Sikhs believe that the 'creator and creation are one and the same thing'.[4] Most Muslims, on the other hand, believe God is separate and distinct from his creation.[5] Islam believes that Muhammad was the last prophet, to whom the Quran was revealed by God in the 7th century CE. Sikhism was founded in the 15th century CE by Guru Nanak. Guru Granth Sahib is the scripture followed by Sikhs as "The Living Guru".[6][7]
In Islam, the legal system based on the Quran and the Sunnah is known as Sharia; there is no such legal system mentioned in Guru Granth Sahib. Daily prayers are one of the pillars of Islam, and they are mandatory for all Muslims.[8] Baptized Sikhs read the five banis as part of their daily routine, Nitnem. Islam requires annual zakah (alms giving) by Muslims.[9]Kirat Karna (doing an honest livelihood — earning honestly without any sort of corruption); Naam Japna (to chant and meditate on Naam, read and follow "The One"); and Vand Chhako (selfless service [sewa] and sharing with others) are fundamental to Sikhism given by[tone] Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The Hajj is a religious pilgrimage to Mecca that is an important part of Islam, while Sikhs do not believe in pilgrimages. However, many Sikhs do frequently travel to Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar.[10]
There has been a history of constructive influence and conflict between Islam and Sikhism. The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes teachings from Muslims, namely Baba Farid and Kabir.[11][12][13]
The first convert to Sikhism was a Muslim, Mardana, who was Guru Nanak's lifelong friend and companion on his journeys. He is believed to have played the rebab while Guru Nanak recited the sacred hymns that would later form the Adi Granth.
The first major interaction between the two religions happened when Guru Nanak spent two years in Mecca and the Middle East. He learned about Islam and had detailed discussions with Muslim sheikhs.
Comparison
Belief
God
Sikhism believes that God is formless (nirankar).[6][14] It is a monotheistic religion in that it believes in a single God (Waheguru),[6] and it has also been seen as a form of panentheism. God in the nirgun aspect is without attributes, unmanifest, not seen, but all pervading and permeating, omnipresent. God in the sargun aspect is manifest and has attributes, qualities, and is seen in the whole of creation.
There is only one God, he is the eternal truth, he is without fear, he is without hate, immortal, without form, beyond birth and death
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; (1) Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; (2) He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; (3) And there is none like unto Him. (4)
The Islamic theosophical belief in wahdatul wujud has many similarities to Sikh panentheism.[18][19][20][21]
Guru and Messengers
Sikhism reveres Guru Nanak as the first Sikh Guru of the faith who taught of the one divine creator, WaheGuru. The Guru Gaddi, the symbolic seat of the Guru, has been filled by the ten Sikh Gurus, who have guided the Sikh people (Panth), and is now occupied by the Sikh holy text, Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhism accepts that there were other messengers—including Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed—in other religions.[6]
Islam believes that there were many messengers of God, with the last messenger being Prophet Mohammed, who received the Quran as the last revelation of God.[22][23] This conflicts with Sikhism whose first guru came around 800 years after the Prophet Mohammed.
Spirituality
Sikhism has an ambivalent attitude towards miracles and rejects any form of discrimination within and against other religions.[24] Sikhism does not believe in rituals, but is permissive of traditions.[7] Sikhism rejects asceticism and celibacy.[25] The Sikhism founder Guru Nanak adopted the Indic ideas on rebirth, and taught the ideas of reincarnation.[25]Adi Granth of Sikhism recognizes and includes spiritual wisdom from other religions.[7][26][page needed]
Islam considers itself to be a perfect and final religion,[26] and warns against innovation (bid‘ah) to what is revealed in the Quran and the Hadiths.[7] Islam believes in miracles and a final judgment day (Yawm al-Qiyāmah).[27]
Sikhism allows freedom of conscience and choosing one's own path.[28] It teaches that many religious traditions are valid, leading to the same Waheguru, and it rejects that any particular religion has a monopoly regarding absolute truth for all of humanity.[29]
