Holmesina

Holmesina; Temporal range: Early Pliocene-Late Pleistocene; (NALMA: Blancan-Rancholabrean); (SALMA: Uquian-Lujanian); ~4.9–0.012 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Fossil skeleton of H. septentrionalis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cingulata
Family:	†Pampatheriidae
Genus:	†Holmesina; Simpson 1930
Species
	†H. cryptae Moura, Gois, Galliari, & Fernandes 2019; †H. floridanus Robertson 1976; †H. major; †H. occidentalis Hoffstetter 1952; †H. paulacoutoi Cartelle & Bohórquez 1985; †H. rondoniensis; †H. septentrionalis Leidy 1889;

Holmesina is an extinct genus of pampathere, an extinct group of armadillo-like xenarthrans that were distantly related to extant armadillos. Like armadillos, and unlike the other extinct branch of megafaunal cingulates, the glyptodonts, the shell was made up of flexible plates which allowed the animal to move more easily.

Holmesina individuals were much larger than any modern armadillo: They could reach a length of 2 metres (6.6 ft), and a weight of 227 kilograms (500 lb), while the modern giant armadillo does not attain more than 54 kilograms (119 lb).^[2]

Distribution

They traveled north during the faunal interchange, and adapted well to North America, like the ground sloths, glyptodonts, armadillos, capybaras, and other South American immigrants. During the Late Pleistocene, Holmesina dispersed from North America back into South America, as evidenced by the morphological similarity of Late Pleistocene species in South America.^[3] Their fossils are found from Brazil to the United States,^[4] mostly in Texas and Florida.

Diet

Holmesina species were herbivores that grazed on coarse vegetation; armadillos are mostly insectivorous or omnivorous.^[5] H. paulacoutoi was a generalist plant-eater but had a preference for C₄ plants.^[6]

Palaeopathology

Three H. cryptae specimens have been described bearing evidence of bacterial and fungal infections, along with sand flea ectoparasitism.^[7]

References

^ Moura, J. F.; Gois, F.; Galliari, F. C.; Fernandes, M. A. (2019). "A new and most complete pampathere (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the Quaternary of Bahia, Brazil". Zootaxa. 4661 (3): 401–444. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4661.3.1. PMID 31716695. S2CID 202858857.
^ "Yahoo! Groups". Archived from the original on November 24, 2013.
^ Scillato-Yané, G. J.; Carlini, A. A.; Tonni, E. P.; Noriega, J. I. (1 October 2005). "Paleobiogeography of the late Pleistocene pampatheres of South America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. Quaternary Paleontology and biostratigraphy of southern South Africa. 20 (1): 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.06.012. hdl:11336/80762. ISSN 0895-9811. Retrieved 10 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ "Holmesina Simpson 1930". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ Vizcaíno, S. F.; De Iuliis, G.; Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Skull Shape, Masticatory Apparatus, and Diet of Vassallia and Holmesina (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): When Anatomy Constrains Destiny". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 5 (4): 291–322. doi:10.1023/A:1020500127041. S2CID 20186439.
^ Lessa, Carlos Micael Bonfim; Gomes, Verônica Santos; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (December 2021). "Isotopic paleoecology (δ13C, δ18O) of two megamammals assemblages from the late pleistocene of Brazilian intertropical region". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 112: 103576. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11203576L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103576. Retrieved 3 May 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Moura, Jorge Felipe; Nascimento, Carolina Santa Isabel; Peixoto, Bernardo de C.P. e M.; de Barros, Gabriel E.B.; Robbi, Beatriz; Fernandes, Marcelo Adorna (August 2021). "Damaged armour: Ichnotaxonomy and paleoparasitology of bioerosion lesions in osteoderms of Quaternary extinct armadillos". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103255. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103255. Retrieved 30 September 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.