Kenneth Rexroth

Kenneth Rexroth
Kenneth Rexroth
Born	22 December 1905
Died	6 June 1982 (aged 76)
Occupation	Poet, writer, translator, critic, musician
Spouse(s)	Andrée Rexroth
Awards	Guggenheim Fellowship (1948); Shelley Memorial Award (1958); Guggenheim Fellowship (1949) ;

Kenneth Charles Marion Rexroth (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982^[1]) was an American poet, translator, and critical essayist. He is regarded as a central figure in the San Francisco Renaissance, and paved the groundwork for the movement.^[2] Although he did not consider himself to be a Beat poet, and disliked the association, he was dubbed the "Father of the Beats" by Time magazine.^[3] Largely self-educated, Rexroth learned several languages and translated poems from Chinese, French, Spanish, and Japanese.^[4]

Early life

Rexroth was born Kenneth Charles Marion Rexroth in South Bend, Indiana,^[5] the son of Charles Rexroth, a pharmaceuticals salesman, and Delia Reed. His childhood was troubled by his father's alcoholism and his mother's chronic illness. His mother died in 1916 and his father in 1919, after which he went to live with his aunt in Chicago and enrolled in the Art Institute of Chicago.

At age 19, he hitchhiked across the country, taking odd jobs and working a stint as a Forest Service trail crew hand, cook and packer at the Marblemount Ranger Station in the Pacific Northwest.^[6]

Poetry career

In the 1930s, Rexroth was associated with the Objectivists, a largely New York group gathered around Louis Zukofsky and George Oppen.^[7] He was included in the 1931 issue of Poetry magazine dedicated to Objectivist poetry, and in the 1932 An “Objectivists” Anthology.^[8] Much of Rexroth's work can be classified as "erotic" or "love poetry", given his deep fascination with transcendent love. According to Hamill and Kleiner, "nowhere is Rexroth's verse more fully realized than in his erotic poetry".^[3]

With The Love Poems of Marichiko, Rexroth claimed to have translated the poetry of a contemporary, "young Japanese woman poet", but it was later disclosed that he was the author, and he gained critical recognition for having conveyed so authentically the feelings of someone of another gender and culture.^[9] Linda Hamalian, his biographer, suggests that, "translating the work of women poets from China and Japan reveals a transformation of both heart and mind".^[3]

With Rexroth acting as master of ceremonies, Allen Ginsberg, Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen performed at the famous Six Gallery reading on October 7, 1955. Rexroth later testified as a defense witness at Ferlinghetti's obscenity trial for publishing "Howl". Rexroth had previously sent Ginsberg (new in the Bay Area) to meet Snyder, and was thus responsible for their friendship. Lawrence Ferlinghetti named Rexroth as one of his own mentors.^[10] Rexroth was eventually critical of the Beat movement. Years after the Six Gallery reading, Time referred to him as "Father of the Beats.^[3] Rexroth ostensibly appears in Jack Kerouac's novel The Dharma Bums as Reinhold Cacoethes.^[11]

Politics

As a young man in Chicago, Rexroth was involved with the anarchist movement and was active in the IWW.^[6] Fellow poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti recalled that Rexroth self-identified as a philosophical anarchist, regularly associated with other anarchists in North Beach, and sold Italian anarchist newspapers at the City Lights Bookstore.^[12]

Rexroth, a pacifist, was a conscientious objector during World War II.^[6]

Last years

Rexroth died in Santa Barbara, California, on June 6, 1982.^[5] He had spent his final years translating Japanese and Chinese women poets, as well as promoting the work of female poets in America and overseas. The year before his death, on Easter, Rexroth converted to Roman Catholicism.^[13]

Works

As author

(all titles poetry except where indicated)

In What Hour? (1940). New York: The Macmillan Company
The Phoenix and the Tortoise (1944). New York: New Directions Press
The Art of Worldly Wisdom (1949). Prairie City, Il: Decker Press (reissued in 1953 by Golden Goose and 1980 by Morrow & Covici)
The Signature of All Things (1949). New York: New Directions
Beyond the Mountains: Four Plays in Verse (1951). New York: New Directions Press
The Dragon and the Unicorn (1952). New York: New Directions Press
Thou Shalt Not Kill: A Memorial for Dylan Thomas (1955). Mill Valley: Goad Press
In Defense of the Earth (1956). New York: New Directions Press
Bird in the Bush: Obvious Essays (1959) New York: New Directions
Assays (1961) New York: New Directions (essays)
Natural Numbers: New and Selected Poems (1963). New York: New Directions
Classics Revisited (1964; 1986). New York: New Directions (essays).
Collected Shorter Poems (1966). New York: New Directions.
An Autobiographical Novel (1966). New York: Doubleday (prose autobiography)(expanded edition 1991 by New Directions)
Heart's Garden, The Garden's Heart (1967). Cambridge: Pym-Randall Press
Collected Longer Poems (1968). New York: New Directions.
The Alternative Society: Essays from the Other World (1970). New York: Herder & Herder.
With Eye and Ear (1970). New York: Herder & Herder.
American Poetry in the Twentieth Century (1971). New York: Herder & Herder (essay).
Sky, Sea, Birds, Trees, Earth, House, Beasts, Flowers (1971). Santa Barbara: Unicorn Press
The Elastic Retort: Essays in Literature and Ideas (1973). Seabury.
Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century (1974). Seabury (non-fiction).
New Poems (1974). New York: New Directions
The Silver Swan (1976). Port Townsend: Copper Canyon Press
On Flower Wreath Hill (1976). Burnaby, British Columbia: Blackfish Press
The Love Poems of Marichiko (1978). Santa Barbara: Christopher's Books
The Morning Star (1979) New York: New Directions
Saucy Limericks & Christmas Cheer (1980). Santa Barbara: Bradford Morrow
Between Two Wars: Selected Poems Written Before World War II (1982). Labyrinth Editions & The Iris Press
Selected Poems (1984). New York: New Directions
World Outside the Window: Selected Essays (1987). New York: New Directions
More Classics Revisited (1989). New York: New Directions (essays).
An Autobiographical Novel (1964; expanded edition, 1991). New York: New Directions
Kenneth Rexroth & James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1991). New York: Norton.
Flower Wreath Hill: Later Poems (1991). New York: New Directions.
Sacramental Acts: The Love Poems (1997). Copper Canyon Press.
Swords That Shall Not Strike: Poems of Protest and Rebellion (1999). Glad Day.
Complete Poems (2003). Port Townsend: Copper Canyon Press.
In the Sierra: Mountain Writings (2012). New York: New Directions (poems and prose).
K. Rexroth: World Poems #17 (2017). Tokyo: Shichōsha (poems and prose in Japanese translation).