Islam teaches that non-Islamic religious traditions have been distorted by man to suit their desires.[30][31] Accordingly, apostasy—that is abandonment of Islam by a Muslim and conversion to another religion or atheism—is a religious crime in Islam punishable with death.[32][33] According to the Hadiths, states John Esposito (2003), leaving Islam is punishable by "beheading, crucifixion or banishment," and sharia (Islamic legal code) traditionally has required death by the sword for an adult sane male who voluntarily leaves Islam.[32] However, adds Esposito (2003), modern thinkers have argued against execution as penalty for apostasy from Islam by invoking Quranic verse 2:256.[32]
Predestination
Sikhism believes in predestination within God's will, and what one does, speaks and hears falls within that will; one has to simply follow the laid down path per God's hukam.[34]
Islam, particularly Sunni Islam, believes in predestination, or divine preordainment (al-qadā wa l-qadar), wherein God has full knowledge and control over all that occurs.[35][36] According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by God is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfūz, the 'Preserved Tablet'.[37][full citation needed]
Practices
Sikh practices are outlined in the Sikh Rehat Maryada. These include the following:
These 5 practices are essential to Sunni Islam; Shi'a Muslims subscribe to 8 ritual practices which substantially overlap with the five Pillars.[39][40]
Grooming and dress
The Khalsa Panth among Sikhs are guided by the five Ks. They keep their head hair long (kesh) and men wear dastar (turban). They carry a wooden comb, wear an iron bracelet, wear a cotton underwear, and carry a kirpan (steel sword).[41] Non-baptized Sikh women are free to dress as they wish in Sikhism.[42] Sex segregation is not required in public places or Sikh temples by Sikhism.[42]
Muslim males are encouraged to grow their beards and trim the moustache.[43] Men in some Muslim communities wear turban (head cap).[44] Muslim men, as well as women, must dress modestly. Muslim women are required to cover their bodies in public,[45] with some Islamic scholars stating that the Hadiths require covering the face too; it is also highly recommended to cover their hair.[46][47] Islam encourages gender segregation in public, and Muslim men and women do not usually mix in public places such as mosques. These restrictions are part of Adab.[43]
Sikhism does not require circumcision of either males or females, and criticizes the practice.[48]
In Islam, no verse in the Quran supports male or female circumcision (FGM/C).[49] Male circumcision is a widespread practice and considered mandatory for Muslim males according to Sunnah.[50] Muslim scholars disagree whether any authentic Sunnah in the hadiths supports the practice of female circumcision.[51][52][53] The Ijma, or consensus of Muslim scholars, varies by the Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) on whether circumcision is optional, honorable or obligatory for Muslim male and females.[note 1] Prominent Islamic scholars have both supported and opposed FGM/C for female Muslims.[54][49][note 1][note 2]
Food and fasting
Sikhs are prohibited from eating kutha meat—meat obtained by ritualistic component and a slow death of the animal, as in Islamic halal or Jewish kosher meat.[58][59] The official Sikh Code of Conduct Sikh Rehat Maryada only forbids the consumption of Kutha meat.[59] Charity meals distributed at a Sikh Gurudwara, called a langar, is only lacto-vegetarian.[58][60] Some groups[61] of Sikhism disagree with the consumption of meat altogether.[62] In practice, some Sikhs eat meat, while others avoid meat. Sikhism encourages temperance and moderation in food, i.e. to neither starve or overeat. Thus, it does not find merit in fasting, which is banned as an austerity, as a ritual, or as a mortification of the body by means of wilful hunger.[63] Sikhs are forbidden from smoking and consumption of tobacco.[citation needed]
Islam has Quranic restrictions on food, such as how the meat is prepared.[64] Halal meat is required in Islam, prepared by ritual slaughter that involves cutting the jugular veins of the animal with a sharp knife. This leads to death, through bleeding, of the animal.[65] Meat from animals that die of natural causes or accident is not allowed, unless necessary.[64] Beef is a religiously acceptable food to Muslims, but pork and alcohol is not.[66]
Sikhism has never required a special tax for non-Sikhs.
