Kenai, Alaska

Kenai, Alaska

Kenai
*Shk'ituk't*
Kenai, Alaska Kenai; Shk'ituk't
City
	Aerial view of part of downtown Kenai. The intersection of Willow Street and Barnacle Way is in the center of the foreground. Cook Inlet and Mount Redoubt are in the background.
	Seal
	Motto: "Village with a Past - City with a Future"
	Location of Kenai, Alaska
	Coordinates: 60°33′31″N 151°13′47″W / 60.55861°N 151.22972°W
Country	United States
State	Alaska
Borough	Kenai Peninsula
Incorporated	May 10, 1960
Government
• Mayor	Brian Gabriel
• State senator	Jesse Bjorkman (R)
• State rep.	Justin Ruffridge (R)
Area
• Total	35.96 sq mi (93.15 km2)
• Land	29.14 sq mi (75.47 km2)
• Water	6.82 sq mi (17.67 km2)
Elevation	72 ft (22 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	7,424
• Density	254.77/sq mi (98.37/km2)
Time zone	UTC−9 (Alaska (AKST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC−8 (AKDT)
ZIP codes	99611, 99635
Area code	907
FIPS code	02-38420
GNIS feature ID	1413299, 2419407
Website	www.kenai.city

Kenai (/ˈkiːnaɪ/, KEE-ny) (Dena'ina: Shk'ituk't; Russian: Кенай, Kenay) is a city in the Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.^[4]^[5] By road, it is 158 miles southwest of Anchorage. The population was 7,424 as of the 2020 census, up from 7,100 in 2010,^[6] the fifteenth-most populated city in the state.

History

The city of Kenai is named after the local Dena'ina word 'ken' or 'kena', which means 'flat, meadow, open area with few trees; base, low ridge', according to the Dena'ina Topical Dictionary by James Kari, Ph.D., published in 2007. This describes the area along the mouth and portion of the Kenai River near the City of Kenai. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area was first occupied by the Kachemak people from 1000 B.C., until they were displaced by the Dena'ina Athabaskan people around 1000 A.D. Before the arrival of the Russians, Kenai was a Dena'ina village called Shk'ituk't, meaning "where we slide down." When Russian fur traders first arrived in 1741, about 1,000 Dena'ina lived in the village. The traders called the people "Kenaitze", which is a Russian term for "people of the flats", or "Kenai people". This name was later adopted when they were incorporated as the Kenaitze Alaskan Natives in the early 1970s.

Fur trade

In 1786, Pytor Zaykov built Nikolaevskaia krepost (Fort Nicholas) for the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company on the site of modern Kenai, being the first European settlement on the Alaskan mainland.^[7] Hostilities surfaced between the natives and settlers in 1797, culminating in an incident in which the Dena'ina attacked Fort St. Nicholas, later dubbed the battle of Kenai. Over one hundred deaths occurred from all involved parties. In 1838, the introduction of smallpox killed one half of the Dena'ina population.

United States

In 1869, after the Alaska Purchase, the United States Army established a post called Fort Kenay. It was soon abandoned.^[8]

In 1895–96, the Holy Assumption of the Virgin Mary Russian Orthodox Church was built in the village.^[9] It is still in use today.

The establishment of shipping companies in the early 1900s broadened Kenai into a port city. Canning companies were established and helped fuel the commercial fishing boom that was the primary activity through the 1920s.

In 1940, homesteads were opened in the area. The first dirt road from Anchorage was constructed in 1951; pavement would not arrive until 1956 with the construction of the Kenai Spur Highway.

A military base, Wildwood Army Station (later Wildwood Air Force Station), was established in 1953, and served as a major communications post. Wildwood was conveyed in 1974 to the Kenai Native Association in partial settlement of Alaska Native land claims. The facility was leased and later purchased by the State of Alaska and presently serves as the Wildwood Correctional Complex.^[10]^[11]

Statehood

In 1965, offshore oil discoveries in Cook Inlet caused a period of rapid growth. They were a part of a series of oil deposits located during the middle of the 20th century. In 1957, oil was discovered at Swanson River, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Kenai. This was the first major oil discovery in Alaska.^[12]

In 1992 and 2011, Kenai was named one of the All-America Cities.

