LGBT literature in Colombia

LGBT literature in Colombia—understood as literature written by Colombian authors that involves plots, themes, or characters that are part of or are related to sexual diversity—has a tradition that dates back to the first decades of the 20th century, specifically the homoerotic poetry of Porfirio Barba-Jacob.^[1]^[2] The first openly homosexual Colombian novel, Por los caminos de Sodoma: confesiones íntimas de un homosexual, was published in 1932 by Bernardo Arias Trujillo [es].^[3]

In later decades, some of the authors who have dealt with LGBT themes include Fernando Vallejo, with works such as La virgen de los sicarios (translated into English with the title Our Lady of the Assassins) and El desbarrancadero [es], and Efraim Medina Reyes with Técnicas de masturbación entre Batman y Robin.^[4] The most frequent literary genres have been short stories and novels, with male authors being more prevalent than female writers. The reflection of homosexual experiences is varied and conditioned by the geographical, professional, and social conditions of their protagonists. Various points of view can also be found, such as the ones mentioned by Giraldo A. (2009):^[5]

Posturas radicales, crímenes de odio en Cali, tema tabú en Manizales, y actitudes políticamente correctas en Bogotá.^[a]

Moreover, Giraldo A. (2009) mentions that Balderston (2008) has pointed out the elements that are more trasgresores, lúdicos y eróticos ^[b] in the work of Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Raúl Gómez Jattin, Fernando Molano Vargas [es], Gabriel García Márquez, Marvel Moreno, Alonso Sánchez Baute, and Fernando Vallejo himself.^[6]

Acénto, the first magazine with an exclusively homosexual readership, was published between November 1997 and June 1998. It was managed by its founder, Fernando Toledo, and disappeared after eight issues due to the lack of advertisers who would be willing to keep it going, despite its having been a success in terms of subscriptions and sales.^[7]^[8]

Narrative

20th century

The first Colombian novel to deal openly with LGBT themes was Por los caminos de Sodoma: confesiones íntimas de un homosexual, published in Buenos Aires in 1932 by Bernardo Arias Trujillo [es]. Arias published the novel under the pseudonym Sir Edgar Dixon. Although it was rejected at the time because of its subject matter, it is nowadays considered a landmark in Latin American LGBT literature.^[9]^[10]

Gabriel García Márquez's debut novella La hojarasca (1953) (translated into English with the title Leaf Storm) was the next narrative work to include an LGBT character, after Por los caminos de Sodoma. In the novel, the character of the boy displays a homoerotic desire for his friend Abraham, with whom he spends much of his free time. As evidence of this interpretation, scholars such as Daniel Balderston have particularly pointed to the end of chapter four, which Balderston describes as a franca escena de deseo homoerótico,^[c] and where the boy remarks, thinking of Abraham's naked body:^[11]^[12]^[13]

Quiero ir solo con Abraham, para verle el brillo del vientre cuando se zambulle y vuelve a surgir como un pez metálico. Toda la noche he deseado regresar con él, solo por la oscuridad del túnel verde, para rozarle el muslo cuando caminemos. Siempre que lo hago siento como si alguien me mordiera con unos mordiscos suaves, que me erizan la piel.^[d]

In later decades, the novel Te quiero mucho, poquito, nada, by Félix Ángel, is worthy of mentioning. It was published in 1975 but was quickly withdrawn from bookstores due to its daring and transgressive nature.^[15]

The novel El divino [es], by Gustavo Álvarez Gardeazábal, was published in 1985. It had quite an impact, as it dealt with delicate issues such as drug trafficking and homosexuality, and was later adapted into a telenovela by Caracol Televisión.^[16] Apart from his literary work, Álvarez Gardeazábal is a well-known defender of gay rights in Colombia.^[17]