Muslim rulers in history compelled the payment of a special tax (jizya) from dhimmi, non-Muslims living in a Muslim state. The Muslim jurists required adult, free, sane males among the dhimmi community to pay the jizya, while exempting non-Muslim women, children, elders, handicapped, the ill, the insane, monks, hermits, slaves and musta'mins—non-Muslim foreigners who only temporarily reside in Muslim lands. Dhimmis who chose to join military service were also exempted from payment, as were those who could not afford to pay. According to Islamic law, non-Muslim elders, handicapped etc. must be given pensions, and they must not go into begging. The purpose of the jizya was in exchange for protection and defending all non-Muslim residents against outside forces or invasions. Jizya was never imposed with the purpose to humiliate, demean or impose the faith of Islam on the non-Muslims. As Muslims pay zakat (2.5% of their savings, this amount of zakat paid by Muslims, exceeded the amount of jizya paid by the non-Muslims), which goes to the government for people in need. Dhimmis were excluded from having to pay Islamic religious tax such as zakat, also were excluded from other Islamic religious obligations.[67][68]
The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India is not only a central religious place of the Sikhs, but also a symbol of human brotherhood and equality. The four entrances of the holy shrine from all four directions, signify that people belonging to every walk of life are equally welcome. The Golden Temple is a holy site for Sikhs and is welcome to people of any faith.[69]
Islam is the second largest religion in the world as of 21st century with around 2 billion followers worldwide including Majority of Sunni and minority Shia,and Major School of jurisprudence Hanafi, shafii, Maliki, Hanbali.
Mystical side of Islam includes Sufi and Islamic moments of Indian subcontinent includes Deobandi and Barelvi[73][74]
While on the other hand, Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world as of 21st century with around 180 million followers, including all of its sects, such as Nanakpanthis & Khalsa Sikhs.[75][76][77][78]
History
Sikh Gurus
During the period of Guru Nanak Dev Ji (the 1st Guru of Sikhism), many people from the lower sections of society joined Sikhi. The main three principles taught by the Guru were, Naam Japna (to remember the one God), Kirat Karni (to live an honourable life), Vand Chakna (to share with others). During this time, although his followers still remained Hindu, Muslim, or of the religion to which they were born, they became known as the Guru ji's disciples, or sikhs. It was here his followers began to refer to him as teacher, or guru. The Guru ji told his followers that they were to be householders and could not live apart from the world—there were to be no priests or hermits. Here is where the Guru ji instituted the common meal, requiring the rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, high caste and low caste, to sit together while eating. All worked together, all owned the town. Here is where Lehna, later to be Guru Angad, came to be with Guru Nanak Dev ji.
During Muslim Emperor Akbar's rule, Sikhism and other religions were accepted and flourished. The Emperor established an Ibadat Khana, which served as a platform for religious debates and dialogues among different communities, including Sikhs. He also visited Guru Amar Das (3rd Sikh Guru) at Goindwal, where he ate at and offered donations for the Langar.[79][80]
For most of the Mughal Empire, however, Sikh Gurus were persecuted. Guru Arjan (5th Guru), for instance, was executed by the hands of Chandu Shah.[81] After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Guru Hargobind (6th Guru) saw that it would no longer be possible to protect the Sikh community without the aid of arms.[82] He wore two swords of Miri and Piri and built the Akal Takhat, the Throne of the Immortal, which is the highest political institution of the Sikhs.[83] When Kashmiri Pandits were being forcefully converted to Islam by Aurangzeb, Guru Tegh Bahadur (9th Guru) were beheaded for refusing to convert by Aurangzeb at Chandni Chowk in Delhi.[84] Fellow devotees Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala were also tortured and executed, while Guru Tegh Bahadur were forced to watch.[85][86]
Guru Gobind Singh (10th Guru) formed the Khalsa—the Army of the Akal Purakh (Immortal) Two of Guru Gobind Singh's younger sons, SahibzaadeFateh Singh (aged 7) and Zorawar Singh (aged 9), were bricked up alive by Mughal Governor Wazir Khan in Sirhind, Punjab. When in South India, Guru Gobind Singh sent Banda Singh Bahadur to chastise the repressive Governor of Sirhind. Banda Singh captured Sirhind and laid the foundation of the first Sikh empire.[87] The Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Mohammad Khan, protested against the execution of the Sahibzaade, after which Guru Gobind Singh blessed the state. Many historians consider this as a reason why Malerkotla was the only city not harmed by Banda Singh Bahadur during his military campaign.[88][89]
Guru Nanak and the Nizari Ismailis
While there is no consensus on the issue of Guru Nanak’s faith prior to the advent of Sikhism, one largely overlooked theory proposed by Dominique Sila-Khan in her works, Crossing the Threshold: Understanding Religious Identities in South Asia (2004) and Conversions and Shifting Identities (1997), argues that Guru Nanak was neither Hindu nor Sufi Muslim in the ‘mainstream’ sense, but rather, a Nizari Ismaili Muslim prior to Sikhism’s creation.[90][91]
Panth and Caste
Cartesian logic and the attempt to rigidly categorize people into religions often fails within the context of South Asia, and certainly did so in the nineteenth century. In fact, while attempting to create an Indian census, British colonists struggled to classify communities. In 1881, a British commissioner stated, “the observances and beliefs which distinguish the followers of the several faiths in their purity are so strangely blended and intermingled that it is often impossible to say that one prevails rather than the other, or to decide in which category the people shall be classified."[90]
In pre-colonial South Asia, religion was thus embraced and practiced as a more fluid phenomenon than how it may have been addressed post-colonialism and within contemporary religio-political landscapes.
