Hurricane Gustav (/ˈɡʊstɑːv/) was the second most destructive hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. The seventh tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Gustav caused serious damage and casualties in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba and the United States. Gustav caused at least $8.31 billion (2008 USD) in damages.[1]
It formed on the morning of August 25, 2008, about 260 miles (420 km) southeast of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm that afternoon and into a hurricane early on August 26. Later that day it made landfall near the Haitian town of Jacmel. It inundated Jamaica and ravaged Western Cuba and then steadily moved across the Gulf of Mexico.[2][3]
Once into the Gulf, Gustav gradually weakened because of increased wind shear and dry air. It weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on August 31, and remained at that intensity until landfall on the morning of September 1 near Cocodrie, Louisiana.[4] Weakening continued, and Gustav weakened to a tropical storm that evening and to a tropical depression the next day as it meandered around the south-central US. The weak system became extratropical on September 4 and was absorbed by another low on September 5.[4]
In total, an estimated 153 deaths had been attributed to Gustav in the U.S. and Caribbean. Damage in the U.S. totaled to $6 billion (2008 USD)[5] with additional damage of $2.1 billion in Cuba[6] and $210 million in damage in Jamaica.[7]
Gustav formed out of a tropical wave that had previously produced t-rain and squalls in the Lesser Antilles. It developed well-defined curved bands and briefly exhibited an upper-level eye feature. The NHC designated it Tropical Depression Seven and dispatched a hurricane hunter aircraft to investigate the system.[8] At the time, the system had a well-defined outflow in all but the southeast and southwest quadrants,[8][9]
and data from the hurricane-hunter aircraft confirmed that the tropical depression had strengthened into a tropical storm, which was soon designated Tropical Storm Gustav.[10]
A brief period of disorganization[11]
proved to be temporary as a well-defined eye wall formed that same night.[12]
In the early hours of August 26, as the storm approached Haiti's southwestern peninsula,[13]
another hurricane hunter aircraft confirmed what forecasters already suspected—that Gustav had strengthened into a hurricane with winds topping 90 mph (140 km/h).[14]
Before reaching Haiti, its satellite presentation continued to intensify, a central dense overcast became more prominent,[15]
and the minimum central pressure fell.[16]
Hurricane Gustav making landfall in Haiti on August 26
Hurricane Gustav regained a pronounced eye as it made landfall on Haiti, with 75 mph (121 km/h) winds,[17]
near the town of Jacmel.[18]
As the hurricane moved over Haiti's mountainous terrain its circulation was disrupted[17] and it lost a little strength.[19]
Although downgraded to a tropical storm, it still had a pronounced eye in its mid- and upper-level structures. Its outflow improved throughout the night of August 26,[20]
and the system was not very disrupted when it moved back over water into the Gulf of Gonâve.[21]
However, the storm's movement slowed, and continued interaction with nearby Haiti, combined with the incursion of mid-level dry air from the northeast, resulted in further weakening during the day on August 27.[22][23]
The storm began a west-southwesterly movement that brought it closer to Jamaica. On the morning of August 28 it was found that, overnight, Gustav had either reformed farther to the south or had moved farther to the south than previously thought. The storm was also found to have restrengthened nearly to hurricane status.[24]
It then was upgraded to a hurricane again during the late afternoon of August 29. At 11:00 a.m EDT (1500 UTC) on August 30, as Gustav neared the west end of Cuba, it was upgraded to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale,[25]
with sustained winds near 125 mph (201 km/h).[25] Gustav continued its rapid deepening trend, and three hours later, it had already reached Category 4 strength. Gustav's maximum sustained winds had reached 150 mph (240 km/h)[26]
with a minimum pressure of 941 millibars.[27]
On August 30, Gustav made landfall twice on Cuba: first, on Isla de la Juventud and then on the mainland near the community of Los Palacios in Pinar del Río Province.[28] At 2235 UTC (6:35 PM Cuba Daylight Time), a weather station at Paso Real de San Diego recorded a wind gust of 184 knots (212 mph; 341 km/h), which at the time was the strongest wind gust from a tropical cyclone on record.[4][29] By the early hours of August 31, Gustav entered the Gulf of Mexico with maximum sustained winds of 135 mph (217 km/h) and minimum central pressure of 958 millibars.[30]