Fernando Vallejo's autobiographical work El fuego secreto was published in 1987. In it, he explores the issues of drug use and homosexuality as an adolescent in the cities of Medellín and Bogotá. It is the second book in his five-book autobiographical series El río del tiempo [es], which also includes: Los días azules [es] (1985), about his childhood; Los caminos a Roma [es] (1988) and Años de indulgencia [es] (1989), in which he tells of his experiences in Europe and New York; and Entre fantasmas [es] (1993), about the time he lived in Mexico City with his partner until 2018, when he returned to Colombia after the latter's death. Recurrent themes in most of his work include violence, homosexuality, adolescence, drugs, death, and the defense of animal rights.^[18]^[19]

The 1990s also saw the appearance of author Fernando Molano Vargas [es], who published the works Un beso de Dick [es] (1992), his debut novel; the collection of poems Todas mis cosas en tus bolsillos (1997), published just a few months before his death; and Vista desde una acera (2012), published posthumously.^[20]^[21]

21st century

Some authors who stand out in the 21st century include:^[22]^[23]

Alonso Sánchez Baute: Al diablo la maldita primavera (2003).
César Alzate Vargas [es]: the novels La ciudad de todos los adioses (2001), Mártires del deseo (2007), and La familia perfecta (2014), and some short stories from the volume Medellinenses (2009).
Gonzalo García Valdivieso [es]: his autobiography Los putos castos. Memorias inconfesables de un doble deseo. (2011).
Laura Restrepo: Delirio (2004) translated into English as Delirium.
Jorge Franco: Melodrama (2006).
Jaime Manrique: novels, poetry collections, and books of short stories. He has been considered by Ilan Stavans of The Washington Post as "The most accomplished gay Latino writer of his generation." ^[22]^[24]^[25]
Manuel Valdivieso: his first novel, Los hombres no van juntos a cine (2014), is about a love affair between two teenagers in Cúcuta, the author's hometown, in which he describes the intolerance caused by a culture influenced by paramilitaries and drug traffickers.^[26]

Poetry

Poet Porfirio Barba-Jacob lived his homosexuality openly and wrote of love between men in his poems, many of which he wrote while living in exile outside Colombia, a country where he always had many followers and a great influence.^[27]^[28] Author Fernando Vallejo wrote Barba-Jacob's biography as a novel, El mensajero [es] (1987). Moreover, poet Bernardo Arias Trujillo [es] wrote the poem Roby Nelson, about the beauty of an Argentine boy. This poem became very popular and is still today an example of homosexual literature, not only in Colombia, but throughout Latin America.^[29]

The ones who stand out among the more modern poets are Raúl Gómez Jattin^[30]^[31] and John Better.^[32]

Theatre

The prolific work of playwright José Manuel Freidel [es] repeatedly addresses homosexual themes. Among his plays, the monologue ¡Ay! Días, Chiqui (1987) stands out, in which he denounces violence against transvestites. Freidel was murdered in 1990.^[33]

Notes

^ English: Radical stances, hate crimes in Cali, taboo subjects in Manizales, and politically correct attitudes in Bogotá.
^ English: Transgressive, playful, and erotic
^ English: A clear display of homoerotic desire
^ English: I want to go alone with Abraham, to see the shine of his stomach when he dives and comes up again like a metal fish. All night long I've wanted to go back with him, alone in the darkness of the green tunnel, to brush his thigh as we walk along. Whenever I do that I feel as if someone is biting me with soft nibbles and my skin creeps. (Translation by Gregory Rabassa)^[14]