Perhaps as a more rigid form of organization, caste was used to categorize and informally legislate communities across South Asia. Not so much as a religious than social form of identification, Muslims also engaged in the caste system by dividing themselves along the lines of jati. This social engagement is demonstrated by Rajput rulers considering themselves of the same jati as Mughals. As such, religion was not so much of a marker of affinity as caste was, and castes could possess multiple religious traditions within themselves.[90]
As an alternative to “religion,” South Asian faiths can be described as panth (path) and insinuate a spiritual mentor-disciple relationship. This panth model of faith often centers a spiritual figure like Kabir or Guru Nanak and proposes “a different path to salvation, through a distinct system of beliefs and practices.” The combination of social and religious categorization is referred to as jat-panth, forming labels around the loose affiliations found along the religious continuum of South Asia.[90]
In an environment with ample religious fluidity and an impulse to delineate caste identity, Dominique Sila-Khan argues that there is a possibility that Guru Nanak was a Nizari Ismaili follower of Pir Shams practicing cautionary dissimulation in his early years. His Katri caste identification and recorded reverence for Pir Shams stands as one of the historical proofs for his Ismaili connection.
Proofs
Dominique Sila-Khan, using the religious and social context described above, offers evidence for her claim by tracking the similarities of Guru Nanak and Sikhism with the Ismailis.
Dasondh-Dasvandh
The fifth Guru, Arjun, mandated that Sikhs give one-tenth of their income in the name of the Guru just as the Ismailis do for their Imam. The similarity indicates a ritualistic affinity with the Ismailis and conceptualization of alms.[91]
Dharamsala-Jamatkhana
Historically, Imamshahi’s would also call their religious spaces Dharamsalas just as early Sikhs would. Additionally, the Sikh sangat has an equivalence in the Ismaili jamat, indicating a similarity in the way in which the traditions conceptualize space and gathering.[91]
Rituals
In the practice of Khande ki Pahul, it is believed by some Sikhs[who?] that the first double edged dagger used to mix the water was the zulfiqar of Imam Ali. This call to Shia Islam indicates a spiritual connection that can be contrasted with Guru Nanak’s strong indictments of Sunni ulema. This reverence for the Imamate and contempt for Sunni scholars shows a parallel with the Ismailis.[91]
Guruship, Pirship, and Imamate
While Guru Nanak clearly differentiated himself and God, he is still treated in the ambiguous stage between man and the Divine. In this regard, the status of the Guru is like that of the Pir or of the Imam in the Ismaili tradition. Additionally, the passing of the mantle of Guru being described as a transfer of light echoes the process of nass in the Ismaili tradition by which nur is transferred from the previous Imam to the next Imam. Linguistically, the language of sacha padshah is also used in both Sikh and Ismaili traditions to describe the ‘Supreme Guru’ or ‘True Emperor’ God.[91]
Nanakshahi’s Hagiography
Hagiographies describing Guru Nanak’s life have strong parallels to Ismaili literature. As an example, both Pir Shams Sabzwari and Guru Nanak were said to have gone to a village in which they were told they would be a burden by being given a bowl of milk. In both instances, the figures placed a flower on top of the milk to describe their insignificance upon the village and its resources. It is also recorded that Guru Nanak would bow to the grave of Pir Shams when he encountered it. Taken even further, both figures are attributed with saying a variant of the lin: “there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim.” In having Guru Nanak mirror Pir Shams, there is a demonstrated connection between the Sikhs and the Ismailis. In fact, some Ismaili ginans even mention Guru Nanak’s relationship with Pir Shams, indicating Ismaili and Sikhi cognizance of each other’s relationship to each other.[91]
Rethinking Guru Nanak
Dominique Sila-Khan presents a landscape of South Asian religious and caste identities that is full of changing associations and identities to deconstruct discrete categories of religious identity. In doing so, Guru Nanak can be contextualized as a figure who embraced some, and discarded other, forms of Ismaili practice to create his own separate, though not necessarily competing, form of religious thought. Sikhism’s practices and closeness to Ismailis should be taken as two faith traditions being in conversation with each other.[citation needed]