During August 31, the storm moved in a northwest direction slightly losing its strength (despite passing over a shortened Loop Current) with sustained winds at 115 mph.[31] On the evening of August 31, Gustav weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and remained at such intensity until landfall in the U.S.[4] Gustav made landfall along the Louisiana coast with 105 mph (169 km/h) winds near Cocodrie,[32] at about 9:30 a.m CDT (1430 UTC). At U.S. landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 70 miles (110 km) from the center, and tropical-storm-force winds extended 200 miles (320 km).[32] That night, by 10 pm CDT, Gustav had been downgraded to a Tropical Storm with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Alexandria, Louisiana[33] and by 4 am CDT on September 2 Gustav had diminished to a Tropical Depression with a threat of severe flooding in the lower Mississippi Valley and eastern Texas.[34]
Preparations
Hispaniola
Immediately upon the storm's designation as a tropical depression it was expected to strengthen into a tropical storm and strike the island of Hispaniola,[8] shared by the Dominican Republic on the east and Haiti on the west. Tropical storm warnings were issued from the coast of the Dominican Republic south of Santo Domingo to the Haitian coast south of Port-au-Prince. A tropical storm watch was issued for the Haitian coast, north of Port-au-Prince to the northern border with the Dominican Republic.[35] Hours later, when Gustav was upgraded to a tropical storm, the tropical storm warning was upgraded to a hurricane warning and the tropical storm watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning.[36][37]
The Haitian government ordered emergency shelters to prepare.[38] The country is particularly vulnerable to floods and landslides as rainfall runs off its largely deforested mountains.[37][39] The government issued a red alert[39] and advised the population to take precautions, but few Haitians took heed. Fair weather led many to doubt whether a hurricane was even approaching.[38] American Airlines canceled all of its flights into and out of Port-au-Prince on August 26, stranding travelers hoping to escape the storm.[38]
Jamaica and Cayman Islands
Hurricane Gustav, just after making landfall in Jamaica, August 29
In the Cayman Islands, a hurricane watch was issued at 6 pm August 25 and upgraded that to a warning on 6 pm August 27. Banks and non-essential government services were closed Friday to allow residents to prepare. Extra flights were organized to get tourists off the island and, per usual practice, further visits were banned until the All Clear was given. Stores and gas stations were busy and each district office offered free plywood to protect windows and residents hurried about to secure their business interests and property.
Cuba
Infrared Satellite loops of Hurricane Gustav crossing western Cuba as a major category 4 storm.
60,000 were evacuated overnight on August 29 from Cuba's western coasts. Gustav was projected to strike Cuba on the afternoon of August 30.[41][42] Additional evacuations were ordered on the afternoon of August 30 as Gustav strengthened to a strong Category 4 hurricane, particularly in the low-lying Pinar del Río Province where 190,000 were evacuated.[43] On Monday, September 1, Cuban officials reported that Gustav's 155 mph (249 km/h) winds damaged or destroyed 90,000 homes in Pinar del Río, and knocked down 80 high-tension towers.[44] The combined damage estimate from Gustav and the subsequent hurricanes Ike and Paloma is about $9.4 billion (USD), with about 2.1 billion of that from Gustav.[7][45]
United States
On August 31, the NHC predicted with 45% probability that Gustav would remain at Category 3 or above on September 1. This influenced preparations, although in fact Gustav had dropped just below the Category 3 threshold to Category 2 by landfall, and Category 1 shortly afterwards. Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, committed $250,000 in special hurricane response funds to assist nonprofit clinics, community health centers, and evacuation and shelter areas.[46]