In 2008, the Kenai River was designated as a Category 5, or "impaired," water body by the State of Alaska in accordance with the federal Clean Water Act. The Kenai River Working Group (KRWG) was formed to address the issue of water pollution. By 2010, the status of the river was changed to a Category 2, or "water that attains its designated uses."^[13]

Geography

Kenai is located at 60°33′31″N 151°13′47″W / 60.55861°N 151.22972°W / 60.55861; -151.22972 (60.558738, −151.229616),^[14] on the west side of the Kenai Peninsula near the outlet of the Kenai River to the Cook Inlet of the Pacific Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.5 square miles (92 km²), of which, 29.9 square miles (77 km²) of it is land and 5.6 square miles (15 km²) of it (15.85%) is water.

Climate

As with much of Southcentral Alaska, Kenai has a moderate dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc) due to the cool summers. Winters are snowy, long but not particularly cold, especially considering the latitude, with January featuring a daily average temperature of 15.8 °F (−9.0 °C). Snow averages 63.6 inches (162 cm) per season, falling primarily from October through March, with some accumulation in April, and rarely in May or September. There are 37 nights of sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows annually, and the area lies in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 4,^[15] indicating an average annual minimum in the −20 to −30 °F (−29 to −34 °C) range. Summers are cool due to the marine influence, with 75 °F (24 °C)+ highs or 55 °F (13 °C)+ lows being extremely rare. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −48 °F (−44 °C) on February 4, 1947, up to 89 °F (32 °C) on July 4, 2019.

Climate data for Kenai Municipal Airport, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,^[16] extremes 1899–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	49 (9)	52 (11)	59 (15)	69 (21)	82 (28)	87 (31)	89 (32)	86 (30)	75 (24)	63 (17)	59 (15)	56 (13)	93 (34)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	40.7 (4.8)	41.6 (5.3)	44.7 (7.1)	56.3 (13.5)	69.2 (20.7)	73.7 (23.2)	74.5 (23.6)	73.3 (22.9)	65.1 (18.4)	55.4 (13.0)	43.6 (6.4)	40.8 (4.9)	77.5 (25.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	22.4 (−5.3)	28.1 (−2.2)	32.7 (0.4)	44.3 (6.8)	54.5 (12.5)	60.2 (15.7)	63.3 (17.4)	62.7 (17.1)	55.7 (13.2)	43.1 (6.2)	30.2 (−1.0)	25.1 (−3.8)	43.5 (6.4)
Daily mean °F (°C)	14.9 (−9.5)	19.9 (−6.7)	23.6 (−4.7)	36.0 (2.2)	45.4 (7.4)	52.1 (11.2)	56.0 (13.3)	54.8 (12.7)	47.8 (8.8)	35.9 (2.2)	23.2 (−4.9)	18.1 (−7.7)	35.6 (2.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	7.4 (−13.7)	11.6 (−11.3)	14.4 (−9.8)	27.7 (−2.4)	36.4 (2.4)	44.0 (6.7)	48.8 (9.3)	46.8 (8.2)	39.8 (4.3)	28.6 (−1.9)	16.1 (−8.8)	11.0 (−11.7)	27.7 (−2.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−20.6 (−29.2)	−13.9 (−25.5)	−8.6 (−22.6)	11.4 (−11.4)	27.0 (−2.8)	33.7 (0.9)	38.8 (3.8)	34.3 (1.3)	25.4 (−3.7)	11.6 (−11.3)	−6.7 (−21.5)	−14.5 (−25.8)	−25.4 (−31.9)
Record low °F (°C)	−47 (−44)	−48 (−44)	−41 (−41)	−22 (−30)	12 (−11)	26 (−3)	27 (−3)	24 (−4)	−3 (−19)	−12 (−24)	−27 (−33)	−43 (−42)	−48 (−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	0.89 (23)	0.83 (21)	0.64 (16)	0.58 (15)	0.79 (20)	1.20 (30)	1.98 (50)	2.68 (68)	3.57 (91)	2.56 (65)	1.41 (36)	1.14 (29)	18.27 (464)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	9.8 (25)	10.5 (27)	9.2 (23)	1.8 (4.6)	0.2 (0.51)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.2 (0.51)	7.1 (18)	13.5 (34)	15.2 (39)	67.5 (171.62)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	8.1	8.2	6.0	6.0	8.0	10.1	12.7	14.1	15.7	13.2	9.8	10.5	122.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	7.5	6.3	4.8	1.7	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	2.9	7.0	9.6	40.0
Source 1: NOAA (average snowfall/snow days 1981–2010)^[17]^[18]
Source 2: National Weather Service^[19]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1880	44	—
1890	264	500.0%
1900	290	9.8%
1910	250	−13.8%
1920	332	32.8%
1930	286	−13.9%
1940	303	5.9%
1950	321	5.9%
1960	778	142.4%
1970	3,533	354.1%
1980	4,324	22.4%
1990	6,327	46.3%
2000	6,942	9.7%
2010	7,100	2.3%
2020	7,424	4.6%
U.S. Decennial Census^[20]

Kenai first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated "Creole" (mixed Russian and Native people) village of Kenai Rédoute.^[21] It was simply shortened to Kenai with the 1890 census. It was officially incorporated in 1960.