Sikh Rule
The Muslim religious leadership and mosques continuously received state support under Sikh rule.[92][93] This was in contrast to the Muslims of Kashmir valley, where Sikh rule was generally oppressive,[94] although Punjab was governed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Kashmir was ruled intermittently by either Hindu or Sikh governors.[95] The region had passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh in 1819.[96] As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers,[97] however this perception later changed.[94] The Sikh rulers of Kashmir enacted several anti-Muslim laws,[95] which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter,[97] closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and banning the azaan, the public Muslim call to prayer.[95] Several European visitors who visited Kashmir during Sikh rule wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and the exorbitant taxes under the Sikh rulers. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside.[97] However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax.[95]
Sufi Muslims and Sikhs
In South Asia alone, there are over 200 million Muslims who are followers of Sufi traditions, the most notable being the Barelvi movement.[98] The Sikh Gurus had cordial relations with many Sufi Saints, and in the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, many Sufi and other Muslim scholars’ quotes and wisdom are featured.[12]
The Ahmadiyya Movement is a Muslim reform movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (regarded as the Masih and Mahdi) to purify, defend, and proselytizing Islam.[100] Since the 18th century, Sufis and ancestors of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had cordial relations with Sikhs. Soon, however, the Sufis would have to battle the Sikh Ramgarhia Misl.[101] However, as Ranjit Singh established the Sikh Empire, they pledged their loyalty and joined his army. For their service as commanders, Ranjit Singh returned to them some of the lost territory of their Jagir.[101]
Ahmad Sirhindi, a renowned and influential Sufi philosopher of the 16th and 17th centuries, was hostile to the Sikhs and celebrated the execution of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan. He wrote a laudatory letter to Shaikh Farid Bukhari (Murtza Khan) with an excerpt quoted [sic] as follows:[102][103][104]
"The execution of the accused Kafir of Goindwal at this time is a very good achievement indeed and has become the cause of a great defeat of hateful Hindus. With whatever intention they are killed and with whatever objective they
are destroyed it is a meritorious act for the Muslims. Before this Kafir was killed, I have seen a dream that Emperor of the day had destroyed the crown of the head of Shirk or infidelity. It is true that this infidel was the chief of the infidels and a leader of the Kafirs. The object of levying Jazia on them is to humiliate and insult the Kafirs and Jehad against them and hostility towards them are the necessities of the Muhammedan faith."
— Ahmad Sirhindi, No. 193 in Part III of Vol. I of Muktubat-i-Imam Rubbani Hazrat Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani
British India and Partition
A young Sikh aristocrat and his Muslim friend. Photographed early 1900's, Punjab
During the partition of India in 1947, millions of Hindus and Sikhs left Pakistan and moved into India, while millions of Muslims left India and moved into Pakistan; in between this movement, there was much bloodshed.[105] As people from both sides left their homes and belongings to travel across the new border of India and Pakistan, many were killed on trains and land in what is thought to be acts of revenge.[105]Malerkotla was not affected and was viewed as a safe haven for Muslims during the partition.[89] The popular legend associated with it is that the town was not impacted because of Guru Gobind Singh blessing it after its Nawab protested against the execution of the Guru's sons.[89]
Sikhs, under Master Tara Singh, were promised an autonomous region by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on behalf of the Muslim population, as well as by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, on behalf of the majority Hindu community. They feared that Sikhs would join Pakistan if their support was not secured in backing the partition of Punjab. After the former colonial kingdoms and Princely states were being divided along language differences, Punjab and Sikhs were not given any special status in the Constitution Act of India.[citation needed]
Persecution and attacks
The Sikh community protested in Pakistan for their absence in census of 2017.