On the morning of August 26, with Gustav still over Haiti, Louisiana emergency preparedness officials met several times to discuss predictions that Gustav would reach the state as a major hurricane in three to five days.[47] Several areas of Louisiana planned for evacuations.[48] Several parishes in the New Orleans area announced plans for voluntary evacuations beginning Saturday, August 30. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin said that it was possible thousands of people who need city help could start leaving on Saturday, as the first wave of a full-scale evacuation. Later, he ordered the mandatory evacuation of the whole of New Orleans commencing on the morning of August 31, calling Gustav "the storm of the century ... the mother of all storms."[48][49] On August 31, Nagin also declared a dusk-to-dawn curfew and the cessation of city assistance in evacuations by the afternoon.[50] By that afternoon, 1.9 million people had evacuated southern Louisiana, with 200,000 being residents of New Orleans alone,[51] making it the largest evacuation in the history of Louisiana.[52]
Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin shortened his appearance at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, to assist in preparations.[57] The residents of low-lying Grand Isle, Louisiana, were under a voluntary evacuation order beginning August 29. Traditionally, the community is one of the first to vacate when tropical storms threaten.[48] Residents of lower Cameron Parish, Louisiana, were also given a voluntary evacuation order on August 29.[58] Mandatory evacuation orders have since been given. In Plaquemines Parish, Parish President Billy Nungesser flew in a helicopter counting the number of vessels and barges that potentially would be a safety issue to people, property, and the levee system during a hurricane. Parish officials called the owners of about 150 vessels and told them to move the vessels or the parish would sink them. 70 of the 150 were sunk, some by the parish, some by the owners. [1] Also, parish officials started a last-ditch effort to save Belle Chasse by constructing a sand levee across Louisiana Highway 23.[59] Approximately eight hours later, the parish government announced the completion of the levee.[60]
On September 1, Plaquemines Parish officials asked the residents of Braithwaite, Louisiana to leave, as levee failure was considered imminent.[67] FEMA had estimated there were only about 10,000 people left in New Orleans on September 1.[68]
Local events
One major sporting event was directly affected by the disaster preparations. On August 30, Louisiana State University (LSU) opened its 2008 football season against Appalachian State. The originally scheduled kickoff time of 4 pm CDT would have conflicted with the start of contraflow lane reversal, and Interstate 10 is a key evacuation route through Baton Rouge. Accordingly, LSU moved kickoff to 10 am CDT.[69] A college football game between Nicholls State University and New Mexico State University, scheduled for September 4, was cancelled.[70] The Triple-A baseball New Orleans Zephyrs cancelled the final three games of their season because of the impending approach of Gustav and evacuation preparations.[71] The New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) proceeded with plans to evacuate from New Orleans and headed to Indianapolis, where they practiced at Lucas Oil Stadium.[72] The Saints returned to New Orleans to play their first home game as scheduled on Sunday, September 7, defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 24–20.[73]
Hotel and business closures related to Gustav had impact on New Orleans's Southern Decadence celebrations, which were scheduled for August 27 through September 1, 2008.[74][75]
Texas GovernorRick Perry activated 5,000 members of the Texas Military Forces on August 29 in response to the possible crisis, in addition to preparations made by other agencies.[76] As of August 29, other preparations in Texas to deal with Gustav and its effects were implemented.[77] Some evacuees were being placed in Northeast Texas, including in Dallas County, Tarrant County, and Tyler, Texas.[78]
In Harris County, Texas, the administrative County Judge Ed Emmett said that the Reliant Astrodome will not be used as a shelter for evacuees if Hurricane Gustav hits New Orleans because Houston is also vulnerable to Hurricane Gustav. Emmett said that it would make more sense to evacuate to a more inland area.[79]
Voluntary evacuations of Jefferson and Orange Counties started on August 30 with mandatory evacuations in the two counties started on August 31.[80] Also, the Texas Governor deployed other assets to help handle the oncoming disaster.[81]
Mississippi and Alabama
On August 27, requests and orders began for evacuations along the Mississippi Gulf Coast.[82] All schools in Harrison County's five public school districts were closed until September 2.[83] Several schools in Pearl River County were also confirmed closed until September 2. The University of Southern Mississippi was closed on September 2, as well as the Alcorn State University.
