Johannes Rau

Johannes Rau
Johannes Rau
	Rau in 2004
President of Germany
	In office; 1 July 1999 – 30 June 2004
Chancellor	Gerhard Schröder
Preceded by	Roman Herzog
Succeeded by	Horst Köhler
Minister-President of; North Rhine-Westphalia
	In office; 20 September 1978 – 9 June 1998
Deputy	Horst-Ludwig Riemer; Burkhard Hirsch; Diether Posser; Herbter Schnoor; Michael Vesper;
Preceded by	Heinz Kühn
Succeeded by	Wolfgang Clement
President of the Bundesrat
	In office; 1 November 1994 – 31 October 1995
First Vice President	Klaus Wedemeier
Preceded by	Klaus Wedemeier
Succeeded by	Edmund Stoiber
	In office; 1 November 1982 – 31 October 1983
First Vice President	Hans Koschnick
Preceded by	Hans Koschnick
Succeeded by	Franz Josef Strauss
Minister-President
North Rhine-Westphalia Cabinet
Minister for Federal Affairs
	In office; 4 June 1980 – 18 August 1980
Minister-President	himself
Preceded by	Christoph Zöpel
Succeeded by	Dieter Haak
Minister of Science and Research
	In office; 28 July 1970 – 20 September 1978
Minister-President	Heinz Kühn;
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Reimut Jochimsen
Lord Mayor of Wuppertal
	In office; 1969–1970
Preceded by	Hermann Herberts
Succeeded by	Gottfried Gurland
Preceded by
Parliamentary constituencies
Member of the; Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia ; for Wuppertal III
	In office; 21 July 1958 – 30 Juny 1999
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	Marianne Dohmen
Personal details
Born	16 January 1931; Wuppertal, Rhine Province, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic (now North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
Died	27 January 2006 (aged 75); Berlin, Germany
Political party	Social Democratic Party (1957–2006)
Other political; affiliations	All-German People's Party (1950–1957)
Spouse	Christina Rau (née Delius)
Children	3
Occupation	Politician; Publisher;
Signature

Johannes Rau (German: [joˈhanəs ˈʁaʊ] ^ⓘ; 16 January 1931 – 27 January 2006) was a German politician who served as President of Germany from 1999 to 2004. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he previously served as the Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1978 to 1998. In the latter role, he also served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and in 1994/95.

Education and work

Rau was born in the Barmen part of Wuppertal, Rhine Province, as the third of five children. His family was strongly Protestant. As a schoolboy, Rau was active in the Confessing Church, which resisted Nazism.

Rau left school in 1949 and worked as a publisher, especially with the Protestant Youth Publishing House.

Political career

Rau was a member of the All-German People's Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann. The party was known for proposing German reunification from 1952 until it was disbanded in 1957.

In 1958, the pacifist^[1] Rau and his political mentor, Gustav Heinemann, joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), where he was active in the Wuppertal chapter. He served as deputy chairman of the SPD party of Wuppertal and was elected later on to the City Council (1964–1978), where he served as chairman of the SPD Group (1964–1967) and later as Mayor (1969–1970).

In 1958, Rau was elected for the first time as member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1967, he became chairman of the SPD fraction in the Landtag, and in 1970, he was Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn. He soon gained a reputation as a reformer. As part of the mass education campaign of the 1970s, he founded five universities, each at different sites, in North Rhine-Westphalia and initiated Germany's first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the British Open University).

In 1977, Rau became Chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia SPD and, in 1978, Minister President of the state, which he remained until 1998, with four successful elections for the SPD, which became strongest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995. From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia. Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and 1994/95.

In 1987, Rau was his party's candidate to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but he lost the elections against Helmut Kohl’s Christian Democrats (CDU). In 1994, Rau was a candidate to become President of Germany but lost the 1994 German presidential election to Roman Herzog.

