Muslim sultanates had already begun expanding in the central Philippines by the 16th century, when the Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived.[8] The Spanish referred to Muslim inhabitants of the Philippines as "Moros," after the Muslim "Moors" they had regarded with disdain in Iberia and the Maghreb.[4] The subsequent Spanish conquest led to Catholic Christianity becoming the predominant religion in most of the modern-day Philippines, with Islam becoming a significant minority religion.[9][10]
In the 21st century, there is some disagreement regarding the size of the Muslim population. The 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority found that 6.4% (6,981,710) of Filipinos were Muslims,[1] up from 6.0% (6,064,744) in 2015.[11] However, it was reported in 2004 that some Muslim groups asserted that the proper number was between eight and twelve percent.[12] Presently, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) estimates Muslims constitute 11% of the total population, attributing the difference to a number of factors.[13]
Most Muslims live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as Bangsamoro or the Moro region.[14] The Bangsamoro region is predominantly Muslim, with 91% of its 4.9 million inhabitants adhering to Islam.[1] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school and Hanbali (Athari)school in minority.[15]
When the Spanish fleet led by Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippines in 1565, they were met by local datus as they traveled in the islands. Arriving in the Maynila (Now the Philippines' capital, Manila), a vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei, in 1570 they were met by the Muslim rajah, Rajah Sulayman.
By the next century conquests had reached the Sulu islands in the southern tip of the Philippines where the population was Buddhist and Hindu and they took up the task of converting the animistic population to Islam with renewed zeal. By the 15th century, half of Luzon (Northern Philippines) and the islands of Mindanao in the south had become subject to the various Muslim sultanates of Borneo and much of the population in the almost of South were converted to Islam. However, the Visayas was largely dominated by Hindu-Buddhist societies led by rajahs and datus who strongly resisted Islam. One reason could be the economic and political disasters preeuropean Muslim pirates from the Mindanao region brought during raids. These frequent attacks gave way to naming present-day Cebu as then-Sugbo or scorched earth which was a defensive technique implemented by the Visayans so the pirates had nothing much to loot.[18][19]
Invasion of Bruneian Sultanate
In the year 1498–99, the Bruneian Empire conducted a series of raids against the natives of the Taytay in Palawan and the island of Mindoro which had been subjugated to the Islamic Bruneian Empire under Sultan Bolkiah. The Muslim conquest reached as far as Tondo, which was supplanted by Brunei's vassal-state of Maynila.[20][21]
The Bruneian Empire under the rule of Sultan Bolkiah, who is an ancestor of the current Sultan of Brunei subjugated Tondo during early 16th century. The aftermath of the conquest was the formation of an alliance between the newly established Kingdom of Selurong (modern day Manila) and the Bruneian Empire to quell the power of Tondo and the subsequent installation of the pro-Islamic Rajah Sulaiman into power. Furthermore, Sultan Bolkiah's victory over Sulu,[22] as well as his marriages to Laila Mecanai the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir al-Ombra (an uncle of Sharifa Mahandun married to Nakhoda Angging or Maharaja Anddin of Sulu), and to the daughter of Datu Kemin, widened Brunei's influence in the Philippines.[23]
A new dynasty began under a local Lumad leader who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I. He also started to established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Rajah Lakandula in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders and from Jolo, Mindanao, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[24]
The Chinese Muslim marinerZheng He is credited with founding several Chinese Muslim communities in Mandaue and along the shores of Lapu-lapu, the Bohol Peninsula, and the Philippines during China's early Ming dynasty. These Muslims supposedly followed the Badjao school in the Chinese language.[26] This Chinese Muslim community was led by Hajji Yan Ying Yu, who urged his followers to assimilate and take local names.
