July Revolution (Ecuador)

The Julian Revolution1 was a civic-military movement in Ecuador that, through a coup on July 9, 1925 led by the Military League, a secret group of young officers of the Ecuadorian Army, overthrew President Gonzalo Córdova. After an initial Military Junta, it was extended for six years —until 1931—, with two provisional government juntas and the presidency of Isidro Ayora, first interim and then constitutional, which ended with a new military coup on August 24, 1931.

The Revolution was oriented against the plutocracy that ruled the country. Despite being forged outside the population, initially limited to supporting what was carried out by the military, it reflected a national aspiration for change from those political and social sectors that participated in the juntas and the Ayora Government. Once in power, through various modernizing economic and socio-labour measures, he sought to put an end to the "bankocracy" and the political dominance of the liberal oligarchies.

Background

At the beginning of the 20th century, Ecuador —like the bulk of Latin America— was characterized by an economy oriented towards the international market, the basis of the strength of the agricultural and financial sectors; and by the tensions between the forms and practices of government of politics and the liberal state, on the one hand, and the advent of a mass society, with its inherent demands, on the other.

Since the 1870s, the Ecuadorian economy had been built around the exports of one product: cocoa. The good progress of these, more than half of the total, was the base and foundation of this true export economy. And so it seemed to be: the trade balance between 1891 and 1920 had only registered an annual deficit in 1897, and production had grown at an excellent average annual rate —12.3% in 1890-99, holding at 4.9% for the next decade. In 1903-13, Ecuador was still the world's leading producer of cocoa, with an average of more than 16% overall. However, in the face of this production boom, the price of cocoa did not suffer a similar boom, with gradual contractions. Thus, despite the fact that there were years of significant increases, such as in 1898 or 1907, the trend was downward

On the other hand, cocoa production showed a great business concentration. In 1846, there were eight competitors, of which only two concentrated more than three quarters of the quintals produced. A situation that had changed little, since by 1915, four companies —out of a total of 24 firms— produced something more than 74%. The commercial dominance of this select group translated into considerable influence over political decisions. Good proof was that the Coast, a region with 94% of national exports between 1900 and 1920, was the economic center of the country4.</ref.>

During this cocoa boom, the role of governments was marked by political instability. Nevertheless, they managed to benefit from the export boom; according to estimates, their income would have grown at an average rate of 13.9% in 1890-99, and 8.1% for 1900-09. Likewise, taxes on foreign trade represented the main source of state resources: from 8.6% in 1887, it would reach 12% in 1917; while expenses would have tripled, from 9 million sucres in 1893 to 27 million in 19105.Citation error: Citation error: there is an opening code ^[1]

Crisis

The crisis would come after 1918. From then on, the post-war depression reduced demand —mostly from the United States and Europe—, with the consequent drop in exports. By 1924, the favorable situation had changed, and Brazilian production (11.2%) relegated Ecuador to second place (6.6%). The Julian coup was against the liberal State established since the Revolution of 1895. Social disenchantment with the hegemony of oligarchic liberalism began to manifest clearly during the 1910s. The end of radical liberalism and the assassination of former president Eloy Alfaro (1912 ) and his main lieutenants had given way to General Leónidas Plaza and the succession of the governments of Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, José Luis Tamayo and Gonzalo S. Córdova. Under his mandates, the cocoa economy and a monetary and financial regime continued to prosper —beginning with the first gold standard (1900–17), the suspension of convertibility (1914) and the inorganic over-issuance of banknotes— through which he enthroned his hegemony the “bankocracy”. Policies of a "plutocratic liberalism" that had consolidated the banking predominance of Guayaquil, while marginalizing the interests of the incipient working class6. Perpetuated in power according to the fraudulent electoral system of the time, despite trying, neither the organic political-military forces nor the social movements had managed to change the course of the liberal regime. The 1913 uprising led by Carlos Concha, later devolved into war, failed in its attempt to revive radicalism; as he would do years later, on September 6, 1924, led by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño, who called on the conservatives to take up arms. For their part, the socialist organizations were just taking shape —the party would appear, precisely, during the Revolution— and the labor movement, although it showed signs of its vigor in a first general strike in November 1922, its actions ended up being repressed without regard, like that month in Guayaquil or against the indigenous people of the Leyto hacienda, on September 19-23-78.

Likewise, the hypothetical support of the Army was at least improbable. The high command and large military, involved and due to the policy of the regime, were in charge of maintaining and guaranteeing order. Not surprisingly, the July movement would do without them; it would be carried out precisely by young officers to whom, among other things, promotions and career opportunities were closed.

Coup

On the afternoon of July 9, 1925, in Guayaquil, a group of young officers under the command of Major Ildefonso Mendoza Vera arrested the government authorities, Francisco Urbina Jado, owner of the Banco Comercial y Agrícola de Guayaquil, other representatives of the bank and the military commanders themselves. On the 10th, they formed a Supreme Military Junta that occupied the Government for six hours. It was made up of each one of the representatives of the Army units, about twelve members: Major Juan Ignacio Pareja, as president; Lieutenant Colonel Luis Telmo Paz y Miño; Major Carlos A. Guerrero; the four captains Emilio Valdivieso, César Plaza, Enrique Rivadeneira and Julio Enrique Pareja; the three lieutenants Francisco Gallegos T., Virgilio Molina and Federico Struve (secretary); and the two second lieutenants Ángel Bonilla G. and Luis A. Sierra10. In turn, they had agreed to name a Provisional Military Junta, with only six of the officers: as president, Luis Telmo Paz y Miño; as members, Carlos A. Guerrero, Juan I. Pareja, Emilio Valdivieso and Ángel Bonilla; and would keep Federico Struve11 as secretary.

A few hours later, in Quito, Major Carlos Guerrero, accompanied by eight officers and fifty soldiers from the Pichincha Battalion, deposed President Gonzalo S. Córdova. Once again, the military appointed a provisional Governing Board12. In his view, Ecuador would be governed by a collegiate and provisional Executive of seven members —four for the Sierra and three for the Coast—, with broad powers to reorganize the country, whose sessions would be presided over by a director, a rotating position on a weekly basis and without additional functions, except that of coordinating the plenary sessions of the Board. This form of government would be maintained in the two provisional boards.

Provisional government

The first provisional Governing Board governed between July 10, 1925 and January 9, 1926. It was made up of seven members, five civilians and two soldiers, who would be in charge of the different ministries: Francisco Arízaga Luque, Francisco Boloña, José Rafael Bustamante, Luis Napoleón Dillon and Pedro Pablo Garaicoa, and the generals Francisco Gómez de la Torre and Moisés Oliva (later replaced by Modesto Larrea Jijón). In his proclamation "To the Nation", signed in Quito on July 17, he thus specified his "idealistic and disinterested" program:

"[...] will be inspired by a truly democratic spirit and will tend to respect the rights and freedoms of all citizens."