Kure Atoll (/ˈkʊəriː/; Hawaiian: Hōlanikū, lit. 'bringing forth heaven'; Mokupāpapa, 'flat island')[1] or Ocean Island is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean 48 nautical miles (89 km; 55 mi) west-northwest of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at 28°25′N178°20′W / 28.417°N 178.333°W / 28.417; -178.333. A coral ring 10 km across encloses a lagoon several meters deep. The only land of significant size is called Green Island and is a habitat for hundreds of thousands of seabirds. A short, unused and unmaintained runway and a portion of one building, both from a former United States Coast GuardLORAN station, are located on the island. Politically, it is part of Hawaii, although separated from the rest of the state by Midway, which is a separate unorganized territory. Green Island, in addition to being the nesting grounds for tens of thousands of seabirds, has recorded several vagrant terrestrial birds, including snow bunting, eyebrowed thrush, brambling, olive-backed pipit, black kite, Steller's sea eagle and Chinese sparrowhawk. It is currently managed as a Wildlife Bird Sanctuary by the State of Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural Resource–Division of Forestry and Wildlife as one of the co-trustees of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument with support from the Kure Atoll Conservancy.
Kure is seasonally inhabited by small crews of two to eight volunteers and biologists who work to restore and manage the native ecosystem.
Kure was discovered in the 19th century and was a common site of shipwrecks. In the late 20th century it was home to a radio base that supported location finding, and in the 21st century it is mostly a nature reserve.
Geography and ecology
The International Date Line lies approximately 100 miles (87 nmi/160 km) to the west. Although located to the west of Midway Atoll, Kure Atoll has a time zone 1 hour ahead at UTC−10:00 (the same as the rest of Hawaii). Kure is the northernmost coral atoll in the world.[2][3] It consists of a 6-mile (10 km) wide nearly circular barrier reef surrounding a shallow lagoon and several sand islets. There is a total land area of 213.097 acres (86.237 ha), with Green Island on the southeast side.[4] A growing number of Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) haul out on its beaches.[5] The polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) has been on the island since it was discovered.[6]
The coral reef is a rough ring shape about six miles across and has two islands within, Sand Island and Green Island. Green Island is in the southeast quadrant of the ring, with an area of 235 acres. Sand Island is about one acre in size and lies to the west of Green Island.[6] Sand Island is not known to have plant life.[7]
Green Island has a wide variety of vegetation including groves of Beach Naupaka (Scaevola taccada), which are a popular habitat for birds.[6] Another type of tree on Green Island is the heliotrope tree (Tournefortia argentea), there are two groves of ironwood trees (Casuarina equisetifolia), and other common plants are Verbesina and Bermuda grass.[7] A survey of plant life in 2001 counted about 50 different species of plant on Green Island.[7]
Green Island is roughly triangular with a point to the north and with a northwest beach extending down to a western point.[6] The east side arcs down from north point and the shore includes east beach, southeast beach, and south beach, which arcs around to West point on the south side of the island.[6] Overall Green Island is 1.5 miles long and up to half a mile wide. The highest point is 25 feet.[6]
As of 2002, 92 species of algae have been discovered in the central lagoon of Kure Atoll.[9]
Geological history and future
The geological history of Kure is generally similar to Midway, but Kure lies close to what is called the Darwin Point, the latitude north of which the rate of natural reef subsidence and destruction surpasses the rate of reef growth. At approximately 30 million years old, it is the oldest in the Hawaiian Island chain. As Kure continues to be slowly carried along to the northwest by the motion of the Pacific Plate, it will move into waters too cool for coral and coralline algae growth to keep up with isostatic subsidence of the mountain. Currently the atoll is warmed by the pools of water at the ends of the warm Kuroshio Current, keeping it in a very comfortable range in winter. Barring unforeseen evolution, it will then begin to join the other volcanic and reef-topped remnants of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain to the northwest, all of which are now seamounts.[5][10]
History
In the Hawaiian language the term Mokupāpapa was used for any flat island with reefs.[11] The northwestern islands are associated with Kāne Milohaʻi in Hawaiian mythology, the brother of Pele, creator of the islands, who was left to stand guard for travelers.[12] Another Hawaiian name for Kure Atoll is Hōlanikū, meaning "bringing forth heaven."[13]
19th century
Before the mid-19th century, Kure Atoll was visited by several ships and given new names each time. Sometimes spelled Cure, its English name was for a Russian navigator who sighted the atoll.[14] It was officially named Kure Island in 1924 and then Kure Atoll in 1987.[15] The old name for island was Ocean Island.[16]