As of the census of 2020,^[22] there were 7,424 people, 3,143 households, and 1,788 families residing in the city. The population density was 232.2 inhabitants per square mile (89.7/km²). There were 3,003 housing units at an average density of 100.4 per square mile (38.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.4% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 12.0% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 1.3% Pacific Islander, and 6.7% from two or more races. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,143 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the city population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,962, and the median income for a family was $61,348. Males had a median income of $48,371 versus $27,112 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,789. About 8.2% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation

The main road access to Kenai is via the Kenai Spur Highway, which branches off of the Sterling Highway in downtown Soldotna and winds through downtown and the portions of city limits north of the Kenai River. The Warren Ames Memorial Bridge, located within city limits and the Kenai River's farthest downriver crossing, provides access to the portions of city limits south of the river and to Kalifornsky Beach Road, the latter providing an alternate access to Soldotna and the outlying road network. Beaver Loop Road provides access to neighborhoods and parklands upriver of the bridge.

Although many fishing boats are based in Kenai, the city does not have a formal port and harbor. There are docks for offloading the catch, but commercial fishing boats are generally moored offshore in the Kenai River. The nearest deep water port is in Nikiski, but is primarily reserved for use by the oil and gas extraction industry. The Kenai Airport has regularly scheduled flights to Anchorage.

Fishing

In 1985, a world record largest sport-caught Chinook (or "king") salmon was taken from the Kenai River, weighing in at 97 lbs 4oz. Eight of the ten largest king salmons caught in the world have come from the same river, making the city a popular fishing tourist location.^[23]

The lower reaches of the Kenai River, including its mouth where it empties into Cook Inlet, are within city limits. This area is the site of a designated personal use dipnet fishery during the month of July, one of a number of such fisheries throughout various parts of Alaska, that is open annually to residents of the state. The dipnetting season and fishing limitations are set by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and require fishermen to carry personal use fishing permits and only fish within designated regions and limits.^[24] Because the fishery is easily accessible and open to all Alaska residents, participation has grown over time, creating a significant strain on city resources as they deal with litter, fish waste, fire hazards and other issues associated with having in excess of ten thousand extra persons in the city during this period.^[25]^[26]

Sister cities

Akita, Japan

Notable people

Philip H. Ross, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral, double Navy Cross recipient

References

^ "Directory of Borough and City Officials 1974". Alaska Local Government. XIII (2). Juneau: Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs: 45. January 1974.
^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 83.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
^ "Kenai city, Alaska". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ "Kenai". Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ "2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places" (Web). State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
^ Solojova, Katerina and Aleksandra Vovnyanko. The Rise and Decline of the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company: Russian Colonization of South Central Alaska, 1787–1798. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 90, No. 4 (1999), pp. 191-205.
^ "The History of Kenai, Alaska".
^ "Holy Assumption Orthodox Church". National Park Service. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
^ Welker, Randy S. (July 9, 1993). Department of Corrections: Wildwood Correctional Center Acquisition. Archived February 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Alaska Division of Legislative Audit Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Audit control no. 20-4471-93. Retrieved on March 12, 2007.
^ Alaska Department of Corrections. Wildwood Correctional Complex (official site). Retrieved on March 12, 2007.
^ "Modern Alaska: Oil Discovery and Development in Alaska". Alaska History & Cultural Studies. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
^ McGrath, Mike (May 3, 2011). "All-America City projects: Kenai, Alaska". All-America City: National Civic League. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Arbor Day Foundation - Buy trees, rain forest friendly coffee, greeting cards that plant trees, memorials and celebrations with trees, and more".
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991–2020)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981–2010)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Geological Survey Professional Paper". 1949.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Glassmaker, Mark. "Alaska King Salmon". Retrieved August 21, 2014.
^ "Dipnet | The City of Kenai". www.ci.kenai.ak.us.
^ Shedlock, Jerzy, Annual dipnet fishery report discussed by council Peninsula Clarion, August 1, 2013
^ Pacer, Megan, Law enforcement prepares for dipnet seasonPeninsula Clarion August 7, 2015