Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS[3] is a human y-chromosomehaplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.[2]
Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males but was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China.[4]
K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania.[2] Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45) and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, K2b and P point to a "rapid diversification" within K2 "that likely occurred in Southeast Asia", with subsequent "westward expansions" of P*, P1, Q and R.[2]
P1c (M45/PF5962); descendant subclades include the major haplogroups Q and R.
Distribution
Modern populations with living members of K2b1 all subclades), P* (P-P295*; K2b2*) and P2 (K2b2b) appear to be restricted to Oceania, South East Asia and Siberia.
Basal, un-mutated P1* (K2b2a*; P-M45*), in modern times, is distributed in isolated pockets, over a relatively wide area that includes Island South East Asia.
Some Negrito populations of South-East Asia carry next to noteworthy East Asian ancestry, very high levels of K2b at the subclade level. It is carried, for instance, by more than 83% of males among the Aeta (or Agta) people of the Philippines, in the form of K2b1 (60%), P* (P-P295*, a.k.a. K2b2*) and P2 (P-B253; K2b2b).
K2b1
K2b1 is found in 83% of males of Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta people of the Philippines.[2] It is also found among other Melanesian populations, as well as indigenous Australians, and at lower levels amongst Polynesians.[2] It is also found in the Melanesian populations of Indonesia.
Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 29% of indigenous Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[2] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[6] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)
Apart from the basal paragroup P* (K2b2), it has only one subclade: P1 (M45), also known as K2b2a – which is also the parent of the major haplogroups Q (K2b2a1) and R (K2b2a2).[2]
P-P295* (sometimes known as "pre-P", before P-M45 was redesignated P1) is found among 28% of males among the Aeta, as well as in Timor at 10.8%, and one case may have been found in Papua New Guinea (Kaysar et al. 2006) although this has not been verified.[2]
Population
Rate of P* (%)
Notes
Papua New Guinea
0.69
assumed from Kayser et al. 2006, i.e. one P* found
P1 (M45/PF5962), also known as K2b2a, is hundreds of times more common than P* (K2b2; PxM45), as it includes haplogroups Q and R, is estimated as being 14,300 years younger than K2b.[2]
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 at low to moderate frequencies.[8] In South Asia it is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). Cases of P1 (M45) reported in South Asia may be unresolved cases or R2 or Q.[8]
Population group (with ethnolinguistic affiliation)
Assuming
B70 ky for the TMRCA of M168 chromosomes,10 we estimate the
interval of time between the diversification of K-M9 and that of
K-P331 to be <3 ky. This rapid diversification has also been assessed
using whole Y-chromosome sequence data.22 In addition, we estimate
the total time between the common ancestor of K-M9 and that of
P-P295 to be <5 ky, and the time between the common ancestor
P-P295 and that of P-P27 to be 12.3 ky (95% CI: 6.6–20 ky).[2]
^ abNagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID26515539.
^Rasmussen, Morten; Anzick, Sarah L.; Waters, Michael R.; Skoglund, Pontus; Degiorgio, Michael; Stafford, Thomas W.; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Albrechtsen, Anders; Doyle, Shane M.; Poznik, G. David; Gudmundsdottir, Valborg; Yadav, Rachita; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; V, Samuel Stockton White; Allentoft, Morten E.; Cornejo, Omar E.; Tambets, Kristiina; Eriksson, Anders; Heintzman, Peter D.; Karmin, Monika; Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand; Meltzer, David J.; Pierre, Tracey L.; Stenderup, Jesper; Saag, Lauri; Warmuth, Vera M.; Lopes, Margarida C.; Malhi, Ripan S.; et al. (2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–229. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMC4878442. PMID24522598.
^Rosser, Z. H.; Zerjal, T; Hurles, M. E.; Adojaan, M; Alavantic, D; Amorim, A; Amos, W; Armenteros, M; Arroyo, E; Barbujani, G; Beckman, G; Beckman, L; Bertranpetit, J; Bosch, E; Bradley, D. G.; Brede, G; Cooper, G; Côrte-Real, H. B.; De Knijff, P; Decorte, R; Dubrova, Y. E.; Evgrafov, O; Gilissen, A; Glisic, S; Gölge, M; Hill, E. W.; Jeziorowska, A; Kalaydjieva, L; Kayser, M; et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC1287948. PMID11078479.
^Pichler, I.; Mueller, J. C.; Stefanov, S. A.; De Grandi, A.; Volpato, C. B.; Pinggera, G. K.; Mayr, A.; Ogriseg, M.; Ploner, F.; Meitinger, T.; Pramstaller, P. P. (2006). "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology. 78 (4): 441–464. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID17278620. S2CID20205296.
^Robino, C.; Varacalli, S.; Gino, S.; Chatzikyriakidou, A.; Kouvatsi, A.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Di Gaetano, C.; Crobu, F.; Matullo, G.; Piazza, A.; Torre, C. (2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–64. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID15374596.
^Sanchez, J.J.; Børsting, C.; Hernandez, A.; Mengel-Jørgensen, J.; Morling, N. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID24166809. S2CID23291764.
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
