John Keegan

External videos
External videos
	Booknotes interview with Keegan on A History of Warfare, May 8, 1994, C-SPAN
	Presentation by Keegan on Fields of Battle, June 5, 1996, C-SPAN
	Presentation by Keegan on The First World War, June 15, 1999, C-SPAN

Sir
John Keegan
OBE FRSL
Sir John Keegan OBE FRSL
	Keegan in 1993
Born	John Desmond Patrick Keegan; 15 May 1934; Clapham, London, England
Died	2 August 2012 (aged 78); Kilmington, Wiltshire, England
Academic background
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford
Academic work
Main interests	Military history, history of warfare, First World War
Notable works	The Face of Battle, Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle, The Mask of Command and other major works

Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan OBE FRSL (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, air, maritime, intelligence warfare and the psychology of battle.

Life and career

Keegan was born in Clapham to an Irish World War One veteran and was evacuated to Somerset when World War Two broke out.^[1] At the age of 13, Keegan contracted orthopaedic tuberculosis, which subsequently affected his gait. The long-term effects of this rendered him unfit for military service, and the timing of his birth made him too young for service in the Second World War, facts he mentioned in his works as an ironic observation on his profession and interests.^[2] The illness also interrupted his education in his teenage years, although it included a period at King's College, Taunton and two years at Wimbledon College, which led to entry to Balliol College, Oxford in 1953, where he read history with an emphasis on war theory. After graduation he worked at the American Embassy in London for three years.^[3]

In 1960 Keegan took up a lectureship in military history at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, which trains officers for the British Army. He remained there for 26 years, becoming a senior lecturer in military history during his tenure, during which he also held a visiting professorship at Princeton University and was Delmas Distinguished Professor of History at Vassar College.^[4]

Leaving the academy in 1986,^[2] Keegan joined the Daily Telegraph as a defence correspondent and stayed with the paper as defence editor until his death. He also wrote for the conservative American publication National Review Online. In 1998, he wrote and presented the BBC's Reith Lectures, entitling them War in our World.

Keegan died on 2 August 2012 of natural causes at his home in Kilmington, Wiltshire. He was survived by his wife, their two daughters and two sons.^[5]

Published work

In A History of Warfare, Keegan outlined the development and limitations of warfare from prehistory to the modern era. It looked at various topics, including the use of horses, logistics, and "fire". A key concept put forward was that war is inherently cultural.^[6] In the introduction, he vigorously denounced the notion that war is a reasonable tool of statecraft, "simply a continuation of [interstate] politics by other means", rejecting "Clausewitzian" ideas. However, Keegan's discussion of Clausewitz was criticised as uninformed and inaccurate by writers like Peter Paret, Christopher Bassford, and Richard M. Swain.^[7]

Other books written by Keegan are: The Iraq War, Intelligence in War, The First World War, The Second World War, The Battle for History, The Face of Battle, War and Our World, The Mask of Command, and Fields of Battle.

He also contributed to work on historiography in modern conflict. With Richard Holmes he wrote the BBC documentary Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle. Frank C. Mahncke wrote that Keegan is seen as "among the most prominent and widely read military historians of the late twentieth century".^[8] In a book-cover blurb extracted from a more complex article, Sir Michael Howard wrote, "at once the most readable and the most original of living historians".^[9]

Views on contemporary conflicts

Keegan stated: "I will never oppose the Vietnam War. Americans were right to do it. I think they fought it in the wrong way. I don't think it's a war like fighting Hitler, but I think it was a right war, a correct war."^[10]
Keegan believed that NATO's bombing of Serbia and Serbian targets in Kosovo in 1999 showed that air power alone could win wars.^[11]
An article in The Christian Science Monitor called Keegan a "staunch supporter" of the Iraq War. It quotes him: "Uncomfortable as the 'spectacle of raw military force' is, he concludes that the Iraq war represents 'a better guide to what needs to be done to secure the safety of our world than any amount of law-making or treaty-writing can offer.'"^[12]

Criticism

Keegan was also criticised by peers, including Sir Michael Howard^[13] and Christopher Bassford^[14] for his critical position on Carl von Clausewitz, a Prussian officer and author of Vom Kriege (On War), one of the basic texts on warfare and military strategy. Describing Keegan as "profoundly mistaken", Bassford stated, "Nothing anywhere in Keegan's work – despite his many diatribes about Clausewitz and 'the Clausewitzians' – reflects any reading whatsoever of Clausewitz's own writings." The political scientist Richard Betts criticised Keegan's understanding of the political dimensions of war, calling Keegan "a naïf about politics."^[15]

In his 1997 book Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach (described as "too flawed to be recommended as an undergraduate text"^[16]), historian S.P. MacKenzie reports Keegan as saying that the best panzer units of the Waffen SS altered the course of the war and were "faithful unto death and fiercer in combat than any soldiers who fought them on western battlefields".^[17]

Detlef Siebert, a television documentarian, disagreed with Keegan's view that the deliberate targeting of civilian populations by aerial bombing 'descended to the enemy's level', although he did call it a 'moral blemish'.^[18]

Honours

On 29 June 1991, as a war correspondent for The Daily Telegraph, Keegan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "in recognition of service within the operations in the Gulf".^[19] In the 2000 New Year Honours, he was knighted "for services to Military History".^[20]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL) in 1986.^[21] In 1993 he won the Duff Cooper Prize.^[22]