Two shipwrecks in the early 19th century were the Gledstanes and the Parker, in 1837 and 1842 respectively.[17] The Gledstanes crewmembers were able to make it to the island and then were able to build a new vessel from the debris of their old ship. Some of the survivors then sailed it back to mainland Hawaii.[18] Once they reached Hawaii, they sent a ship back to rescue those who had stayed behind on the island.[16] The shipwreck of the Gledstanes was found in 2008.[18] The Parker's crew had a somewhat more difficult time but did manage to get to land by floating on a raft for several days.[17] On Ocean (now Green Island) they managed to survive on a diet of birds and other wildlife at the atolls.[17] They even encountered the dog from the Gledstanes who had been living wild on the island in the previous years.[17] They attempted to make contact with the outside world by attaching messages to seabirds.[17] The Parker had shipwrecked in September 1842 and having lived at Kure Atoll, many of the crew were finally rescued on April 16, 1843, with the remainder taken off on May 2, 1843.[17] The first rescue ship was the James Stewart and the second rescue ship was the whaler Nassau.[17]
Many crews were stranded on Kure Atoll after being shipwrecked on the surrounding reefs and had to survive on the local seals, turtles, and birds. The shipwrecks remain on the reef today, including the USS Saginaw. Because of these incidents, King Kalākaua sent Colonel J. H. Boyd to Kure as his Special Commissioner. On September 20, 1886, he took possession of the island for the Hawaiian government. The King ordered that a crude house be built on the island, with tanks for holding water and provisions for any other unfortunates who might be cast away there. But the provisions were stolen within a year and the house soon fell into ruins.[6]
In 1867, the USS Lackawanna surveyed the atoll to produce more accurate charts of the reefs.[6]
The USS Saginaw wrecked on the atoll in October 1870. The crew was able to abandon ship, but not much was saved. A crew of five sailed the captain's gig to the island of Kauai, but only 1 survived the difficult month long voyage. Despite this, word did get to the authorities, which sent a rescue ship to the stranded crew which was able to rescue them in January 1871.[16]
The Dunnottar Castle shipwrecked in 1886, and the crew was able to reach Kauai but some lives were lost.[16]
20th century
Largely neglected for most of its history, during World War II Kure was routinely visited by U.S. Navy patrols from nearby Midway to ensure that the Japanese were not using it to refuel submarines or flying boats from submarine-tankers for attacks elsewhere in the Hawaiian chain. During the Battle of Midway, a Japanese Nakajima B5N "Kate" bomber, operating from aircraft carrier Hiryū, piloted by Lieutenant Kikuchi Rokurō, and which had been involved in the initial Japanese attack on Midway's US installations, crash-landed near Kure after being damaged by US fighters.[19] Once ashore, Lt. Kikuchi and the two other members of his crew (Warrant Officer Yumoto Noriyoshi and Petty Officer (1st Class) Narasaki Hironori) refused capture and were either killed or committed suicide when an American landing party tried to capture them.[19]
In the 1950s, there was a radar reflector on the island, and the island was also used for a scientific study of Pacific birds.[8] In 1959 zig-zag stripes were cut through the groves of Scaevola bushes to make habitat space for albatrosses.[20]
In 1960 construction began on a LORAN base and it was finished in 1961.[21] Also in 1961, the tug Port of Bandon sank on the reef.[21] The base included buildings for the LORAN station, a 625 foot high LORAN radio tower, and a 4000-foot airstrip.[22][6]
Between 1963 and 1965, the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) population was studied.[23]
In 1966 a Boeing 707 jet airliner made an emergency landing at Kure Atoll.[24]
Kure is located within a major current which washes up debris from the Great Pacific garbage patch, such as fishing nets and large numbers of cigarette lighters, on the island. These pose threats to the local animals, especially birds, whose skeletons are frequently found with plastic in the stomach cavity.[5][25]
On October 16, 1998, the longline fishing vessel Paradise Queen II ran aground on the eastern edge of Green Island of Kure Atoll, spilling approximately 4,000 gallons of diesel fuel before recovery operations could commence. Debris from that shipwreck continued to pollute the reef and shoreline for many years, endangering wildlife and damaging the coral reef. The long-term impact of this and other wrecks within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) highlight the dangers to sensitive habitats in the area. To help ensure their protection, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was designated a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) in 2008 by the International Maritime Organization.[26][27] In addition to avoiding specific areas, owners must identify when their ship enters and leaves the PSSA's 10 nautical mile wide reporting area so a timely response can be taken should there be a maritime emergency.