Much of the Alabama National Guard was mobilized to assist evacuees from the other states. Governor Bob Riley called for mandatory evacuation of Dauphin Island, Plash Island, Gulf Shores, as well as everything south of Fort Morgan Road, Gulf Shores on August 31.[84] The Mobile Regional Airport closed on August 31, and remained closed September 1. It is reopened September 2.[85] The Bankhead Tunnel in Mobile, Alabama, closed on August 31.[85]
Multistate agencies
On Friday, August 29 several state rural waters associations activated their Water Agency Response Networks to prepare for Gustav's landfall.[86] WARN systems are agreements between rural water associations and government agencies in neighboring states that coordinate the response to large water emergencies. Water technicians and trailers of portable generators, pumps, spare parts and testing equipment were readied along the Gulf Coast and neighboring states to respond to the emergency.[87]
In the Dominican Republic, a landslide in a rural area killed eight people.[100] Two people were injured. Government authorities said that some 67,255 persons were evacuated and more than 1,239 homes were damaged with 12 destroyed. 50 communities were isolated by the flooding.[101]
Gustav made landfall in Haiti at approximately 1 pm EDT on August 26, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Jacmel.[102] While inland, Gustav's rains triggered a landslide in the community of Benet which killed one person.[103] Two more were killed in southwestern Haiti when their house collapsed. Another two deaths were caused by an explosion inside a house, thought to be possibly related to Hurricane Gustav.[104] The southern town of Jacmel, where the hurricane made landfall, was bisected by floodwaters.[54]
According to Haiti's National Director of Civil Protection, 77 people died as a result of the hurricane.[4] Some 2,100 houses were destroyed and another 8,150 damaged, causing an estimated 7,200 people to live in temporary shelters, including churches, community centers and schools.[105]
Jamaica
In Jamaica, 15 deaths were reported after Gustav swept through the area as a tropical storm.[4] Flash flooding was also reported on the island as a result of Gustav's heavy rains.[106]
The banana sector in the parishes of St. Thomas, St. Mary and Portland suffered significant damage.[107]
The Hope River Bridge linking the capital Kingston with the eastern reaches of the city including Harbour View and St. Thomas collapsed and the Georgia bridge in Portland was destroyed. Jamaica's government ministry initially estimated US$41.8 million in damage to the road infrastructure in the country.[108] Total damage in Jamaica was estimated at $210 million.[4]
Cayman Islands
In the Cayman Islands, Gustav's heavy rains and storm surge flooded the streets of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, the smaller easternmost "Sister Islands" in the chain. More than 1,100 people spent the night in government shelters in the three islands as high waves and heavy winds battered the chain, the National Emergency Operations Center said in a statement. Most people waited out the storm in private homes or hotels.[109]
Cuba
Waters churned up by Hurricane Gustav off the coast of Northern Cuba
On Saturday August 30, 2008, Gustav made landfall on mainland Cuba near the community of Los Palacios in Pinar del Río—a region that produces much of the tobacco used to make the nation's famed cigars. In Los Palacios some 7,000 homes were roofless and many with their walls collapsed. The rice and banana farms sustained much damage.[110]
At least 300,000 people were evacuated from Gustav's path as 155 mph (249 km/h) winds toppled telephone poles and fruit trees, shattered windows and tore off the tin roofs of homes. Cuban authorities declared that Gustav is the worst hurricane to hit the country in 50 years. Authorities called the storm damage the worst since 1956. The 211 mph (340 km/h) wind gusts registered in the city of Paso Real de San Diego were the highest in Cuba's history, according to the provincial newspaper, the Guerrillero. Winds were so strong that the weather station instruments broke.[111] Gustav is considered Cuba's worst hurricane in 45 years, the last hurricane that was worse than Gustav for Cuba was Hurricane Flora in 1963, which was the deadliest Cuban storm since the 1932 Cuba Hurricane.
Cuban Civil defense authorities initially stated that there were "many people injured" on Isla de la Juventud, an island of 87,000 people south of the mainland. Nearly all the island's roads were washed out and some regions were heavily flooded. No fatalities have been reported in Cuba, despite the extreme damage.[4][28]
By September 3, Cuba's President Raúl Castro said that 20,000 of the 25,000 houses on Isla de la Juventud were damaged. More than 90,000 homes were damaged in the western province of Pinar del Río according to government news agency AIN. 3,306 tobacco houses were destroyed, with 906 tons of tobacco leaves wet. More than 32,000 acres (130 km2) of crops were ruined, including 7,239 acres (29.30 km2) of grain and nearly 1,500 of fruit. 42,000 cans of coffee were destroyed, and 3,100 tons of grapefruit lost. 930,000 chickens had to be euthanized.[112]
According to Pinar del Río civil defense authorities, 86,000 homes were damaged, 80 electric towers and 600 electric posts fell. Cuba's electric company, indicated that a total of 136 electric towers toppled over and that the electrical grid on Isla de la Juventud was 100% damaged.[113] In all, damage from Hurricane Gustav totaled $2.1 billion in Cuba.[114]
United States
Total rainfall from Gustav in the United StatesHurricane Gustav was one of the largest-diameter US Gulf Coast hurricanes.[115] Though large size does not imply strength—which is based on sustained wind measurements—it can mean that more people are exposed to its hazards.[115]Tipped and flooded home, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.