In 2009, the Taliban in Pakistan demanded that Sikhs in the region pay them the jizya (poll tax levied by Muslims on non-Muslim minorities).[108] In 2010, the Taliban attacked many minorities including Sikhs resulting in two beheadings.[109]
In April 2016, two 16-year-old Muslims bombed a gurudwara in the German city of Essen using fire extinguishers that were converted into an explosive device. The devices detonated after a wedding party had left for the reception. A Granthi was injured seriously, while two others were treated for minor injuries. The building itself was damaged severely. One of the teens was in deradicalization program. The two denied that it was religiously motivated, saying it was “just for the kick of building fireworks!” However, before setting off the blast, the two tried to break into another gurudwara in North Rhine Westphalia.[110]
^ abAccording to Islamic scholars Ibrahim Lethome Asmani and Maryam Sheikh Abdi, "Examination of all the texts on Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) shows that scholars have no consensus on FGM/C. For example the four schools of thought express the following views: The Hanafi view is that it is a sunnah (optional act) for both females and males; Maliki hold the view that it is wajib (obligatory) for males and sunnah (optional) for females; Shafi’i view it as wajib (obligatory) for both females and males; Hanbali have two opinions: it is wajib (obligatory) for both males and females, and it is wajib (obligatory) for males and makrumah (honourable) for females.[55]
^According to 2016 estimates of UNICEF, at least 200 million girls and women alive today worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting.[56] The 2013 report by the UNICEF states, "in many countries, FGM/C prevalence is highest among Muslim girls and women. The practice, however, is also found among Catholic and other Christian communities."[57]
^Patridge, Christopher (2005). Introduction to World Religions. Fortress Press. ISBN9780800637149. The central teaching in Sikhism is the belief in the oneness of God....The same God is the Creator and Nourisher of all.
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^Fisher, Mary (1997). Living religions : an encyclopedia of the world's faiths. I.B. Tauris. p. 353. ISBN978-1-86064-148-0.
^Rai, Priya (1989). Sikhism and the Sikhs. Greenwood Press. pp. 230–233. ISBN978-0-313-26130-5.
^D.S Chahal (Editors: John Peppin etc.) (2004). Religious perspectives in bioethics. London u.a: Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-415-54413-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^Shapiro, Michael (2002). Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 924, 925.
^ abDeol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India. London and New York: Routledge. p. 189. ISBN978-0-415-20108-7.
^Rippin, Andrew (2010). The Islamic world. London: Routledge. pp. 252–258. ISBN978-0-415-60191-7.
^Sirry, Munim (2014). Scriptural polemics : the Qur'an and other religions. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 43–64. ISBN978-0-19-935936-3.
D. Cohen-Mor (2001), p.4: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…" ' "
Ahmet T. Karamustafa. "Fate". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.: The verb qadara literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".
^Erich Kolig (2012). Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 157. ISBN978-0-7391-7424-1., Quote: "Islam makes male circumcision mandatory, which is usually done at a relatively early age. It is not commanded by the Quran, but contained in the Sunna."
^Singh, Inderpal; Kaur, Madanjit; University, Guru Nanak Dev (1997). Guru Nanak, a global vision. Guru Nanak Dev University. ASINB0000CP9NT. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
^Siṅgha, Kirapāla (2006). Select documents on Partition of Punjab-1947. National Book. p. 234. ISBN978-81-7116-445-5.
^Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. p. 124. ISBN978-81-8382-075-2.
^Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience. pp. 33–61. ISBN978-81-7201-234-2.
^Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). The history of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Press. p. 158. ISBN978-81-8382-075-2.
^Randhawa, Karenjot Bhangoo (2012). Civil Society in Malerkotla, Punjab: Fostering Resilience Through Religion. Lexington Books. p. 62. ISBN978-0-739-16737-3.
^ abcForsythe, David P. (2009-08-27). Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN978-0-195-33402-9.
^ abcdefSila-Khan, Dominique (1997). Conversions and Shifting Identities. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 220–267. ISBN8173041814.
^Duggal, Kartar Singh (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 55. ISBN978-81-7017-410-3.
^Singh, Rishi (2015-04-23). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. SAGE Publications. p. 11. ISBN978-9-351-50504-4.
^Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 42–43. ISBN978-93-80213-25-5.
^Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat : history, belief, practice. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 130–134. ISBN978-0-231-70094-8.
^ abKhan, Adil (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya a Muslim minority movement in South Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 22–27. ISBN978-0-253-01523-5.
^ abPandey, Gyanendra (2001). Remembering partition violence, nationalism, and history in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–19, 83–88, 153–158. ISBN978-0-521-00250-9.