From 1960 to 1992, a United States Coast GuardLORAN station was located on Green Island. A short coral runway was built on the island to support Coast Guard operations,[6] but it was abandoned and is currently unusable.[28] Although there is no permanent human population, the atoll is formally part of the City and County of Honolulu.[29]
It became a state wildlife sanctuary in 1981.[30]
Since 1993 the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and volunteers from the Kure Atoll Conservancy group have helped to restore the atoll to a more natural state.[31]Jean-Michel Cousteau produced a video on a voyage to Kure which first aired in 2006.[32] Since 2010 the Division of Forestry and Wildlife has had a year-round presence on Kure Atoll.[citation needed]
21st century
In 2002 the wreck of a 19th-century whaling ship was found at Kure Atoll.[17] This wreck was further explored in 2005, 2006, and 2008; it is thought it may be the wreck of the sailing ship Parker.[17][33] The Parker was a whaling ship that wrecked on Kure Atoll in 1842.[17] The crew was rescued after a few months.
The wreck of the USS Saginaw was found in 2003.[34] The research dive studying the wreck was featured in the book A Civil War Gunboat in Pacific Waters: Life on Board USS Saginaw.[35]
In 2008, the shipwreck of the vessel Gledstanes was found.[18] The Gledstanes was a British whaling ship that wrecked in 1837.[18]
In 2010, the wreck of a sailboat was recovered from Kure Atoll.[36] The sailboat was discovered in 2007, and was determined to be the boat of sailor who departed from Fiji in 2006, but was lost at sea.[36]
In 2020 a crew of four stayed on the island from February through to October.[37] While there is no television or cell phone service, limited internet connectivity allows for emails to be sent and received.[37] The island is occupied by two crews each year that are rotated in and out.[37] Their job is to keep an eye on the island, and they also try to clean up trash that washes up on the island.[37]
Amateur radio
Because of its particularly remote location, Kure Atoll has been the scene of several amateur radioDX expeditions, or DX-peditions. Because the radio propagation path between Kure and Europe runs right over the North Polar region, opportunities for distant communication with Kure are particularly popular among European amateurs.