Although the storm was still in its formative stages on August 26,[15] fears that Hurricane Gustav might eventually disrupt oil production in the Gulf of Mexico caused oil prices to rise.[37][102][116] On August 27, U.S. oil and natural-gas companies began evacuating personnel from their oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico amid continued forecasts that Gustav would strengthen and move into the gulf.[117] By August 30, 76.77% of oil production and 37.16% of natural gas production in the Gulf of Mexico had been shut in.[118] By mid-day August 31, 96% of oil production had stopped.[119] Out at sea, one death was reported.[4] Sunk in the Gulf as an artificial reef in 2006, the USS Oriskany (CV-34) shifted and was buried 10 feet deeper in the ocean floor after Gustav passed over.[120]
Louisiana
Hurricane Gustav in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 storm
In the state of Louisiana, 34 parishes were declared as disaster areas.[121]
Hurricane Gustav reached the Louisiana coast on the morning of September 1, making landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana (see rainfall map); however, at 9 am wind speed at Grand Isle had been 115 mph (185 km/h),[122] the highest eyewall speed, indicating the eyewall had traveled over 4 hours along the coast. The center of the storm continued northwest across the state, so damage and deaths were widespread in many areas.
Forty-eight deaths in the state of Louisiana were blamed on Hurricane Gustav. Five were due to falling trees, two due to a tornado and the rest were indirect deaths.[4] The tornado also injured two others.[123]
Around 1.5 million people were without power in Louisiana on September 1.[124]
The state reported about 100,000 people remained on the coast, after evacuation.[68] Nearly 2 million people had evacuated from south Louisiana in the days before Gustav's arrival.[68]
The city of New Orleans had the official reopening date on Thursday (September 4),[125] after crews had restored most electric power and other services.[125]
Damage assessments came as residents returned to inspect their properties. Damage included numerous trees down in various locations, such as around some Marriott hotels,[126] and large tree limbs were broken from oak trees along St. Charles Avenue.[68] Millions of smaller branches were scattered throughout neighborhoods, blown by the strong winds. Area hotels planned to reopen the week of September 8, some by Saturday, September 6 (such as the InterContinental & 16 area Marriotts, which already had electricity restored).[126]
The Associated Press[68] reported on the floodwall along the Industrial Canal (the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal), which connects Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, and is susceptible to surges via the Gulf Outlet. High water splashed over the floodwalls onto new splash guards (designed to prevent foundation erosion), but the walls were not breached.[68] Minor street flooding began in the upper Ninth Ward of New Orleans.
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, it was considered to be the worst storm to hit the area since Hurricane Betsy in 1965. An elderly couple was killed when a tree fell on the house they were temporarily staying in and 85% of the area lost power.[127]
The community of Houma, Louisiana, and the surrounding area in south-central Louisiana sustained extensive wind damage. The winds blew off many roofs, blew windows out of houses and knocked down many trees and left much of the region without power.[122] Shingles and awnings were scattered throughout downtown Houma.[122] At Ellender High in Houma, the school's new gym was heavily damaged, with a rear wall collapsed.[122] The roof of the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce was also blown away. Overall, the area was considered to have dodged a bullet. Had the storm come ashore farther west, the Intracoastal Waterway would have been a highway for storm surge to penetrate into the heart of Houma.[122] However, flooding was relatively minor in the region.[122]
Central Louisiana was also hard hit. Many trees and power lines were knocked down in that region as well, and many houses sustained damage from the winds and localized flooding. Part of the roof at the Alexandria Mall collapsed. Two people died in the region — one was electrocuted and one had a tree crush her trailer.[128] The area's water supply was also hampered as power was knocked out to most of the water wells in the Alexandria and Pineville areas.[129]
Damage and significant power outages were reported as far north as northern Louisiana, in the Interstate 20 corridor.[130] Highest rainfall totals received thus far across the state include 16.37 inches (416 mm) near Bunkie, Louisiana,[131] and 19.17 inches (487 mm) at Barataria Bay Pass.[132][133][134]
President Bush declared 34 Louisiana parishes as disaster areas and visited the area on September 3.[121]
On Wednesday, September 3, field staff and emergency supplies from the Arkansas Rural Water Association departed to assist the Louisiana Rural Water Association restore water and wastewater service to impacted communities.[135] Staff and supplies from other state associations, including Alabama, Mississippi and Florida went on stand-by the same day. By Friday, September 5, response teams from Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi were assisting efforts to restore water and wastewater service. There was little structural damage to the water infrastructure, with power loss the primary difficulty.[136] Rural water teams provided 771 on-site technical assistance visits to 370 affected water and wastewater systems. Later, the LRWA efforts received applause from the Louisiana Joint Select Committee on Homeland Security.[137]
The LSU football team postponed their game, scheduled for September 6, against Troy University and rescheduled it for November 15 after damage was caused to Tiger Stadium. The swirling wind in the stadium tore awnings, threw team benches from the sidelines of the playing field into the stands and littered the stadium with debris.[138]
Mississippi and Alabama
Hurricane Gustav just after U.S. landfall.Waves crash against a stop sign in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, as Hurricane Gustav hits the Gulf Coast.Wind damage to the landmark Eola Hotel in Natchez, Mississippi.