Pierre-Alain Frau Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Pierre-Alain FrauTanggal lahir 15 April 1980 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Montbéliard, PrancisTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Al-WakrahKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1997–2004 Sochaux 207 (75)2004–2006 Lyon 51 (9)2005–2006 → Lens (pinjam) 24 (6)2006–2008 Paris Saint-Germain 49 (7)2008–2011 Lille 119 (29)2011–2012 Caen 32 (6)2012– Al-Wakrah * Penampilan dan gol di klub s…
French singer and actress (1891-1951) For the town in Brittany, see Fréhel, Côtes-d'Armor. Fréhel Fréhel (French: [fʁe.ɛl]; born Marguerite Boulc'h (Breton: [bulx]); 13 July 1891 – 3 February 1951) was a French singer and actress. Biography This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Born …
World Press PhotoDidirikan1955, Amsterdam, BelandaAsal mulaNetherlandsOrang pentingHis Royal Highness Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands (Patron), Pieter Broertjes, former editor-in-chief de VolkskrantWilayah layananGlobalFokusPhotojournalismMetodeNonviolence, Funding, Contest, EducationSitus resmiwww.worldpressphoto.com World Press Photo atau Foto Jurnalistik Dunia adalah organisasi non profit yang independen, didirikan pada tahun 1955 di Belanda dengan kantor pusat operasionalnya di Amsterd…
Ad Difa'PermukimanAd Difa'Location in the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaKoordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Koordinat: 24°38′N 46°43′E / 24.633°N 46.717°E / 24.633; 46.717Negara Arab SaudiPemerintahan • Gubernur Pangeran RiyadhFaisal bin Bandar Al Saud • Wali kotaIbraheem Mohammed Al-SultanKetinggian612 m (2,008 ft)Zona waktuUTC+3 (AST) • Musim panas (DST…
Fasisme sosial adalah sebuah teori yang didukung oleh Komunis Internasional (Comintern) pada awal 1930an, yang menyatakan bahwa demokrasi sosial adalah sebuah ragam dari fasisme karena—selain berbagi model ekonomi korporatis—ini berdiri dalam cara kediktatoran proletariat.[1] Pada masa itu, para pemimpin Comintern, seperti Joseph Stalin dan Rajani Palme Dutt, berpendapat bahwa masyarakat kapitalis telah memasuki Periode Ketiga di mana sebuah revolusi kelas tenaga kerja timbul, tetapi…
Murid NIAS pada tahun 1925 NIAS pada tahun 1930-an Nederlands-Indische Artsenschool (sekolah kedokteran Hindia Belanda) atau NIAS adalah sebuah lembaga perguruan tinggi untuk pendidikan dokter pribumi pada masa Hindia Belanda. Letaknya di Surabaya.
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Sebuah formasi awan Morning Glory pada wilayah perbatasan antara Burketown dan Normanton, Australia. Awan Morning Glory merupakan salah satu fenomena alam yang sangat langka. Peristiwa ini pernah terlihat di banyak lokasi berbeda di seluruh dunia, namun …
Aleksandar Ignjovski Ignjovski pada tahun 2009.Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Aleksandar IgnjovskiTanggal lahir 27 Januari 1991 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Pančevo, SFR YugoslaviaTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini 1. FC MagdeburgNomor 27Karier junior1998–2008 OFK BeogradKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2008–2011 OFK Beograd 23 (3)2009–2011 → 1860 München (pinjaman) 53 (0)2011–2014 Werder Bremen 60 (1)2014–2016 Eintracht Fran…
Joseph S. DjafarInformasi latar belakangNama lahirJoseph DjafarAsalSemarang, IndonesiaPekerjaanPenata musikInstrumenPianoTahun aktif1987–sekarang Joseph Setiawan Djafar atau yang sering disingkat Joseph S. Djafar[1] adalah penata musik film dan musikus rohani Kristen Indonesia. Ia juga merupakan komposer dari beragam production house di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat, CA. Prestasi Penerima Beasiswa Yamaha Music Foundation, Nemu No Sato, Japan - Yamaha Junior Original Concert (JOC) (1987…
