Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Lark

For other uses, see Lark (disambiguation).

Lark
Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Sylvioidea
Family: Alaudidae
Vigors, 1825
Genera

see text

Larks are passerine birds of the family Alaudidae. Larks have a cosmopolitan distribution with the largest number of species occurring in Africa. Only a single species, the horned lark, occurs in North America, and only Horsfield's bush lark occurs in Australia. Habitats vary widely, but many species live in dry regions. When the word "lark" is used without specification, it often refers to the Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis).[1]

Taxonomy and systematics

The family Alaudidae was introduced in 1825 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors as a subfamily Alaudina of the finch family Fringillidae.[2][3] Larks are a well-defined family, partly because of the shape of their tarsus.[4] They have multiple scutes on the hind side of their tarsi, rather than the single plate found in most songbirds. They also lack a pessulus, the bony central structure in the syrinx of songbirds.[5] They were long placed at or near the beginning of the songbirds or oscines (now often called Passeri), just after the suboscines and before the swallows, for example in the American Ornithologists' Union's first check-list.[6] Some authorities, such as the British Ornithologists' Union[7] and the Handbook of the Birds of the World, adhere to that placement. However, many other classifications follow the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy in placing the larks in a large oscine subgroup Passerida (which excludes crows, shrikes and their allies, vireos, and many groups characteristic of Australia and southeastern Asia). For instance, the American Ornithologists' Union places larks just after the crows, shrikes, and vireos. At a finer level of detail, some now place the larks at the beginning of a superfamily Sylvioidea with the swallows, various "Old World warbler" and "babbler" groups, and others.[8][9] Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that within the Sylvioidea the larks form a sister clade to the family Panuridae which contains a single species, the bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus).[10] The phylogeny of larks (Alaudidae) was reviewed in 2013, leading to the recognition of the arrangement below.[11][12]

The genus level cladogram shown below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the larks by Per Alström and collaborators published in 2023. The subfamilies are those proposed by the authors.[13] For two species the results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC): the rusty bush lark (Mirafra rufa) and Gillett's lark (Mirafra gilletti) were found to be embedded in the genus Calendulauda.[12][13] Alström and collaborators proposed that the genus Mirafra should be split into four genera: Mirafra, Plocealauda, Amirafra and Corypha.[13]

Alaudidae
Certhilaudinae

Alaemon – hoopoe-larks (2 species)

Ammomanopsis – Gray's lark

Chersomanes – larks (2 species)

Certhilauda – long-billed larks (6 species)

Eremopterix – sparrow-larks (8 species)

Pinarocorys – larks (2 species)

Ramphocoris – thick-billed lark

Ammomanes – larks (3 species)

Mirafrinae

Calendulauda – larks (8 species)

Heteromirafra – larks (2 species)

Mirafra – larks (7 species)

Plocealauda – bush larks (5 species)

Amirafra – larks (3 species)

Corypha – larks (11 species)

Alaudinae

Lullula – woodlark

Spizocorys – larks (7 species)

Alauda – skylarks (4 species)

Galerida – larks (7 species)

Eremophila – horned larks (2 species)

Calandrella – short-toed larks (6 species)

Melanocorypha – larks (5 species)

Chersophilus – Dupont's lark

Eremalauda – larks (2 species)

Alaudala – short-toed larks (6 species)

Extant genera

The family Alaudidae contains 102 extant species which are divided into 24 genera:[12] For more detail, see list of lark species.

Image Genus Living Species
Alaemon Keyserling & Blasius, 1840
Chersomanes Cabanis, 1851
Ammomanopsis Bianchi, 1905
  • Gray's lark (Ammomanopsis grayi)
Certhilauda Swainson, 1827
Pinarocorys Shelley, 1902
Ramphocoris Bonaparte, 1850
  • Thick-billed lark (Ramphocoris clotbey)
Ammomanes Cabanis, 1851
Eremopterix Kaup, 1836
Calendulauda Blyth, 1855
Heteromirafra Grant, 1913
Mirafra Horsfield, 1821
Lullula Kaup, 1829
Spizocorys Sundevall, 1872
Alauda Linnaeus, 1758
Galerida Boie, F, 1828
Eremophila F. Boie, 1828
Calandrella Kaup, 1829
Melanocorypha F. Boie, 1828
Chersophilus Sharpe, 1890
  • Dupont's lark (Chersophilus duponti)
Eremalauda WL Sclater, 1926
Alaudala Horsfield & Moore, 1858

Extinct genera

Description

A chestnut-backed sparrow-lark

Larks, or the family Alaudidae, are small- to medium-sized birds, 12 to 24 cm (4.7 to 9.4 in) in length and 15 to 75 g (0.5 to 2.6 oz) in mass.[14] The smallest larks are likely the Spizocorys species, which can weigh only around 14 g (0.49 oz) in species like the pink-billed lark and the Obbia lark, while the largest lark is the Tibetan lark.[15]