The callsign prefix for Kure Atoll as of 2017 is KH7K, and for nearby Midway Atoll KH4, on the DXCC list.[38] They were briefly deleted from the DXCC list and had to be re-added after a review, due to a legal change of the overall regions status.[38]
Some of the DXpeditions to Kure were:
1969 – Callsign: KH6NR/KH6 – From November 11 to November 14, 1969, Marine Staff Sergeant Don Chilcote, KH6GKV (now VE6NN), and Navy ICFN Gene Lewis, KH6HDB (now W5LE), operated from Kure Island, using the U.S. Navy Reserve Training Center, Honolulu's callsign.[39]
1970 – Callsign: W7UXP/KH6 - October by WB2OIF, KH6HCM/W7UXP, KH6HGP/W7WOX
1971–72 – Callsign: KH6EDY—The U.S. Coast Guard Kure Island LORAN station's callsign.[40]
1973–74 – Callsign: KH6HDB – From September 1973 to September 1974, Gene Lewis, KH6HDB (now W5LE), operated from Kure Island. Lewis had been one of the two operators to activate Kure during the one-week DXpedition of KH6NR/KH6 during November 1969. He subsequently joined the Coast Guard for the express purpose of getting to spend a one-year tour of duty on Kure Island.[41]
1997 – Event call sign: K7K. This was a joint scientific/radio operation including four fish and wildlife scientists and the eight members of the Midway-Kure DX Foundation's 1996 Midway team. The team included four scientists from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[42]
2018 - the Pacific Island DX-pedition Group's 4th application since 2014 was rejected by the Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, citing the inability to provide "adequate safeguards for the resources and ecological integrity" of Kure Atoll, despite successful Amateur Radio activations, with U.S. Fish and Wildlife representation, on Palmyra, Navassa, and Baker Islands with no harmful impact to those island habitats.[43]
LORAN Station (1960–1992)
Kure's Green Island was home to a radio geolocation station from the early 1960s to 1992.[44] Called LORAN (short for LOng RAnge Navigation), the base was operated by the U.S. Coast Guard and supported the LORAN-C system. This land-based electronic navigation aid helped ships and aircraft locate themselves on the Earth's surface.[44] This base was shut down because the LORAN system was superseded by the Global Positioning System (GPS), which uses satellites in Earth orbit rather than ground stations like at Kure Island.[44] The LORAN station was commissioned on 18 March 1961 and was decommissioned on 2 July 1992.[24]
Kure's LORAN base had a 625-foot high (191 m) radio tower that was later demolished when operations ended.[6]
The ham radio call sign for the Kure LORAN Station was KH6EDY.[24]
The site was surveyed in 1959 and construction began in 1960.[24] The survey team was attacked by rats in the night.[24] The base was staffed by about 20–30 or so personnel, and the base received many awards over its history including the Coast Guard Unit Commendation in 1986–1989.[24]
Airstrip
The Kure airport had one 3800 ft. long runway, and is now closed. Its ICAO code was PM64.[45]
Aircraft that routinely operated from the airstrip included U.S. Coast Guard HC-123B Provider and HC-130H aircraft and several types of U.S. Navy fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters from Midway. Flights routinely carried mail, cargo, and passengers to Kure Atoll since its completion in the 1960s.[45]
The airstrip was also known to have been used for emergency landings, including a Lockheed Constellation (C-121) in 1961[46] and a Boeing 707 in 1966.
Shipwrecks
Kure Atoll is noted as the location of various shipwrecks:
Some of the noted wrecks at the atoll include:[6]
Temperatures at Kure Atoll range from about 45 to 90 °F (7–32 °C).[6] There is usually a wind of about 10–15 mph (16–24 km/h) that blows from the northeast trade winds.[6]
The data chart below is taken from Midway Atoll due to a lack of any weather stations present on Kure Atoll.
Kure Atoll features a tropical savanna climate (KöppenAw) with high year-round temperatures. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with only two months being able to be classified as dry season months (May and June).
