabus digunakan untuk menyebut sua…
Gua GomantongBagian depan gua.Ditemukan1930Pintu masuk1 Bagian dalam gua. Gua Gomantong adalah sebuah sistem gua intrikat di dalam Bukit Gomantong. Gua tersebut adalah tempat stalaktit terbesar di kawasan Kinabatangan Hilir, divisi Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. Terletak di kawasan hutan lindung Departemen Kehutanan Sabah, gua tersebut dan kawasan sekitarnya merupakan sebuah kawasan yang dilindungi untuk kehidupan liar, khususnya orangutan. Referensi Wilford, G. E. 1964. The Geology of Sarawak and S…
Umur perwakilan bintang sebagai fungsi dari massa mereka. Perubahan ukuran bintang dengan seiring waktu yang mirip matahari. Gambaran seniman tentang siklus hidup bintang mirip Matahari, dimulai sebagai bintang deret utama di kiri bawah, lalu berkembang melalui fase subraksasa dan raksasa hingga selubung luarnya dikeluarkan dan membentuk nebula planet di kanan atas. Representasi evolusi bintang. Evolusi bintang adalah proses di mana bintang berubah dengan seiring waktu. Perubahannya bergantung p…
Cet article concerne l'État irlandais entre 1922 et 1937. Pour l'État unilatéralement proclamé en 1919, voir République irlandaise (1919). Pour la région autonome du Royaume-Uni en 1921 et 1922, voir Irlande du Sud. Pour l'actuel État irlandais, voir Irlande (pays). Pour les articles homonymes, voir IFS. État libre d'Irlande(ga) Saorstát Éireann (en) Irish Free State 6 décembre 1922 – 29 décembre 1937(15 ans et 23 jours)Drapeau Blason Carte de l'É…
List of Olympians A total of 143 Olympians are known to have been killed during World War I.[1][2]A Name CountryB Sport(s) Games Medals Ref Andrey Akimov Russian Empire (RU1) Football 1912 Summer Olympics [3] Gordon Alexander Great Britain (GBR) Fencing 1912 Summer Olympics [4] Laurie Anderson Great Britain (GBR) Athletics 1912 Summer Olympics [5] William Anderson Great Britain (GBR) Athletics 1906 Intercalated G…
Television formats beyond HDTV Ultra HD redirects here. For the video disc format, see Ultra HD Blu-ray. For the resolution commonly referred to as Ultra HD, see 4K resolution. Comparison of 8K UHDTV, 4K UHDTV, HDTV and SDTV resolution Diagram of the CIE 1931 color space that shows the Rec. 2020 (UHDTV) color space in the outer triangle and Rec. 709 (HDTV) color space in the inner triangle. Both Rec. 2020 and Rec. 709 use Illuminant D65 for the white point. Ultra-high-definition televi…
العلاقات السعودية الغرينادية السعودية غرينادا السعودية غرينادا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السعودية الغرينادية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين السعودية وغرينادا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ا…
Bupati Puncak JayaLambang Kabupaten Puncak JayaMasa jabatan5 tahunPejabat perdanaElieser RenmaurDibentuk10 Agustus 2001Nama takresmiBupati PujaSitus webpuncakjayakab.go.id Berikut ini adalah daftar Bupati Puncak Jaya sejak masih berbentuk kabupaten administratif hingga sekarang. Bupati Administratif No Bupati Mulai Menjabat Akhir Menjabat Periode Wakil Bupati Ket. 1 Ruben Ambrauw 8 Oktober 1996 28 April 2000 1 tidak diketahui 2 Philipus Andreas Coem 28 April 2000 10 Agustus 2001 tidak diketahui …
Kessai Hesa Note Presiden Kepulauan MarshallMasa jabatan10 Januari 2000 – 14 Januari 2008 PendahuluImata KabuaPenggantiLitokwa Tomeing Informasi pribadiLahir7 Agustus 1950 (umur 73)Ailinglaplap, Ralik Chain, Kepulauan MarshallKebangsaanBukan-amerikaPartai politikUDPSuami/istriMary Neimoj YamamuraSunting kotak info • L • B Kessai Hesa Note (lahir 7 Agustus 1950 di Ailinglaplap) adalah Presiden Kepulauan Marshall periode 2000-2008. Setelah menjabat sebagai Ketua Parle…
Mekanisme umum untuk reaksi hidrolisis. Kesetimbangan antara hidrolisis dan kondensasi disimbolkan dengan reaksi dua arah. Hidrolisis adalah penguraian zat dalam reaksi kimia yang disebabkan oleh air.[1] Reaksi kimia dalam hidrolisis memecah molekul air (H2O) menjadi kation hidrogen (H+) dan anion hidroksida (OH−).[2] Hidrolisis bergantung pada kimiawi, kelarutan, derajat keasaman dan oksidasi-reduksi dari setiap senyawa.[3] Secara kimia dan fisiologi, hidrolisis merupa…
ميل نيك الإحداثيات 40°53′20″N 73°33′22″W / 40.8889°N 73.5561°W / 40.8889; -73.5561 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ناسو خصائص جغرافية المساحة 7.613701 كيلومتر مربع7.586802 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010) ارتفاع 43 متر عدد السكان ع…
DerbyJenis produkRokok PutihPemilikBritish American TobaccoProdusenBentoel GroupNegaraBrazilDiluncurkan1993; 31 tahun lalu (1993)Merek terkaitCommodore FilterPasarAmerika LatinEropaIndiaChinaPakistanIndonesiaPemilik sebelumnyaSouza CruzJargon100% Brazil Flavor Derby adalah produk atau merek lokal rokok unggulan yang berasal dari Brazil yang diluncurkan pada tahun 1993 oleh Souza Cruz. Sebuah perusahaan rokok yang dimiliki oleh induk British American Tobacco.[1] Kini di Brazil, produ…
Pemandangan kota Hyvinkää Hyvinkää merupakan sebuah kota di Finlandia. Kota ini letaknya di bagian selatan. Tepatnya di Uusimaa. Pada tahun 2012, kota ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebesar 45.572 jiwa dan memiliki luas wilayah 336 km². Kota ini memiliki angka kepadatan penduduk 141 jiwa/km². Pranala luar Situs resmi Finnish Railway Museum Steam Locomotives in Finland Including the Finnish Railway Museum Hyrinet – Hyvinkää–Riihimäki area portal Diarsipkan 1998-12-03 di Wayback Machine…
Lignana commune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaPiedmontProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Vercelli NegaraItalia Ibu kotaLignana PendudukTotal538 (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah22,57 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian134 m Berbatasan denganCrova Desana Ronsecco Sali Vercellese Salasco Vercelli Informasi tambahanKode pos13034 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0161 ID ISTAT002070 Kode kadaster ItaliaE583 Lain-lainSitus webLaman resmi Lignana adalah komune yang terleta…
Alberto Manzi Sindaco di PitiglianoDurata mandato23 aprile 1995 –29 ottobre 1997 PredecessoreAugusto Brozzi SuccessoreVincenzo Petrucci(Commissario prefettizio)[1] Dati generaliPartito politicoPartito Democratico della Sinistra Titolo di studioDiploma Magistrale ProfessioneMaestro Elementare Alberto Manzi (Roma, 3 novembre 1924 – Pitigliano, 4 dicembre 1997) è stato un docente, pedagogista e scrittore italiano, noto principalmente per aver condotto la fo…