Kimsin Guang Ze Zun Wang di Kuil Fengshan Tainan, Taiwan. Guang Ze Zun Wang (Hanzi= 廣澤尊王; Hokkien=Kong Tek Cun Ong, Kong Tik Tjoen Ong; lit. Raja Mulia yang Memberikan Berkah Melimpah ) juga dikenal dengan panggilan/ gelar Guo Sheng Wang (Hanzi= 郭聖王; Hokkien=Kwee Seng Ong), Bao An Zun Wang (Hokkien= Po An Cun Ong), Sheng Wang Gong (Hanzi=聖王公; Hokkien=Seng Ong Kong), dan Xiao Zi Gong (Hanzi=孝子公; lit. Kakek Kasih Keluarga). Ia merupakan dewa leluhur Orang Min Selatan, khu…
Republik Demokratik Arab Sahrawi Pemakaian Bendera nasional Perbandingan 1:2[1] Dipakai 27 Februari 1976; 48 tahun lalu (1976-02-27) Perancang El Uali Mustafá Sayed Sahara Barat (Arab: علم الصحراء الغربيةcode: ar is deprecated ) merupakan teritori di baratlaut Afrika, berbatasan dengan Maroko di utara, Aljazair di timurlaut, Mauritania di timur dan selatan, dan Samudera Atlantik di barat. Merupakan salah satu teritori berpenduduk sedikit di dunia, sebagian besar be…
Anoplophora horsfieldii Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Subfamili: Lamiinae Tribus: Lamiini Genus: Anoplophora Spesies: Anoplophora horsfieldii Anoplophora horsfieldii adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Anoplophora, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu …
Universitas TarumanagaraUniversitas TarumanagaraNama lainUNTARMotoMenjadi universitas entrepreneurial unggul yang memiliki integritas dan profesional di Asia TenggaraJenisPerguruan Tinggi SwastaDidirikan1 Oktober 1959; 64 tahun lalu (1959-10-01)AfiliasiYayasan TarumanagaraRektorProf. Dr. Ir. Agustinus Purna IrawanJumlah mahasiswa14.820 (2021)AlamatJl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Grogol Petamburan, Jakarta Barat 11440, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaKampusUrbanWarnaMerah Marun Situs …
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Taebaeksan. Pegunungan TaebaekLokasi Pegunungan TaebaekNama KoreaHangul태백산맥 Hanja太白山脈 Alih AksaraTaebaek SanmaekMcCune–ReischauerT'aebaek Sanmaek Lokasi Pegunungan Taebaek di Semenanjung Korea Pegunungan Taebaek pada November 2007 Pegunungan Taebaek adalah pegunungan yang membentang di Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan. Mereka membentuk punggungan utama semenanjung Korea. Geografi Pegunungan Taebaek terletak di sepanjang tepi timur semenanjung dan membent…
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Belmopan adalah ibu kota sekaligus kota terbesar kedua Belize. Kota ini merupakan ibu kota pemerintahan utama di Belize. Bermuara di Sungai Belize. Terletak pada ketinggian 76 meter. BelmopanIbukota negarakota BelmopanBelmopan di 2015 BenderaJulukan: kota tamanMotto: City of PromiseBelmopanLocation of Belmopan in BelizeKoordinat: 17°15′5″N 88°46′1″W / 17.25139°N 88.76694°W / 17.25139; -88.76694Koordinat: 17°15′5″N 88°46′1″W / …
Batik Solo TransSalah satu armada BSTDidirikan 1 September 2010 (layanan pertama)[1] 4 Juli 2020 (layanan Teman Bus)[2] LokalKota SurakartaWilayah layananKota Surakarta, Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Kabupaten Boyolali, dan Kabupaten KaranganyarJenis layananbus raya terpaduRute6 koridor utama, 6 koridor pengumpan (feeder)[1][3]Jenis bahan bakarBahan bakar minyak dieselBatik Solo Trans (BST) merupakan layanan bus raya terpadu yang beroperasi di Kota Surakarta. Layanan ini d…
Планисфера Кантино (1502), древнейшая из сохранившихся португальских навигационных карт, показывающая результаты экспедиций Васко да Гамы, Христофора Колумба и других исследователей. На ней также изображён меридиан, разделявший по Тордесильясскому договору португальскую…
Federal motorway in Germany A 485Bundesautobahn 485Route informationLength20 km (12 mi)Major junctionsNorth endGießenSouth endLanggöns LocationCountryGermanyStatesHesse Highway system Roads in Germany Autobahns List Federal List State E-roads Bundesautobahn 485 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 485, short form Autobahn 485, abbreviated as BAB 485 or A 485) is an autobahn in Germany. The A 485 northbound at the Rödgener Straße b…