As translator

(in chronological order)

Fourteen Poems by O. V. de L.-Milosz. (1952), San Francisco: Peregrine Press. Translated by Kenneth Rexroth, with illustrations by Edward Hagedorn. Second edition. (Port Townsend, WA): Copper Canyon Press, (1983). Paperbound. Issued without the Hagedorn illustrations.
30 Spanish Poems of Love and Exile (1956), San Francisco: City Lights Books.
One Hundred Poems from the Japanese (1955), New York: New Directions.
One Hundred Poems From the Chinese (1956), New York: New Directions.
Poems from the Greek Anthology. (1962), Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Paperbacks: The University of Michigan Press.
Pierre Reverdy: Selected Poems (1969), New York: New Directions
Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese (1970), New York: New Directions.
100 Poems from the French (1972), Pym-Randall.
Orchid Boat (1972), Seabury Press. with Ling Chung; reprinted as Women Poets of China, New York: New Directions
100 More Poems from the Japanese (1976), New York: New Directions.
The Burning Heart (1977), Seabury Press. with Ikuko Atsumi; reprinted as Women Poets of Japan, New York: New Directions
Seasons of Sacred Lust: Selected Poems of Kazuko Shiraishi. (1978), (New York): New Directions.
Complete Poems of Li Ch'ing-Chao. (1979), (New York): New Directions.

Discography

Poetry Readings in the Cellar (with the Cellar Jazz Quintet): Kenneth Rexroth & Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1957) Fantasy #7002 LP (Spoken Word)
Rexroth: Poetry and Jazz at the Blackhawk (1958) Fantasy #7008 LP (Spoken Word)

Notes

^ Irr, Caren (February 2000). "Rexroth, Kenneth (1905-1982), poet and translator". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1602193. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.
^ "Kenneth Rexroth". The Academy of American Poets.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sam Hamill, Sam; Kleiner, Elaine Laura, eds. (1997). Sacramental Acts: The Love Poems of Kenneth Rexroth. Copper Canyon Press. ISBN 9781556590801. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^ "Kenneth Rexroth". Modern American Poetry. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "News & Notes". PN Review. 9 (3). February 1983. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Suiter 2002, p. 81
^ McAllister, Andrew, ed. (1996). The Objectivists. Eastburn: Bloodaxe Books. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9781852243418.
^ Scroggins, Mark. "The "Objectivists" and Their Publications". Z-site, A Companion to the Works of Louis Zukofsky. Z-site. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
^ Weinberger 1986, pp. 117-118
^ "Legendary Beat Generation Bookseller and Poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti of City Lights Books on the 50th Anniversary of Jack Kerouac's "On the Road," Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and Poetry as Insurgent Art" (Interview). Democracy Now. December 24, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^ Beat Museum, The. "Books by Jack Kerouac-Real Names and their Aliases". self-published, N.D., unpaginated.
^ Wroe, Nicholas (July 1, 2006). "Last of the bohemians" (Interview). The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 8, 2008. He called himself a 'philosophical anarchist'...
^ Hamalian 1991, p. 367

References

Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (Paperback)
Hamalian, Linda (1991). A Life of Kenneth Rexroth (Paper ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393309157.
Hartzell, James and Zumwinkle, Richard. "Kenneth Rexroth. A Checklist of His Published Writings". Los Angeles: Friends of the UCLA Library, 1967. (Hardcopy and paper)
Perron, Lee. Kenneth Rexroth. "A Bibliographic Checklist". Bennett Valley, CA: Sun Moon Bear Editions, 2009. (Paper)
Suiter, John. "Poets on the Peaks" (2002) Counterpoint. ISBN 1-58243-148-5; ISBN 1-58243-294-5 (Paper)
Weinberger, Eliot. Works of Paper, 1980-1986 (1986) New Directions. ISBN 0-8112-1000-6