In 1998, Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD chairman and Minister President, and in the 1999 German presidential election on 23 May 1999, he was elected President of Germany by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU). On 1 July 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler. In common with all other Federal presidents Rau was honored by a Großer Zapfenstreich.^[2]^[3] At his request the hymn "Jesus bleibet meine Freude" (literally "that Jesus remain my Joy", but commonly Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring) was included.^[4]

During 2000, Rau became the first German head of state to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German. The controversial step prompted some Israeli delegates to walk out. However, Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states. Rau had a deep and lifelong commitment to bringing reconciliation between Germany and its past.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Rau had a long history of heart disease and died 11 days after his 75th birthday on 27 January 2006. The funeral took place on 7 February following a funeral act of state on the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin in the closest of family and friends.

Motto and maxim

The maxim of Rau was "to reconcile, not divide".^[5]

As his personal motto, Rau adopted the Confessing Church dictum "teneo, quia teneor" (I hold because I am held).

In his acceptance speech after his election, Rau claimed "I never want to be a nationalist but rather a patriot. A patriot is someone who loves his fatherland. A nationalist is someone who condemns the fatherland of others."^[6] The quote can be attributed to the French writer Romain Gary.^[7]

Prizes and medals

Rau was awarded 15 honorary doctorates. In 2001, he received the Leo Baeck Medal for his humanitarian work promoting tolerance and social justice.

Private life

Rau was known as a practising Christian (sometimes known as Bruder Johannes, "Brother John", in ridicule of his intense Christian position.^[5] He held lay positions in and was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, a member church of the Protestant Church in Germany.

On 9 August 1982, Rau married the political scientist Christina Delius (born 1956). Christina Rau is a granddaughter of her husband's mentor, Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany. The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986.

On 18 August 2004, Rau had to undergo serious heart surgery, in which an artificial heart valve was inserted. Only two months later (19 October 2004), a hematoma in the abdominal cavity was surgically removed.

After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital, Berlin. However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal.

Honours

Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Foreign honours

Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2004)^[8]
Czech Republic: Collar of the Order of the White Lion (2000)
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (2002)
Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Iceland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (2003)^[9]
Latvia: 2nd Class, then, 1st Class with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars
Malta: Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
Slovakia: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2001)^[10]
Spain: Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2002)^[11]
Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Turkey: First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (2000)^[12]
Vatican: Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Olympic Order (2004)
Leo Baeck Medal (1996)^[13]

References

^ "Johannes Rau". biography.yourdictionary.com.
^ "Großer Zapfenstreich für Johannes Rau". Süddeutsche.de (in German). 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "Bundespräsident: Großer Zapfenstreich für Johannes Rau". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ "Heute letzter Arbeitstag für Johannes Rau: Gestern "Großer Zapfenstreich" vorm Schloss Bellevue – B.Z. – Die Stimme Berlins". www.bz-berlin.de (in German). 30 June 2004. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Germany Mourns Outstanding Former President Johannes Rau". apd.media. 27 January 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ Summers, James (2013). Peoples and international law. Leiden. p. 14. ISBN 978-90-04-23296-9. OCLC 870143850.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "The patriotic prejudice of George Orwell". ABC Religion & Ethics. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (PDF) (in German). p. 1654. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Icelandic Presidency Website (Icelandic), Order of the Falcon, Johannes & Christina Rau Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 1 July 2003, Grand Cross with Collar & Grand Cross respectively
^ Slovak republic website, State honours: 1st Class in 2001 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)
^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF).
^ "The ceremony conferred the Order of the State – History". Presidency of Republic of Turkey. 6 April 2000. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
^ Rau, Johannes (1996). "Speech Given on Receiving the Leo Baeck Prize of the "Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland"". European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 29 (2): 78–84. JSTOR 41443377.

External links

(in English) www.bundespraesident.de: Johannes Rau—Official biography
(in German) online book of condolence for Johannes Rau

Political offices
Preceded by Heinz Kühn	Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia 1978–1998	Succeeded by Wolfgang Clement
Preceded by Hans Koschnick	President of the German Bundesrat 1982–1983	Succeeded by Franz Josef Strauss
Preceded by Klaus Wedemeier	President of the German Bundesrat 1994–1995	Succeeded by Edmund Stoiber
Preceded by Roman Herzog	President of Germany 1999–2004	Succeeded by Horst Köhler
Party political offices
Preceded by Björn Engholm	Leader of the Social Democratic Party 1993	Succeeded by Rudolf Scharping