Sulayman resisted the Spanish forces, and thus, along with Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula, was one of three Rajahs who played significant roles in what was the Spanish conquest of their polities of the Pasig River delta in the early 1570s.[30]
Moro (derived from the Spanish word meaning Moors) is the appellation inherited from the Spaniards, for Filipino Muslims of Mindanao. The Spanish distinguished the Moro from the Indios, which referred to the Christianised people of Luzon and the Visayas. Islam continued to spread in Mindanao, from centers such as Sulu and Cotabato.[31]
The Muslims seek to establish an independent Islamic province in Mindanao to be named Bangsamoro. The term Bangsamoro is a combination of an Old Malay word meaning nation or state with the Spanish word Moro which means Muslim. A significant Moro Rebellion occurred during the Philippine–American War. Conflicts and rebellion have continued in the Philippines from the pre-colonial period up to the present. Other related issue with the Moro secession is the territorial dispute of eastern Sabah in Malaysia which claimed by the Sultanate of Sulu as their territory.
The Moros have a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Spanish, Americans, Japanese and Filipinos is considered by current Moro (Muslim) leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Muslim Nation).[32] The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Filipinos, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro/Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.[33]
Muslim leaders in Zamboanga petitioned the Ottoman Empire to send a representative to advise them on religious matters. A scholar from the Shaykh al-Islām was sent in response.[34]
Modern age
In 2012, research was conducted on various cultural properties in Islamic areas in Mindanao. The research included the 'Maradika' Qur'an of Bayang, description of the notes found in the Qur'an of Bayang, the Qur'an and Islamic manuscripts of the Sheikh Ahmad Bashir collection, the 'Dibolodan' Qur'an of Bacong in Marantao, the Qur'an and prayer scroll of Guro sa Masiu in Taraka, the 'Story of the Prophet Muhammad' at the Growing Memorial Research Center of the Dansalan College, and the Islamic Manuscript Art of the Philippines. In 2014, the Maradika Qur'an of Bayang was declared as a National Cultural Treasure, the first Islamic manuscript in the Philippines to be declared as such.[35][36]
Bangsa Sug and Bangsa Moro
In 2018, a unification gathering of all the sultans of the Sulu archipelago and representatives from all ethnic communities in the Sulu archipelago commenced in Zamboanga City, declaring themselves as the Bangsa Sug peoples and separating them from the Bangsa Moro peoples of mainland central Mindanao. They cited the complete difference in cultures and customary ways of life as the primary reason for their separation from the Muslims of mainland central Mindanao. They also called the government to establish a separate Philippine state, called Bangsa Sug, from mainland Bangsa Moro or to incorporate the Sulu archipelago to whatever state is formed in the Zamboanga peninsula, if ever federalism in the Philippines is approved in the coming years.[37]
Balik Islam
There is also a growing community of Filipino converts to Islam, known popularly as Balik Islam (return or returnees to Islam), often led by former Christian missionary converts.[38][39][40][41]
At the end of 2014, the NCMF estimated that there were 200,000–2,000,000 Filipinos who had converted to Islam since the 1970s.[46][47]
Classical Traditional Southeast Asian Sufism (Sufism)
Arrived during the early stages of Islam in Southeast Asia, it was brought through travelling merchants and was often interspersed with Sufism. Adherents are required to follow one school of law (madhhab) as a guidance in their legal and daily affairs.
Sufism was also brought through travelling merchants and often interspersed with the classical ASWJ. Representatives of this were the makhdumin, the first missionaries of Islam in the Philippines. Examples are the Darul Abdulqadir Jilani Dergah in Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City, and the Maharlika Blue Mosque community in Taguig City.