The National Weather Service reported 14 confirmed tornadoes spun by Gustav from Biloxi to Mobile.
In Mississippi, damage from Gustav was far less severe than that caused by Hurricane Katrina, with its 2005 storm surge of 27 ft (8.2 m); however, Gustav's storm surge was high as 15 feet (4.6 m) in places on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Sections of U.S. Route 90 (including Gulfport and Biloxi) were flooded and some houses were flooded.[139] Two people from Metairie, Louisiana died near Vicksburg in an automobile accident while evacuating from the storm.[140]
In Alabama, scattered damage already reached multimillion-dollar levels, with the destruction of the Dauphin Islandberm (sand dune barrier) by storm surge waves,[141] flood damage to island roads & homes,[141] and extensive flooding around Bayou La Batre. The manmade sand berm took about two years to complete, and construction of another berm for Dauphin Island started in 2010,[141] which acts as a barrier island for the western Alabama coastline at Mobile Bay.[141]
A fuller assessment of damage can be expected when more residents return to the coastal areas and further insurance claims are filed.
Florida
The state of Florida was affected by both the Cuba landfall, with Gustav traveling past the Florida Keys, and the Louisiana landfall (September 1), affecting the Florida panhandle, with storm surge and outer band tornadoes and thunderstorms. Several tornado warnings were issued around the Pensacola area. Panhandle beaches had rip currents,[142] and officials in Pensacola Beach had been passing out pamphlets warning of deadly rip currents that could continue for days.[142] Four people died in rip currents on Florida beaches.[4]
The USS Oriskany (CV-34), now an artificial reef off the coast of Pensacola, shifted 10 feet deeper leaving the flight deck at 145 feet (44 m) following Gustav.[120]
Four people died in a car accident on Interstate 20 near Carrollton, Georgia while evacuating from Louisiana. Two other people in the car were alive and airlifted to nearby hospitals.[143]
Arkansas
Because of Gustav's slow motion across northwest Louisiana and Arkansas on September 4 and 5, significant rainfall accumulation was seen statewide. The maximum amount in Arkansas was at Hamburg, where 11.25 inches (286 mm) had fallen,[144]
making Gustav the third wettest tropical cyclone to affect the state since 1972.[145]
On August 30, President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney canceled their planned attendance at the 2008 Republican National Convention.[147] Because of the expected U.S. landfall, governors and some other political leaders from Louisiana and other states chose to stay home from the 2008 Republican National Convention.[148] As the hurricane approached the coast, presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain canceled all non-essential opening-day festivities at the convention[149] and said that he might give his acceptance speech via satellite from the affected area.[150]
Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama and vice presidential nominee Joe Biden, monitoring the situation in the Gulf Coast, encouraged New Orleans residents to evacuate.[151] Obama also announced that he would ask his large network of donors and volunteers to contribute money, goods and work to assist victims of the storm according to what was most needed after the storm hit.[152]
Louisiana's Congressional primary election, originally scheduled for September 6, was delayed to October 4, which then delayed the general election for two races that required a runoff vote to December 6, 2008.[153]
Cuba
Fidel Castro addressed in a "reflection," published on September 1 in the official daily Granma. "Two days ago ... out of 11 international press reports devoted to Cuba, none told about the hurricane that moved toward our island and the feverish efforts of our Civil Defense," Castro writes. Instead, the news services, "echoing a Yankee press organization dedicated to the media war and campaigns against Cuba," reported about the defection of TV actor Yamil Jaled. (The "Yankee press organization" appears to be an allusion to El Nuevo Herald, which broke the news of Jaled's arrival in Miami.) "What a patriot! What a democrat! What a brilliant example," wrote Castro. "This way, the world is informed about a character a lot less known and important than Hurricane Gustav. They want to make a sacred cow out of him."[154]
Because of the damage and deaths wrought by the storm, the name Gustav was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in April 2009, and it will never again be used to name an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Gonzalo for the 2014 season.[155][156]
^Report on 2008 Hurricane Season in Cuba. RA IV Hurricane Committee Thirty First Session. World Meteorological Organization's RA IV Hurricane Committee. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^Staff Writer (August 26, 2008). "Hurricane Watch in effect for JA". Radio Jamaica. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2008. Emergency shelters were open across the island with several schools converted into shelters.