^TenBruggencate, Jan (October 18, 2003). "Historic Hawai'i wreck found". The Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
Hidangan pembuka, pembangkit selera, penyelera, atau umpan tekak (hors d'oeuvre, appetizer,[1] starter[2]) adalah sebuah hidangan kecil yang disajikan sebelum hidangan utama.[3] Beberapa hidangan pembuka disajikan dingin, yang lainnya hangat.[4] Hidangan pembuka disajikan di meja makan malam sebagai bagian dari hidangan utama, atau disajikan sebelum duduk. Referensi ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Verma1999…
Gene ColanColan dalam acara Big Apple Summer Sizzler di Manhattan pada 13 Juni 2009LahirEugene Jules Colan(1926-09-01)1 September 1926The Bronx, New YorkMeninggal23 Juni 2011(2011-06-23) (umur 84)The Bronx, New YorkNegaraAmerikaAreaPemensil, PenintaAliasAdam AustinKarya terkenalDaredevilBatman, Detective ComicsDoctor StrangeHoward the DuckThe Tomb of DraculaPenghargaanEagle Award, 1977, 1979Eisner Award, 2010PasanganSallee Greenberg (bercerai)Adrienne Colan (Brickman) Eugene Jules Colan (/…
التنافس بين الجزائر والمغرب في كرة القدمأسماء أخرىمحاربي الصحراء × أسود الأطلسالمنطقةالكافالفرق الجزائر المغربأول مواجهةالمغرب 0–0 الجزائر مباراة ودية (31 أكتوبر 1965)أحدث مواجهةالمغرب 2–2 (ض.ج 3–5) الجزائر كأس العرب 2021 (11 ديسمبر 2021)إحصائياتعدد المواجهات29 مباراةالأكثر ف…
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2014) List of events ← 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1996 in China → 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Decades: 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also:Other events of 1996History of China • Timeline • Years The following lists events from 1996 in China. Incumbents Party General Secretary: Jiang Zemin President: Jiang Zemin Premier: Li Peng Vice President: Rong Yiren Vice Premier: Zhu Rongji Gover…
American politician (1825–1903) John Richard BarretMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Missouri's 1st districtIn officeDecember 3, 1860 – March 4, 1861Preceded byFrancis Preston Blair Jr.Succeeded byFrancis Preston Blair Jr.In officeMarch 4, 1859 – June 8, 1860Preceded byFrancis Preston Blair Jr.Succeeded byFrancis Preston Blair Jr.Member of the Missouri House of RepresentativesIn office1852–1856 Personal detailsBorn(1825-08-21)August 21, 1825Gre…
Association football club in Moldova Football clubFC FloreștiFull nameFotbal Club FloreștiFounded2003GroundDinamo StadiumCapacity5,000PresidentSergiu LitraHead CoachNicolai ȚurcanLeagueSuper Liga2022–23Liga 1, 2nd of 6 (promoted) Home colours Away colours 47°53′47″N 28°18′30″E / 47.896421°N 28.308304°E / 47.896421; 28.308304 Fotbal Club Florești is a Moldovan football club based in Florești, Moldova. They currently play in the Super Liga, the highest le…
PT Bank BTPN TbkSebelumnyaPT Bank Pegawai Pensiunan Militer (1958-1986)PT Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional (1986-2019)JenisPerseroan terbatasKode emitenIDX: BTPNIndustriJasa keuanganPendahuluBank Sumitomo Mitsui IndonesiaDidirikan6 Oktober 1959; 64 tahun lalu (1959-10-06)KantorpusatMenara BTPN, CBD Mega Kuningan, Jl. Dr. Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung Kav. 5.5 – 5.6, Jakarta 12950, IndonesiaWilayah operasiIndonesiaTokohkunciOngki Wanadjati Dana[1](Direktur Utama)Chow Ying Hoong[1 …
38°53′23″N 77°0′32″W / 38.88972°N 77.00889°W / 38.88972; -77.00889 الكونغرس الأمريكي الكونغرس الخامس عشر بعد المائة النوع التأسيس 4 مارس 1789 النوع برلمان من مجلسين المجالس مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكيمجلس النواب الأمريكي البلد الولايات المتحدة جزء من الحكومة الفيدرالية للولايات المتح…
Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Kansas 1922 Kansas gubernatorial election ← 1920 November 7, 1922 1924 → Nominee Jonathan M. Davis William Yoast Morgan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 271,058 252,602 Percentage 50.87% 47.41% County resultsDavis: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Morgan: 40–50% …
