Honeysuckle

Honeysuckle; Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	1. A flowering branch, 2. A fruiting branch, 3. Longitudinal section of a flower, 4. Fruit cut horizontally.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily:	Caprifolioideae
Genus:	Lonicera; L. (1753)
Type species
	Lonicera caprifolium; L.
Species
	158; see text
Synonyms
	Caprifolium Mill. (1754); Chamaecerasus Medik. (1789); Cobaea Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr.; Devendraea Pusalkar (2011); Distegia Raf. (1838); Euchylia Dulac (1867), nom. superfl.; Isika Adans. (1763); Itia Molina (1810); Kantemon Raf. (1838); Metalonicera Wang & A.G.Gu (1988); Nintooa Sweet (1830), nom. nud.; Periclymenum Mill. (1754); Phenianthus Raf. (1820); Xylosteon Mill. (1754);

Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus Lonicera (/lɒˈnɪsərə/^[2]) of the family Caprifoliaceae. It includes 158 species^[1] native to northern latitudes in North America, Eurasia, and North Africa.^[1]^[3] Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum (common honeysuckle or woodbine), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle, white honeysuckle, or Chinese honeysuckle) and Lonicera sempervirens (coral honeysuckle, trumpet honeysuckle, or woodbine honeysuckle). L. japonica is a highly invasive species considered a significant pest in parts of North America, Europe, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and Africa.^[3]

Some species are highly fragrant and colorful, so are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. In North America, hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers, especially L. sempervirens and L. ciliosa (orange honeysuckle). Honeysuckle derives its name from the edible sweet nectar obtainable from its tubular flowers.^[4] The name Lonicera stems from Adam Lonicer, a Renaissance botanist.^[3]

Description

Most species of Lonicera are hardy twining climbers, with a minority of shrubby habit.^[3] Some species (including Lonicera hildebrandiana from the Himalayan foothills and L. etrusca from the Mediterranean) are tender and can be grown outside only in subtropical zones. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, 1–10 cm (0.39–3.94 in) long; most are deciduous but some are evergreen.

Many of the species have sweetly scented, bilaterally symmetrical flowers that produce a sweet, edible nectar, and most flowers are borne in clusters of two (leading to the common name of "twinberry" for certain North American species). Both shrubby and vining sorts have strongly fibrous stems which have been used for binding and textiles.

The fruit is a red, blue or black spherical or elongated berry containing several seeds; in most species the berries are mildly poisonous, but in a few (notably Lonicera caerulea) they are edible and grown for home use and commerce. Most honeysuckle berries are attractive to wildlife, which has led to species such as L. japonica and L. maackii spreading invasively outside of their home ranges. Many species of Lonicera are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species—see a list of Lepidoptera that feed on honeysuckles.

Invasive species

The spread of L. japonica in North America began in the United States in 1806, and it was widely cultivated by the 1860s.^[3] It was first discovered in Canada in Ontario forests in 1976, and became invasive by 2007.^[3] L. japonica was introduced in Australia between 1820 and 1840.^[3]

Several species of honeysuckle have become invasive when introduced outside their native range, particularly in North America, Europe, South America, Australia, and Africa.^[3] Invasive species include L. japonica, L. maackii, L. morrowii, L. tatarica, and the hybrid between the last two, L. × bella.^[3]

Cultivation

Honeysuckles are valued as garden plants, for their ability to cover unsightly walls and outbuildings, their profuse tubular flowers in early summer, and the intense fragrance of many varieties. The hardy climbing types need their roots in shade, and their flowering tops in sunlight or very light shade. Varieties need to be chosen with care, as they can become substantial. Cultivars of the dense, small-leaved L. nitida are used as low, narrow hedges.^[5]

The following hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:^[6]

L. × heckrottii 'Gold Flame'^[7]
L. 'Mandarin'^[8]
L. × purpusii 'Winter Beauty'^[9]
L. × tellmanniana^[10]

Other cultivars are dealt with under their species names.

The honeysuckle species L. japonica is grown as a commercial crop for traditional Chinese medicine use.^[11]

Honeysuckle is also used to scent Chinese teas in a process similar to Jasmine tea. This was popularized in the Qing dynasty.^[12]

Phytochemicals

Component analyses of berries from 27 different cultivars and 3 genotypes of edible honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) showed the presence of iridoids, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids.^[13] While sugars determine the level of sweetness in the berries, organic acids and polyphenols are responsible for the sour taste and tartness.^[13] Some 51 of the same compounds in berries are found in flowers, although the proportions of these compounds varied among cultivars studied.^[14]