^Rivas, Ronald Suárez; AIN (August 30, 2008). "Prepared to confront Gustav". Granma International. Granma International Online. Archived from the original on August 31, 2008.
^Mark Schleifstein and Michelle Krupa (August 26, 2008). "Gustav has state on alert". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 31, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^Tulane University (August 28, 2008). "Tulane Evacuation Plans". Tulane University. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Brown, Daniel P (December 17, 2007). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Noel(PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
^Stewart, Stacy R (April 3, 2017). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Matthew(PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^Finnigan, Sean (October 4, 2002). Hurricane Lili almost drowns Camp-Perin, Haiti(PDF) (Report). Organisation for the Rehabilitation of the Environment. p. 1. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
^Brown, Daniel P; Kimberlain, Todd B (March 27, 2009). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hanna(PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^Beven II, John L; Kimberlain, Todd B (January 22, 2009). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gustav(PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Ketawa Dimana AjaGenreKomediSutradaraRysan KharismanPemeran Boah Sartika Indra Frimawan Ananta Rispo Indra Jegel Negara asal IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode4Rilis asliJaringanVision+Rilis1 November 2022 Ketawa Dimana Aja adalah serial orisinal be…
IaretPermaisuri Mesir Istri Kerajaan Agung Putri Raja Saudari RajaRatu Iaret dan Firaun Thutmosis IV.PemakamanThebes?Nama lengkapIaretAyahAmenhotep IIIbutidak diketahuiPasanganThutmosis IVAgamaagama Mesir KunoIaret merupakan seorang Istri Kerajaan Agung Mesir Kuno dari pertengahan Dinasti kedelapan belas. Keluarga Sebuah prasasti Iaret: Istri Raja Agung, Putri Raja, Saudari Raja, Iaret laret adalah putri Amunhotep II dan istri Thutmose IV. Transkripsi dari namanya tidak pasti; ini ditulis dengan…
Penghancuran dan pencurian warisan budaya sudah dilakukan oleh Negara Islam Irak dan Syam sejak 2014 di daerah Irak, Suriah, dan Libya. ISIS menargetkan penghancuran pelbagai tempat-tempat ibadah yang berada pada daerah yang dikuasai ISIS. di Iraq, sejak jatuhnya Mosul pada bulan Juni 2014 dan Februari 2015, ISIS sudah menghancurkan lebih dari 28 tempat ibadah yang bersejarah.[1] Namun, sejak Maret 2019, ISIS sudah kehilangan banyak teritorinya di Timur Tengah. Alasan ISIL membenarkan pe…
غافريلوفكا الإحداثيات 56°13′46″N 43°42′43″E / 56.229444444444°N 43.711944444444°E / 56.229444444444; 43.711944444444 تقسيم إداري البلد روسيا[2][1] عدد السكان عدد السكان 852 (1 يناير 2018)[3]856 (2017)[4] معلومات أخرى منطقة زمنية ت ع م+03:00 606041 رمز الهاتف 8313 رمز جيوني…
Region Bratislava Bratislavský krajRegion BenderaLambang kebesaranNegaraSlowakiaIbu kotaBratislavaPemerintahan • GubernurJuraj DrobaLuas • Total2.053 km2 (793 sq mi)Ketinggian tertinggi754 m (2,474 ft)Ketinggian terendah126 m (413 ft)Populasi (31 Desember 2019) • Total669.592 • Kepadatan330/km2 (840/sq mi)Kode ISO 3166SK-BLSitus webwww.region-bsk.sk Region Bratislava (bahasa Slowakia: Brat…
Chetnik war crimes in World War IIPart of the World War II in YugoslaviaLocationKingdom of YugoslaviaDate1941–1945TargetMuslims, Croats, Yugoslav Partisan POWs and sympathisers, and Jews (after 1942)Attack typeGenocide, ethnic cleansing, massacresDeathsCroatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina: 50,000–68,000Sandžak: over 5,000PerpetratorsChetniksFascist Italy Nazi GermanyMotiveGreater SerbiaIslamophobiaAnti-Croat sentimentAnti-communismAnti-Semitism Anti-Catholicism The Chetniks, a Yugoslav royali…
Bagian dari seriPendidikan di Indonesia Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Pendidikan anak usia dini TK RA KB Pendidikan dasar (kelas 1–6) SD MI Paket A Pendidikan dasar (kelas 7–9) SMP MTs Paket B Pendidikan menengah (kelas 10–12) SMA MA SMK MAK SMA SMTK SMAK Utama Widya Pasraman Paket C Pendidikan tinggi Perguruan tinggi Akademi Akademi komunitas Institut Politeknik Sekolah tinggi Universitas Lain-lain Madrasah Pesantren Sekolah alam Sekolah rumah…