Neighborhood in Tehran For the village in Isfahan Province, see Farahzad, Isfahan. For the village in Khuzestan Province, see Farahzad, Khuzestan. For the village in Semnan Province, see Mazraeh-ye Farahzad. Location of Farahzad (black) in Municipal District No. 2 (dark grey) of Tehran metropolis Farahzad (Persian: فرحزاد) is a neighborhood in North West Tehran, the capital city of Iran.[1] It is one of the oldest villages of Tehran. The village is over 1500 years old.[citation…
Papa Urbano I17º papa della Chiesa cattolicaElezione222 Fine pontificatomaggio 230 Predecessorepapa Callisto I Successorepapa Ponziano NascitaRoma, ? MorteRoma, 19 o 23 maggio 230 SepolturaCatacombe di Pretestato Manuale Sant'Urbano I Papa NascitaRoma, ? MorteRoma, 19 o 23 maggio 230 Venerato daChiesa cattolica Ricorrenza25 maggio Attributitonsura e barba corta Patrono diPreganziol Manuale Urbano I (Roma, ... – Roma, 19 o 23 maggio 230) è stato il 17º vescovo di R…
Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Sitanggang. Ruth Damayanti SitanggangLahirRuth Damayanti Sitanggang12 November 1998 (umur 25)Tangerang, Jawa BaratNama lainRuthRu-chanYuchanPekerjaanPenyanyi, PenariKarier musikGenrePopInstrumenVokalTahun aktif2016 - sekarangLabelJKT48 ProjectArtis terkaitJKT48Mantan anggotaJKT48 (2016 - 2018) Ruth Damayanti Sitanggang (lahir 12 November 1998) yang akrab dipanggil Ruth atau Ru-chan adalah salah seorang Ex Member JKT48 Tim T dari Generasi keli…
North American F-100 Super Sabre menjatuhkan napalm dalam sebuah latihan. Napalm adalah campuran pembakar dari bahan pembentuk gel dan petrokimia yang mudah menguap (biasanya bensin atau bahan bakar diesel). Nama napalm berasal dari gabungan dua konstituen berupa bahan pengental dan pembentuk gel: garam aluminium yang diendapkan dari asam naftena dan asam palmitat.[1] Napalm B adalah versi yang lebih modern dari napalm (memanfaatkan turunan polistirena) dan, meskipun sangat berbeda dalam…
العلاقات السريلانكية النيكاراغوية سريلانكا نيكاراغوا سريلانكا نيكاراغوا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السريلانكية النيكاراغوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين سريلانكا ونيكاراغوا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجع…
2019 video game 2019 video gameControlDeveloper(s)Remedy EntertainmentPublisher(s)505 GamesDirector(s)Mikael KasurinenProducer(s)Juha VainioDesigner(s)Paul EhrethProgrammer(s)Sean DonnellyArtist(s)Janne PulkkinenWriter(s)Sam LakeComposer(s)Petri AlankoMartin Stig AndersenEngineNorthlight EnginePlatform(s)PlayStation 4WindowsXbox OneNintendo SwitchPlayStation 5Xbox Series X/SStadiaReleasePS4, Windows, Xbox One27 August 2019Amazon Luna20 October 2020Nintendo Switch30 October 2020PS5, Xbox Series X…
Vegetation type that is endemic to Cape Town, South Africa Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos growing at Harmony Flats Nature Reserve in Cape Town. Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos is a critically endangered vegetation type that is endemic to Cape Town. Though closest to Fynbos, it has characteristics of both Fynbos and Renosterveld vegetation and is thus actually a unique hybrid vegetation type.[1] [2] Distribution This ecosystem occurs only in what is now the eastern corner of the city - i…
Grimsby Town 2008–09 football seasonGrimsby Town2008–09 seasonChairmanJohn FentyManagerAlan Buckley(until 15 September 2008)Mike Newell(from 6 October 2008)StadiumBlundell ParkLeague Two22ndFA CupFirst RoundLeague CupSecond RoundLincolnshire Senior CupRunners-upTop goalscorerLeague: Adam Proudlock (8)All: Adam Proudlock (8)Highest home attendance7,095 vs. Aldershot Town (28 March 2009)Lowest home attendance1,858 vs. Tranmere Rovers (12 August 2008) Home colours Away colours Third colours …
Pohon kucing anyaman. Anyaman adalah serat yang dirangkaikan hingga membentuk benda yang kaku, biasanya untuk membuat keranjang, tas atau perabot. Anyaman sering kali dibuat dari bahan yang berasal dari tumbuhan, tetapi serat plastik juga dapat digunakan. Bahan yang digunakan bisa bagian apapun dari tanaman, misalnya inti batang tebu atau rotan atau keseluruhan ketebalan tanaman, seperti misalnya dedalu. Bahan lainnya yang terkenal digunakan sebagai anyaman adalah gelagah dan bambu. Biasanya ran…