Interaction with other species

Many insects in the order Lepidoptera visit honeysuckles as a food source. An example of this is the moth Deilephila elpenor. This nocturnal species of moth is especially attracted to honeysuckles, and they visit the flowers at night to feed on their nectar.^[15]

Species

158 species are accepted.^[1]

Lonicera acuminata Wall. or Lonicera pampaninii – fragrant grove honeysuckle or vine honeysuckle
Lonicera affinis Hook. & Arn.
Lonicera alberti Regel
Lonicera albiflora Torr. & A.Gray – white honeysuckle
Lonicera alpigena L. – alpine honeysuckle
Lonicera altmannii Regel & Schmalh.
Lonicera × americana (Mill.) K.Koch
Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.
Lonicera annamensis Fukuoka
Lonicera arborea Boiss.
Lonicera arizonica Rehder – Arizona honeysuckle
Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Lonicera × bella – Bell's honeysuckle or showy fly honeysuckle
Lonicera biflora Desf.
Lonicera bournei Hemsl.
Lonicera bracteolaris Boiss. & Buhse
Lonicera buschiorum Pojark.
Lonicera caerulea L. – blue-berried honeysuckle
Lonicera calcarata Hemsl.
Lonicera cambodiana Pierre ex Danguy
Lonicera canadensis J.Bartram & W.Bartram ex Marshall – Canada fly honeysuckle, American fly honeysuckle
Lonicera caprifolium L. – goat-leaf honeysuckle, perfoliate honeysuckle
Lonicera caucasica Pall.
Lonicera cerasina Maxim.
Lonicera cerviculata S.S.White
Lonicera chamissoi Bunge
Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb. – Chrysantha honeysuckle
Lonicera ciliosa Poir. – orange honeysuckle
Lonicera confusa DC.
Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg – purpleflower honeysuckle
Lonicera crassifolia Batalin
Lonicera cyanocarpa Franch.
Lonicera deleiensis C.E.C.Fisch. & Kaul
Lonicera demissa Rehder
Lonicera dioica L. – limber honeysuckle
Lonicera elisae Franch.
Lonicera etrusca Santi – Etruscan honeysuckle
Lonicera fargesii Franch.
Lonicera ferdinandii Franch.
Lonicera ferruginea Rehder
Lonicera flava Sims – yellow honeysuckle
Lonicera floribunda Boiss. & Buhse
Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton – winter honeysuckle
Lonicera glabrata Wall.
Lonicera glehnii F.Schmidt
Lonicera gracilipes Miq.
Lonicera griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson
Lonicera guatemalensis Véliz & E.Carrillo
Lonicera guillonii H.Lév. & Vaniot
Lonicera gynochlamydea Hemsl.
Lonicera harae Makino
Lonicera × heckrottii – golden flame honeysuckle
Lonicera × helvetica Brügger
Lonicera heterotricha Pojark. & Zakirov
Lonicera hildebrandiana Collett & Hemsl. – giant Burmese honeysuckle
Lonicera himalayensis Gand.
Lonicera hirsuta Eaton – hairy honeysuckle
Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Schult.
Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) F.Dietr. – pink honeysuckle
Lonicera humilis Kar. & Kir.
Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.
Lonicera hypoleuca Decne.
Lonicera iberica M.Bieb.
Lonicera iliensis Pojark.
Lonicera implexa Aiton
Lonicera interrupta Benth. – Chaparral honeysuckle
Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng. – bearberry honeysuckle
Lonicera × italica Kütz.
Lonicera japonica Thunb. – Japanese honeysuckle
Lonicera kansuensis (Batalin ex Rehder) Pojark.
Lonicera kawakamii (Hayata) Masam.
Lonicera korolkowii Stapf – blueleaf honeysuckle
Lonicera kurobushiensis Kadota
Lonicera laceana M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri
Lonicera lanceolata Wall.
Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
- Lonicera ligustrina var. ligustrina
- Lonicera ligustrina var. pileata (Oliv.) Franch. (syn. Lonicera pileata Oliv.) – privet honeysuckle
- Lonicera ligustrina var. yunnanensis Franch. (syn. Lonicera nitida E.H.Wilson) – boxleaf honeysuckle
Lonicera litangensis Batalin
Lonicera longiflora DC.
Lonicera longituba H.T.Chang
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. – Amur honeysuckle
Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng.
Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz.
Lonicera magnibracteata M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri
Lonicera malayana M.R.Hend.
Lonicera maximowiczii (Rupr.) Regel
Lonicera mexicana (Kunth) Rehder
Lonicera micrantha Trautv. ex Regel
Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult.
Lonicera minutifolia Kitam.
Lonicera mochidzukiana Makino
Lonicera modesta Rehder
Lonicera morrowii A.Gray – Morrow's honeysuckle
Lonicera mucronata Rehder
Lonicera myrtilloides Purpus
Lonicera nervosa Maxim.
Lonicera nigra L. – black-berried honeysuckle
Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach
Lonicera oblata K.S.Hao ex P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. – swamp fly honeysuckle
Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook.f. & Thomson
Lonicera olgae Regel & Schmalh.
Lonicera oreodoxa Harry Sm. ex Rehder
Lonicera pamirica Pojark.
Lonicera paradoxa Pojark.
Lonicera periclymenum L. – (common) honeysuckle, European honeysuckle, or woodbine
Lonicera pilosa (Kunth) Steud. – Mexican honeysuckle
Lonicera praeflorens Batalin
Lonicera purpurascens (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp.
Lonicera pyrenaica L. – Pyrenean honeysuckle
Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. – translucent honeysuckle
Lonicera reticulata Raf. – grape honeysuckle
Lonicera retusa Franch.
Lonicera robertsonii Gamble
Lonicera rupicola Hook.f. & Thomson
Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel – Manchurian honeysuckle
Lonicera × sargentii Rehder
Lonicera schmitziana Roezl ex Dippel
Lonicera semenovii Regel
Lonicera sempervirens L. – trumpet honeysuckle
Lonicera setifera Franch.
Lonicera siamensis Gamble
Lonicera similis Hemsl. – var. delavayi – Delavay honeysuckle
Lonicera sinomacrantha Z.H.Chen, L.X.Ye & X.F.Jin
Lonicera sovetkinae Tkatsch.
Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacquem. ex Walp.
Lonicera splendida Boiss. – evergreen honeysuckle
Lonicera stabiana Guss. ex Pasq.
Lonicera stephanocarpa Franch.
Lonicera steveniana Fisch. ex Pojark.
Lonicera strophiophora Franch.
Lonicera subaequalis Rehder
Lonicera subhispida Nakai
Lonicera sublabiata P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
Lonicera subsessilis Rehder
Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn. – southern honeysuckle
Lonicera sumatrana Miq.
Lonicera taiwanensis S.S.Ying
Lonicera tangutica Maxim.
Lonicera tatarica L. – Tatarian honeysuckle
Lonicera tatarinowii Maxim.
Lonicera tolmatchevii Pojark.
Lonicera tomentella Hook.f. & Thomson
Lonicera tragophylla Hemsl. – Chinese honeysuckle
Lonicera tricalysioides C.Y.Wu
Lonicera trichosantha Bureau & Franch.
Lonicera tschonoskii Maxim.
Lonicera tubuliflora Rehder
Lonicera tulinensis S.S.Ying
Lonicera utahensis S.Watson – Utah honeysuckle
Lonicera uzenensis Kadota
Lonicera vaccinioides Rehder
Lonicera vidalii Franch. & Sav.
Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult. – mountain fly honeysuckle
Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC.
Lonicera xylosteum L. – fly woodbine
Lonicera yunnanensis Franch.
Lonicera zeravshanica Pojark.

