Italian electoral law of 1993

The Italian electoral law of 1993 (better known as Mattarellum) was a reform of the electoral laws of Italy, passed on 4 August 1993. The nickname, conceived by Giovanni Sartori, derived from its author Sergio Mattarella.^[1] The law was also nicknamed Minotaur (from the mythical creature of Greek Mythology), for being a combination of two different parts (majority and proportional system).^[2]

The law replaced the proportional representation used in Italy since 1946, just after the end of the Second World War. It was replaced in 2005 by another law named Porcellum in reference to a comment by Roberto Calderoli.

History

Background

The Mattarella law was technically the accidental result of the combination of different historic events.^[3] After World War II, proportional representation (PR) was restored for the election of the Chamber of Deputies as it was before the Fascist era. The Senate of the Republic was at its first democratic election, so a first-past-the-post (FPTP) was proposed, but the supermajority clause, which was introduced to win a direct mandate, vanished that aim, and the generality of the Senate seats was itself assigned by PR. Constituencies for the Senate effectively were a ”pro forma” in this mechanism of localized lists, so they were not changed when in 1963 a constitutional reform expanded the Parliament with a 33% more seats.^[4]

In the early 1990s, the Italian political system was largely discredited, and PR was seen as a font of corruption.^[5] A group of reformers, led by Mario Segni, launched the idea of a referendum.^[6] However, according to the Italian constitution, referendums in Italy cannot be propositional, but they can only abolish a part of a law, so the reformers could only ask to abolish the supermajority clause for the Senate. The 1993 Italian referendum was a large success, transforming the Senate electoral law into a FPTP, but after 1963, there were less constituencies than seats in the Senate, one fourth less of the total needed, so those seats had to be filled by PR amongst the losers of the FPTP races. To ensure government stability, the law of the Chamber of Deputies had to be changed in a similar way, and a parallel voting of 3/4 of FPTP and 1/4 of PR was introduced by the Matterellum.^[7]

Approval

The new electoral law was approved in August 1993 by DC, PSI, PSDI and regionalist parties LN, SVP (only for the reform of the election of the Senate) and UV.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Giannetti, Daniela; Grofman, Bernard (1 February 2011). A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9781441972286. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
^ [1] Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine As Federico Orlando stated to L’Unità on , 7 January 1997: "il mio auspicio non muove né da incondizionata devozione alla giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale (che può essere modificata come tutte le cose umane), né da amore improvviso per il “Minotauro”, il mostro per tre quarti uomo e per un quarto toro, cioè per la legge Mattarella, appunto per tre quarti maggioritaria e per un quarto proporzionale"
^ Donovan, Mark (1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Italy". International Political Science Review. 16 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1177/019251219501600104. ISSN 0192-5121. JSTOR 1601168. S2CID 154431037.
^ "Gazzetta Ufficiale". www.gazzettaufficiale.it (in Italian). Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ Diodato, Emidio; Niglia, Federico (2019). Berlusconi 'The Diplomat' : populism and foreign policy in Italy. ISBN 978-3-319-97262-6.
^ Mont D’Arpizio, Daniele (November 12, 2019). "Mario Segni, il padre della stagione referendaria: "Memoria dell'Italia è corta"". Il Bo Live UniPD (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-07-21.
^ D'Alimonte, Roberto; Chiaramonte, Alessandro (21 May 2018). "The new Italian electoral system and its effects on strategic coordination and disproportionality". Italian Political Science. 13 (1): 8–18. ISSN 2420-8434. Retrieved 14 June 2019.