There are already many practitioners of Sufism in the country from different social status. The orders or tariqas that are present in the country are: the Naqshbandi Aliya, Naqshbandi Chisti, Qadiri, Rifai, Shattari, Rifai Qadiri Shadhili, Tijani, and Khalwati. The Naqshbandi Aliya tariqa have the most followers, concentrated in Manila, Cebu, Zamboanga, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. There are also Sufis from the students and alumni of known universities, such as the Ateneo de Manila University, the Ateneo de Zamboanga University, and Western Mindanao State University.[51]
Shi'ism
The first Shi'as to arrive, together with the Sufis, were the Isma'ilis and the Kaysaniyyas (earlier offshoots of Shi'ism), who eventually blended with the orthodox (ASWJ) Muslims. More Shi'as would later arrive at the height of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. Examples are the Masjid Imam Mahdi in Suterville, Zamboanga City, and the Masjid Karbala in Marawi City.
Indigenous Islam
Also referred to as, Ilmu kamaasan, Ilmu kamatoahan, Ilmu sa Matoah, and Ilmu Minatoah (knowledge of the elders), it is an indigenized amalgamation of Islam from the preceding schools of thought and local cultural customs, this is actually contextualized and simplified according to how the elders have understood Islam and the process of Islamization of the communities. These are normally communities located in far rural areas.
Salafism
Also known as the innovated Athari, it is originally a school of thought from the Hanbali madhhab otherwise referred to as Traditionalist theology or Scripturalist theology, it then became the deviated school of Wahhabi Islam which is more puritanical in adherence to the Quran and Sunnah in the way of Salafu As-Salih.
This school of thought is notable for active propagation and conversion of people to Islam (Balik Islam phenomenon), marked intolerance for interfaith and intrafaith engagements, and intolerance for Muslims following other schools of thought. Among the Islam schools of thought, this ideology has been implicated in extremism and terrorism worldwide.[52][53][54][55][56] Examples of these groups are the Mahad Moro, Mahad Salamat, and Mahad Quran wal Hadith Zamboanga City, the Mercy Foundation in Manila and Davao City, the Al-Maarif Educational Center in Baguio City, and the Jamiatul Waqf al-Islamie, and Jamiato Monib al-Kouzbary al-Arabiyah in Marawi City.
Ash'ari wal Maturidi
This is the mainstream Sunni school of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century,[57][58] with the Persian Muslim scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 9th–10th century,[59][60] it established an orthodox guideline based on scriptural authority,[61] rationality, and theological rationalism.[62] It is also a school of theology supporting the use of reason and speculative theology (kalām) to defend the faith.
Almost 95% of Sunni around the world are Ash'ari and Maturidi.[63] They have a few educational institutions in the country, such as the Jamiatu Al-Hikmah[64] in Mulondo, Lanao del Sur and the Muhajireen wal Ansar Academy[65] in Taguig City as well as the 3 prominent ones namely, Darul Ifta Region 9 and Palawan, Sabiel al-Muhtadien and Darul Makhdumin Madrasah, located in Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.
Tablighi Jama'at
The Tablighi Jama'at is a revivalist movement originated in South Asia, aiming at revitalizing Muslims’ practice of Islam. Politically neutral and tolerant, they are characterized by khurūj (regular traveling from one mosque to another) events to call people back to the mosque and pray, as well as their annual gatherings called ijtema'at. They are the most moderate, apolitical, and pacifist among the different Muslim groups.
Most Filipino Tablighi Jama'at members are Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars, such as Sheikh Aminollah Mimbala Batua with his dogs and Mawlana Mahdi Batua, as well as Filipino ASWJ scholars like Mawlana Dr. Abdullatif Cadhe Sirad.
They can be found in many mosques, most prominent is the Jama'at of Mawlana Mahdi Batua of the Masjid Al-Dahab in Quiapo, Manila.
Nurcu
Nurcu is an Islamic movement calling people back to Islam. The basis of unity of this group is the multi-volume compilation of articles and books called the Risale-i Nur ("epistle of light" in Turkish), which is a voluminous commentary on the Quran and Hadith by Bediuzzaman Said Nursî, one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.
Nursî's main theme in his works is answering modern man's major crisis – the absence of certainty of Faith. The Risale-i Nur is a monumental work that aims to address this. He also said that all suffering in the world is because of three things: ignorance, poverty, and misunderstanding. In his opinion, this can be healed by knowledge, service, and understanding others. This is elucidated in his magnum opus as a guide to Muslims.