References

^ Balderston 2008, pp. 1059–1073.
^ "Lecturas imperdibles: 5 libros colombianos de poesía LGBTI". Secretaría de Cultura, Recreación y Deporte de Bogotá (in Spanish). 27 June 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Badawi, Halim (8 November 2021). "Conmemorar la cultura LGBTI+ latinoamericana". Diario Criterio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
^ Queipo, Isabel (10 October 2003). "Efraím Medina Reyes: el filósofo del fracaso". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Giraldo A. 2009, p. 2.
^ Giraldo A. 2009, p. 4.
^ "Revista Acénto, cuando el periodismo colombiano salió del clóset". Sentiido (in Spanish). 21 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "Fernando Toledo Zamora (1948-2014)". Jorge Tadeo Lozano University (in Spanish). 24 April 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Gil Gómez 2019, p. 44.
^ "Libros y escritores colombianos que exaltan el orgullo gay". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Balderston 2008, p. 1064.
^ Márquez Ramos 2016.
^ Lúquez Fonseca 2013.
^ García Márquez 1979, p. 38.
^ Bustamante, Víctor (23 May 2021). "Hablando de libros". El Diario (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Valencia, José Luis (26 February 2018). "El Divino estará en la pantalla del Telepacífico". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "¿Quiénes son los gays más poderosos de Colombia?". KienyKe (in Spanish). 10 April 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Pulecio Mariño, Enrique (17 December 2000). "Desde el fondo del infierno". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "Vallejo sigue provocando". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 31 August 2000. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Balderston 2008, pp. 1068–1069.
^ Giraldo 2016, p. 257.
^ ^a ^b "1 de abril, Día del Libro de Temática LGBT". Semanario Voz (in Spanish). 1 April 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Rubio Rivas 2012, p. 20.
^ Caputo, Giuseppe (22 June 2011). "Devolviendo el insulto". Semana (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Stavans, Ilan (11 May 1997). "Gay and Latin in Manhattan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "'Los hombres no van juntos a cine', una novela sobre la homosexualidad". El País (in Spanish). 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "Porfirio Barba Jacob". Banco de la República Cultural (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "Porfirio Barba-Jacob". Luis Ángel Arango Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ García A., Eduardo (15 July 2012). "El padre de Roby Nelson". La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ "Raúl Gómez Jattin". Words Without Borders. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Celis, Luis Eduardo (31 May 2015). "Raúl Gómez Jattin, el poeta de la calle". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Henson, George (November 2020). "John Better: a Career Out of Limbo". Latin American Literature Today. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
^ Castañeda, Ronal (24 September 2020). "José Manuel Freidel, 30 años después de su muerte". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

Bibliography

Balderston, Daniel (October–November 2008). "Baladas de la loca alegría: literatura queer en Colombia" (PDF). Revista Iberoamericana (in Spanish). LXXIV (225). University of Pittsburgh: International Institute of Ibero-American Literature: 1059–1073. doi:10.5195/reviberoamer.2008.5224. ISSN 0034-9631. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
García Márquez, Gabriel (1979). La hojarasca [Leaf storm, and other stories]. Translated by Rabassa, Gregory. London: Pan Books. ISBN 9780330256889. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
Gil Gómez, Leonardo (January 2019). "Por los caminos de Sodoma de Bernardo Arias Trujillo, la homosexualidad inco(ó)moda". Perífrasis. Revista de literatura, teoría y crítica. (in Spanish). 10 (19). Bogotá: University of the Andes (Colombia): 43–60. doi:10.25025/perifrasis201910.19.03. ISSN 2145-8987. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
Giraldo A., Claudia Patricia (18–20 May 2009). Qué es la literatura queer: las compilaciones de literatura queer, gay y lésbica (PDF). VII Congreso Internacional Orbis Tertius de Teoría y Crítica Literaria (in Spanish). La Plata, Argentina: National University of La Plata. pp. 1–6. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
Giraldo, Daniel (2016). Entre líneas: Literatura marica colombiana (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2024.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Lúquez Fonseca, Jesús (16 November 2013). "Diez omisiones narrativas en La hojarasca". Letralia, Tierra de Letras (in Spanish). XVIII (292). Cagua, Venezuela. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Márquez Ramos, Eliezer (February 2016). "Un gay encerrado en Macondo". [IN]Genios. Revista de investigación y actividad creativa multidisciplinaria subgraduada. (in Spanish). 2 (2). San Juan: University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus. ISSN 2374-2747. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Rubio Rivas, Luz María (2012). Representaciones de hombres gays en la literatura colombiana (2000–2007) (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Spanish). National University of Colombia. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[6] English: Radical stances, hate crimes in Cali, taboo subjects in Manizales, and politically correct attitudes in Bogotá.