تقدم الاتصالات في الأرجنتين نبذة عامة عن الخدمات البريدية والهاتفية والإنترنت والراديو والتلفزيون والصحف المتوفرة في الأرجنتين. الخدمات البريدية الأرجنتينيين يمكنهم الوصول إلى أكثر من 5000 مكتب بريد على الصعيد الوطني تأسست الخدمة البريدية الوطنية، كوريو أرجنتينو، في عام 18…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’économie, le commerce et le droit. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Signalétique des douanes. Secteur des douanes avant le départ vers les États-Unis à l'aéroport international Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau (Canada). La douane (du persan diwan, « registre, liste de contrôle ») est une autorité étatique chargée du contrôle des frontières d'un…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Loi de Faraday. En physique, la loi de Lenz-Faraday, ou loi de Faraday, permet de rendre compte des phénomènes macroscopiques d'induction électromagnétique. Elle exprime l'apparition d'une force électromotrice (tension) dans un circuit électrique, lorsque celui-ci est immobile dans un champ magnétique variable ou lorsque le circuit est mobile dans un champ magnétique constant ou permanent. À l'origine empirique, cette loi est fondée sur les travaux de …
Politics of Russia Law Constitution Russian Criminal Code Tax Code Mental Health Law PresidencyPresidentVladimir Putin (list) Presidential Administration Security Council State Council ExecutivePrime MinisterMikhail Mishustin (list) Government Cabinet (56th) LegislatureFederal Assembly Federation Council Members Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko State Duma Members (8th convocation) Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Prosecutor General Legal system Law enforc…
Culinary traditions of Finland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Finnish cuisine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Karelian pasty (karjalanpiirakka) is a traditional Finnish dish made from a thin rye crust with a filling of barley …
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento cestisti statunitensi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Jermaine O'Neal O'Neal con la maglia dei Boston Celtics Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 211 cm Peso 113 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Ala-pivot Termine carriera 2014 CarrieraGiovanili 1992-1996Eau Claire…
Aluminium fluorida Anhydrous AlF3 Nama Nama lain Aluminium(III) fluoridaAluminum trifluorida Penanda Nomor CAS 7784-18-1 Y32287-65-3 (monohidrat) Y15098-87-0 (trihidrat) Y Model 3D (JSmol) monomer: Gambar interaktifbentuk kristal: Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChEBI CHEBI:49464 Y ChemSpider 2039 Y Nomor EC PubChem CID 2124 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID8030712 InChI InChI=1S/Al.3FH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3 YKey: KLZUFW…
Russian software company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability canno…
Educational agency in India BSE, OdishaBoard of Secondary Education, OdishaFormationNovember 3, 1994 (1994-11-03)TypeState Governmental Board of School EducationHeadquartersBajrakabati Road, Cuttack, Odisha, IndiaOfficial language Odia & EnglishPresidentSri Jyoti Prakash Das (IAS)Vice PresidentDr. Nihar Ranjan Mohanty, OES (SAG)Parent organisationDepartment of School and Mass Education, Government of OdishaWebsitewww.bseodisha.ac.in The Board of Secondary Education, Odisha (ab…
American baseball player and manager (born 1949) For the Anglican bishop, see Cecil Cooper (bishop). For the Anglican priest, see Cecil Cooper (priest). For the rugby player, see Cec Cooper. Baseball player Cecil CooperCooper as coach for the Houston Astros in 2007First baseman / ManagerBorn: (1949-12-20) December 20, 1949 (age 74)Brenham, Texas, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutSeptember 8, 1971, for the Boston Red SoxLast MLB appearanceJuly 12, 1987, for the…