This group is active in many parts of the country and has trained many educators. Notable among them is the Risale-i Nur Institute in Cagayan de Oro City and their dershaneler in different cities across the Philippines. They are also responsible for publishing many Islamic books for use in elementary, junior high, and high schools, as well as universities and colleges. It was tested in the former Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, during the term of then CHED Regional Secretary Norma Sharief.
Hizmet
It was founded by Turkish scholar Fethullah Gülen. Their principles actually come from the Risale-i Nur, except that in the present political context, it has been listed as a terrorist organization by the Turkish government since 2016.
However, it is important to note that the Hizmet movement focuses on the principles of "service to humanity" and "dialogue and cooperation" as mechanisms of understanding others. They are well-known to have established several schools in the Philippines and is considered a world standard in science and mathematics education.
Ahmadiyya
Considered by most Muslim groups as heretics and non-Muslims, Ahmadis (as they call themselves) also believe in the major tenets of Islam, except they believed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani is the last prophet and the promised Mahdi or "messiah", of which majority of Muslim sects disagree due to the concept about the finality on the Prophethood of Muhammad.
This community consists of expatriates and predominatly Badjaos, who are normally in the lowest social strata in Moro society.[66]
Traditional art from the Philippines by Muslim groups
An Indigenous tribal food jar known as gadur, well known for its brass with silver inlay
A chest made of wood and bone inlay
Kutiyapi the native boat-shaped lute of the archipelago
^"Philippines". 2004 Report on International Religious Freedom. United States Department of State. Section I. Religious Demography. The 2000 census placed the number of Muslims at 3.9 million, or approximately 5 percent of the population, but some Muslim groups claim that Muslims comprise anywhere from 2 to 5 percent of the population.
^"Kerinduan orang-orang moro" [Longing for the Moro people]. TEMPO online (in Indonesian). Majalah Berita Mingguan. June 23, 1990. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
^Midori, Kawashima (February 5, 2020). "The "white man's burden" and the Islamic Movement in the Philippines: the Petition of Zamboanga Muslim Leaders to the Ottoman Empire in 1912". Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations (2 vols.). Brill. p. 877. ISBN9789004409996. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^Eliza Griswold (2011). The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches from the Faultline Between Christianity and Islam. Penguin UK. pp. 258–261. ISBN9781846144226.
^Mathieu Guidère (2012). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 50. ISBN9780810878211.
^William Larousse (2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965-2000 (illustrated ed.). Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 185, 188–190. ISBN9788876528798.
Раннее Новое время Часть света Европа Предыдущее по порядку постклассическая эра[d], Позднее Средневековье, Средние века, Возрождение и Великие географические открытия Следующее по порядку позднее Новое время[d] Дата начала XV век Дата окончания XVIII век Медиаф…
EleutherAIJenis usahaLembaga penelitian nirlabaDidirikan3 Juli 2020; 3 tahun lalu (2020-07-03)[1]Pendiri Connor Leahy Leo Gao Sid Black Tokoh penting Stella Biderman Curtis Huebner Shivanshu Purohit Ben Wang SektorKecerdasan buatanProdukGPT-Neo, GPT-J, The PileSitus webeleuther.ai Portal InternetSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini EleutherAI (/əˈluːθər/[2]) adalah sebuah lembaga penelitian kecerdasan buatan nirlaba. Kelompok …