In 1996, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement by the Society for Military History.^[23]

The University of Bath awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) in 2002.^[24]

Works

Waffen SS: The asphalt soldiers (New York: Ballantine, 1970) ISBN 0-345-32641-5
Barbarossa: Invasion of Russia, 1941 (New York, 1971) ISBN 0-345-02111-8
Opening Moves – August 1914 (New York: Ballantine, 1971) ISBN 0-345-09798-X
Guderian (New York: Ballantine, 1973) ISBN 0-345-03385-X
Rundstedt (New York: Ballantine, 1974) ISBN 0-345-23790-0
Dien Bien Phu (New York: Ballantine, 1974) ISBN 0-345-24064-2
The Face of Battle (London, 1976) ISBN 0-670-30432-8
Who Was Who in World War II (1978) ISBN 0-85368-182-1
The Nature of War with Joseph Darracott (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981) ISBN 0-03-057777-2
Six Armies in Normandy (1982) ISBN 0-14-005293-3
Zones of Conflict: An Atlas Of Future Wars with Andrew Wheatcroft (New York, 1986) ISBN 0-671-60115-6
Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle with Richard Holmes (New York: Viking Press, 1986) ISBN 0-670-80969-1
The Mask of Command (London, 1987) ISBN 0-7126-6526-9
The Price of Admiralty (1988) ISBN 0-09-173771-0
The Illustrated Face of Battle (New York and London: Viking, 1988) ISBN 0-670-82703-7
The Second World War (Viking Press, 1989) ISBN 0-670-82359-7
Churchill's Generals (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991) editor
A History of Warfare (London, 1993) ISBN 0-679-73082-6
The Battle for History: Refighting World War Two (Vintage Canada, 1995) ISBN 0-679-76743-6
Warpaths (Pimlico, 1996) ISBN 1-84413-750-3
Fields of Battle: The Wars for North America (1997) ISBN 0-679-74664-1
War and Our World: The Reith Lectures 1998 (London: Pimlico, 1999) ISBN 0-375-70520-1
The Book of War (ed.) (Viking Press, 1999) ISBN 0-670-88804-4
The First World War (London: Hutchinson, 1998) ISBN 0-09-180178-8; (New York: Knopf, 1999) ISBN 0-375-40052-4
An Illustrated History of the First World War (Alfred A. Knopf, 2001) ISBN 0-375-41259-X
Winston Churchill (2002) ISBN 0-670-03079-1
Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda (2003) ISBN 0-375-40053-2 (also published with alternative subtitle as Intelligence in War: The value – and limitations – of what the military can learn about the enemy ISBN 0-375-70046-3)
The Iraq War (2004) ISBN 0-09-180018-8
Atlas of World War II (ed.) (London: Collins, 2006) ISBN 0-00-721465-0 (an update of the 1989 Times Atlas)
The American Civil War (London, Hutchinson, 2009) ISBN 978-0-09-179483-5

Notes

^ "Sir John Keegan obituary". the Guardian. 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Booknotes: A History of Warfare (transcript of video interview)". Booknotes. C-SPAN. 8 May 1994. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Daniel Snowman: John Keegan History Today, volume 50, issue 5.2000
^ Back cover of The First World War. Keegan, John, ISBN 0-375-40052-4
^ van der Vat, Dan (5 August 2012). "Sir John Keegan obituary". the Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^ Binder, David (3 August 2012). "John Keegan, Historian of War and Warriors, Dies at 78". The New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
^ Christopher Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz," War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–336.
^ Naval War College Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Frank C. Mahncke, Naval War College
^ The New York Times Book Review – Sir Michael Howard
^ Binder, David (2 August 2012). "John Keegan, Historian Who Put a Face on War, Dies at 78". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C. (2000). "Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate" (PDF). International Security. 24 (4): 5–38. doi:10.1162/016228800560291. S2CID 57560780. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2012. I didn't want to change my beliefs, but there was too much evidence accumulating to stick to the article of faith. It now does look as if air power has prevailed in the Balkans, and that the time has come to redefine how victory in war may be won.
^ Scott Tyson, Ann (8 June 2004). "America's bewildering battle in Iraq follows new rules". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Michael Howard, "To the Ruthless Belong the Spoils," The New York Times Book Review, 14 November 1993.
^ War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–336, Christopher Bassford available at Clausewitz.com Archived 29 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
^ Betts, Richard (Fall 2000). "Is Strategy an Illusion?". International Security. 25 (2): 25. doi:10.1162/016228800560444. S2CID 30732113.
^ Brown 1998, p. 1561.
^ MacKenzie 1997, pp. 140.
^ Siebert, Detlef. "BBC - History - World Wars: British Bombing Strategy in World War Two". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
^ "No. 52588". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 June 1991. pp. 23–28.
^ "No. 55710". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1999. pp. 1–2.
^ "Royal Society of Literature All Fellows". Royal Society of Literature. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "Past Winners of The Duff Cooper Prize". Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
^ "Samuel Eliot Morison Prize previous winners". Society for Military History. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". University of Bath. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2012.

References

Bassford, Christopher. "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz." War in History, November 1994, pp. 319–36
Brown, Howard (1998). "Untitled". The American Historical Review. 103 (5): 117–126. doi:10.2307/2649980. JSTOR 2649980. Retrieved 18 September 2022.