Several fossil species are known from the Miocene of Asia.^[16]

Lonicera japonica
L. ciliosa
L. japonica fruit
L. hispidula
L. sempervirens
L. tatarica
L.caprifolium, Chèvrefeuille
flower buds.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Lonicera L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Lonicera japonica". CABI. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Honeysuckle". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2017.
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 61. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Lonicera × heckrottii 'Gold Flame'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Lonicera 'Mandarin'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Lonicera x purpusii 'Winter Beauty'". Retrieved 29 October 2020.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Lonicera x tellmannia". Retrieved 29 October 2020.
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Across China: Honeysuckle Planting in Tongwei". New China TV. 17 November 2019.
^ Mair, Victor H.; Hoh, Erling (2009). The True History of Tea, ch. 9. Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-25146-1
^ ^a ^b Kucharska, A. Z.; Sokół-Łętowska, A; Oszmiański, J; Piórecki, N; Fecka, I (2017). "Iridoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Honeysuckle Berries (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.)". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 22 (3): 405. doi:10.3390/molecules22030405. PMC 6155291. PMID 28273885.
^ Kula, M; Głód, D; Krauze-Baranowska, M (2016). "Application of on-line and off-line heart-cutting LC in determination of secondary metabolites from the flowers of Lonicera caerulea cultivar varieties". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 131: 316–326. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.010. PMID 27622313.
^ South, Richard (1907). The Moths of the British Isles. F. Warne & Company. p. 1. elephant hawk moth.
^ Pavlyutkin, Boris I. (15 November 2015). "A New Species of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae) from the Miocene of Primorye Region (the Russian Far East)". Botanica Pacifica. doi:10.17581/bp.2015.04218. Retrieved 30 January 2024.