Paus Urbanus VIII (1568–1644). Paus Urbanus VIII (menjabat 1623–1644) mengangkat tujuh puluh empat kardinal baru dalam delapan konsistori: 2 Oktober 1623 Francesco Barberini (1597–1679) Francesco Barberini 7 Oktober 1624 Antonio Marcello Barberini Lorenzo Magalotti Pietro Maria Borghese 19 Januari 1626 Bernardino Spada (1594–1661) Ernst Adalbert von Harrach (1598–1667) Giulio Cesare Sacchetti (1586–1663) Lelio Biscia (1575–1638) Luigi Caetani Denis-Simon de Marquemont Ernst Adalber…
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 20 de enero de 2010. Isla Darwin Wenman n' Culpepper Island Ubicación geográficaRegión Islas GalápagosOcéano PacíficoCoordenadas 1°40′03″N 91°59′55″O / 1.6675, -91.998611111111Ubicación administrativaPaís Ecuador EcuadorProvincia GalápagosCaracterísticas generalesSuperficie 1.1 km²Longitud 1,2 kmAnchura máxima 800 mPunto m…
Pemilihan umum Bupati Merangin 20132008201825 Maret 2013[1]Kandidat Calon Nalim Syukur Handayani Partai Demokrat PAN PKB Pendamping Salam Fauziah Jailani Suara rakyat 49.519 47.678 22.576 Persentase 25.50% 24.49% 11.62% Calon Al Haris Partai Golkar Pendamping Abdul Khafidh Suara rakyat 71.059 Persentase 36.59% Peta persebaran suara Letak Kabupaten Merangin di Provinsi Jambi Bupati petahanaNalim Demokrat Bupati terpilih Al Haris Golkar Pemilihan umum Bupati Merangi…
Artikel ini membutuhkan penyuntingan lebih lanjut mengenai tata bahasa, gaya penulisan, hubungan antarparagraf, nada penulisan, atau ejaan. Anda dapat membantu untuk menyuntingnya. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Geografi Brunei – berita · surat kabar …
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Hasparren. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiHasparren (Basque: Hazparne) merupakan sebuah desa kecil di provinsi tradisional Labourd di Basque, sekarang menjadi sebuah komune di département Pyrénées-Atlantiques di selatan Prancis. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Hasparren. (Spany…
Keuskupan Agung CzęstochowaArchidioecesis CzestochoviensisArchidiecezja CzęstochowskaBasilika Katedral Keluarga Kudus di CzęstochowaLokasiNegara PolandiaStatistikLuas6.925 km2 (2.674 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2013)827.990820,721 (99.1%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinPendirian28 Oktober 1925KatedralBazylika Archikatedralna Świętej Rodziny(Basilika Katedral Keluarga Kudus)Kepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskup agungWacław DepoSufraganKeuskupan RadomKe…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. José Lucas da SilvaSilva pada 2020 Menteri Pariwisata, Perdagangan dan IndustriPetahanaMulai menjabat 24 Juni 2020 (2020-06-24)Perdana MenteriTaur Matan Ruak PendahuluJabatan dibentuk ulangPenggantiPetahana Informasi pribadiLahir2 Maret 1970 (u…
Candi Dorok yang ditemukan di Dusun Dorok, Desa Manggis, Kecamatan Puncu - Kabupaten Kediri ini, terbuat dari batu bata, seperti umumnya candi-candi di wilayah Jawa Timur. Dikarenakan telah terkubur cukup lama dan belum dilakukannya renovasi mengakibatkan batu penyusun candi ini tampak berwarna putih seperti warna tanah yang ada disekitarnya dan banyak ditumbuhi lumut pada bagian dasarnya. Bangunan candi ini terletak dibawah permukaan tanah sedalam 3 meter. Penemuan Candi Dorok ditemukan oleh se…
100 WomenStatusAktifFrekuensiTahunanTahun aktif7 per 2019Acara pertama22 Oktober 2013 (2013-10-22)Terakhir diadakanOktober 2019 (2019-10)Situs web100 Women 100 Women adalah serial multi-format BBC yang dibentuk pada tahun 2013. Serial ini menampilkan peran perempuan pada abad ke-21 dan melibatkan beberapa kegiatan yang berlangsung di London[1] dan di Meksiko.[2][3] Hal ini menjadi awal musim perempuan BBC (BBC's women season) yang berlangsung selama tiga pekan d…