[7] English: Transgressive, playful, and erotic

[13] English: A clear display of homoerotic desire

[18] English: I want to go alone with Abraham, to see the shine of his stomach when he dives and comes up again like a metal fish. All night long I've wanted to go back with him, alone in the darkness of the green tunnel, to brush his thigh as we walk along. Whenever I do that I feel as if someone is biting me with soft nibbles and my skin creeps. (Translation by Gregory Rabassa)^[14]

[FOOTNOTEBalderston20081059–1073-1] Balderston 2008, pp. 1059–1073.

[2] "Lecturas imperdibles: 5 libros colombianos de poesía LGBTI". Secretaría de Cultura, Recreación y Deporte de Bogotá (in Spanish). 27 June 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[3] Badawi, Halim (8 November 2021). "Conmemorar la cultura LGBTI+ latinoamericana". Diario Criterio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2024.

[4] Queipo, Isabel (10 October 2003). "Efraím Medina Reyes: el filósofo del fracaso". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[FOOTNOTEGiraldo_A.20092-5] Giraldo A. 2009, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEGiraldo_A.20094-8] Giraldo A. 2009, p. 4.

[9] "Revista Acénto, cuando el periodismo colombiano salió del clóset". Sentiido (in Spanish). 21 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[10] "Fernando Toledo Zamora (1948-2014)". Jorge Tadeo Lozano University (in Spanish). 24 April 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[FOOTNOTEGil_Gómez201944-11] Gil Gómez 2019, p. 44.

[12] "Libros y escritores colombianos que exaltan el orgullo gay". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[FOOTNOTEBalderston20081064-14] Balderston 2008, p. 1064.

[FOOTNOTEMárquez_Ramos2016-15] Márquez Ramos 2016.

[FOOTNOTELúquez_Fonseca2013-16] Lúquez Fonseca 2013.

[FOOTNOTEGarcía_Márquez197938-17] García Márquez 1979, p. 38.

[19] Bustamante, Víctor (23 May 2021). "Hablando de libros". El Diario (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[20] Valencia, José Luis (26 February 2018). "El Divino estará en la pantalla del Telepacífico". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[21] "¿Quiénes son los gays más poderosos de Colombia?". KienyKe (in Spanish). 10 April 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[22] Pulecio Mariño, Enrique (17 December 2000). "Desde el fondo del infierno". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[23] "Vallejo sigue provocando". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 31 August 2000. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[FOOTNOTEBalderston20081068–1069-24] Balderston 2008, pp. 1068–1069.

[FOOTNOTEGiraldo2016257-25] Giraldo 2016, p. 257.

[voz-26] "1 de abril, Día del Libro de Temática LGBT". Semanario Voz (in Spanish). 1 April 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[FOOTNOTERubio_Rivas201220-27] Rubio Rivas 2012, p. 20.

[28] Caputo, Giuseppe (22 June 2011). "Devolviendo el insulto". Semana (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[29] Stavans, Ilan (11 May 1997). "Gay and Latin in Manhattan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[30] "'Los hombres no van juntos a cine', una novela sobre la homosexualidad". El País (in Spanish). 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[31] "Porfirio Barba Jacob". Banco de la República Cultural (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[32] "Porfirio Barba-Jacob". Luis Ángel Arango Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[33] García A., Eduardo (15 July 2012). "El padre de Roby Nelson". La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[34] "Raúl Gómez Jattin". Words Without Borders. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[35] Celis, Luis Eduardo (31 May 2015). "Raúl Gómez Jattin, el poeta de la calle". El Espectador (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[36] Henson, George (November 2020). "John Better: a Career Out of Limbo". Latin American Literature Today. Retrieved 25 July 2024.

[37] Castañeda, Ronal (24 September 2020). "José Manuel Freidel, 30 años después de su muerte". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

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LGBT literature in Colombia

Narrative

20th century

21st century

Poetry

Theatre

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

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