PR2 Women's single sculls at the 2022 World Rowing ChampionshipsVenueLabe arénaLocationRačice, Czech RepublicDates19 September – 23 SeptemberCompetitors4 from 4 nationsWinning time9:25.23Medalists Katie O'Brien Ireland Kathryn Ross Australia Anna Aisanova Ukraine← 20192023 → 2022 World Rowing ChampionshipsOpenweight eventsSingle scullsmenwomenDouble scullsmenwomenQuadruple scullsmenwomenCoxless…
Halaman ini memuat artikel tentang huruf W dalam alfabet Latin. Untuk penggunaan lainnya, lihat W (disambiguasi). Lihat W, w di Wiktionary, kamus gratis. Alfabet Latindasar ISO AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz lbs W adalah huruf Latin modern yang ke-23. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, huruf ini bernama we. Dalam Alfabet Fonetik Internasional, huruf W mewakili bunyi konsonan hampiran langit-langit belakang terbibirkan bersuara. Sejarah Buku cetakan tahun 1693 yang menggunakan u ganda …
Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2021. La foudre est l'un des phénomènes électriques les plus impressionnants qui existent. L’électricité est l'ensemble des phénomènes physiques associés à la présence et au mouvement de la matière qui possède une propriété de charge électrique. L'électricité est liée au magnétisme, les deux faisant partie du phénomène de l'électromagnétisme, tel que décrit par les équations de Maxwell. Divers phénomènes courant…
Gérard DepardieuGérard Depardieu di Festival Film Cannes tahun 2010LahirGérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu27 Desember 1948 (umur 75)Châteauroux, Indre, FranceWarga negara Prancis RusiaTahun aktif1964–sekarangSuami/istriÉlisabeth Guignot (m. 1971–1996)PasanganCarole Bouquet (1997–2005)Clémentine Igou (2005–sekarang)AnakGuillaume (meninggal), Julie, Roxanne, Jean Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu (lahir 27 Desem…
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Oh. Oh Dal-suOh Dal-su tahun 2015Lahir15 Juni 1968 (umur 55)Daegu, Gyeongsang Utara, Korea SelatanNama lainOh Dal-sooPendidikanUniversitas Dong-eui – Desain IndustriPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1990–sekarangNama KoreaHangul오달수 Hanja吳達庶 Alih AksaraO Dal-suMcCune–ReischauerO Tal-su Oh Dal-su (Hangul: 신하균 lahir 15 Juni 1968) merupakan seorang aktor Korea Selatan. Ia dikenal sebagai aktor pendukung dalah film Mapado (…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Handycam – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (September 2014) Sony Handycam DCR-SX63 Handycam adalah sebuah merek milik Sony yang digunakan untuk memasarkan produk kamera perekamnya. Handycam dil…
British politician The Right HonourableVictoria PrentisKC MPOfficial portrait, 2022Attorney General for England and WalesAdvocate General for Northern IrelandIncumbentAssumed office 25 October 2022Prime MinisterRishi SunakPreceded byMichael EllisMinister of State for Work and WelfareIn office7 September 2022 – 25 October 2022Prime MinisterLiz TrussPreceded byJulie MarsonSucceeded byGuy OppermanMinister of State for Farming, Fisheries and Food[a]In office14 February 202…
Negara Palestinaدولة فلسطين Daulat Filasṭin (Arab) Bendera Lambang Semboyan: فلسطين (Indonesia: Palestina)Lagu kebangsaan: فدائي Fida'i (Indonesia: Revolusiku) Lambang:Lambang ini digunakan untuk lambang PerangPerlihatkan BumiPerlihatkan peta BenderaStatusNegara yang diakui sebagian, negara pengamat PBBDiakui oleh 138 negara anggota PBBIbu kotaYerusalem(dipersengketakan)31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217Pusat…