Like many ground birds, most lark species have long hind claws, which are thought to provide stability while standing. Most have streaked brown plumage, some boldly marked with black or white. Their dull appearance camouflages them on the ground, especially when on the nest. They feed on insects and seeds; though adults of most species eat seeds primarily, all species feed their young insects for at least the first week after hatching. Many species dig with their bills to uncover food. Some larks have heavy bills (reaching an extreme in the thick-billed lark) for cracking seeds open, while others have long, down-curved bills, which are especially suitable for digging.[14]

Larks are the only passerines that lose all their feathers in their first moult (in all species whose first moult is known). This may result from the poor quality of the chicks' feathers, which in turn may result from the benefits to the parents of switching the young to a lower-quality diet (seeds), which requires less work from the parents.[14]

In many respects, including long tertial feathers, larks resemble other ground birds such as pipits. However, in larks the tarsus (the lowest leg bone, connected to the toes) has only one set of scales on the rear surface, which is rounded. Pipits and all other songbirds have two plates of scales on the rear surface, which meet at a protruding rear edge.[4]

Calls and song

Larks have more elaborate calls than most birds, and often extravagant songs given in display flight.[14] These melodious sounds (to human ears), combined with a willingness to expand into anthropogenic habitats—as long as these are not too intensively managed—have ensured larks a prominent place in literature and music, especially the Eurasian skylark in northern Europe and the crested lark and calandra lark in southern Europe.

Behaviour

Breeding

Male larks use song flights to defend their breeding territory and attract a mate. Most species build nests on the ground, usually cups of dead grass, but in some species the nests are more complicated and partly domed. A few desert species nest very low in bushes, perhaps so circulating air can cool the nest.[14] Larks' eggs are usually speckled. The size of the clutch is very variable and ranges from the single egg laid by Sclater's lark up to 6–8 eggs laid by the calandra lark and the black lark.[16] Larks incubate for 11 to 16 days.[14]

In culture

Larks as food

Larks, commonly consumed with bones intact, have historically been considered wholesome, delicate, and light game. They can be used in a number of dishes; for example, they can be stewed, broiled, or used as filling in a meat pie. Lark's tongues are reputed to have been particularly highly valued as a delicacy. In modern times, shrinking habitats made lark meat rare and hard to come by, though it can still be found in restaurants in Italy and elsewhere in southern Europe.[17]

Symbolism

The lark in mythology and literature stands for daybreak, as in Chaucer's "The Knight's Tale", "the bisy larke, messager of day",[18] and Shakespeare's Sonnet 29, "the lark at break of day arising / From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate" (11–12). The lark is also (often simultaneously) associated with "lovers and lovers' observance" (as in Bernart de Ventadorn's Can vei la lauzeta mover) and with "church services".[19] These meanings of daybreak and religious reference can be combined, as in Blake's Visions of the Daughters of Albion, into a "spiritual daybreak"[20] to signify "passage from Earth to Heaven and from Heaven to Earth".[21] With Renaissance painters such as Domenico Ghirlandaio, the lark symbolizes Christ, with reference to John 16:16.[22]

Literature

Percy Bysshe Shelley's famed 1820 poem "To a Skylark" was inspired by the melodious song of a skylark during an evening walk.[23]

English poet George Meredith wrote a poem titled "The Lark Ascending" in 1881.

In Mervyn Peake's Titus Groan, first book of the Gormenghast trilogy, "Swelter approache[s] [Lord Sepulchrave] with a salver of toasted larks" during the reception following newborn Titus's christening.

Canadian poet John McCrae mentions larks in his poem "In Flanders Fields".[24]

Music

English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote a musical setting of George Meredith's poem, completed in 1914. It was composed for violin and piano, and entitled The Lark Ascending - A Romance. The work received its first performance in December 1920. Soon afterwards the composer arranged it for violin and orchestra, in which version it was first performed in June 1921, and this is how the work remains best-known today.

The old Welsh folk song Marwnad yr Ehedydd (The Lark's Elegy) refers to the death of "the Lark", possibly as a coded reference to the Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr.

The French-Canadian folk song Alouette refers to plucking feathers from a lark.[25]

Pet

Traditionally, larks are kept as pets in China. In Beijing, larks are taught to mimic the voice of other songbirds and animals. It is an old-fashioned habit of the Beijingers to teach their larks 13 kinds of sounds in a strict order (called "the 13 songs of a lark", Chinese: 百灵十三套). The larks that can sing the full 13 sounds in the correct order are highly valued, while any disruption in the songs will decrease their value significantly.[26]

Early awakening

Larks sing early in the day, often before dawn,[27] leading to the expression "up with the lark" for a person who is awake early in the day,[28] and the term lark being applied to someone who habitually rises early in the morning.

See also

References

  1. ^ "lark". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 149, 264. hdl:2246/830.
  3. ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "On the arrangement of the genera of birds". Zoological Journal. 2: 391–405 [398].
  4. ^ a b Ridgway, Robert (1907). "The Birds of North and Middle America, Part IV". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 50: 289–290.
  5. ^ Ames, Peter L. (1971). The morphology of the syrinx in passerine birds (PDF). Bulletin 37, Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. p. 104. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
  6. ^ Patterson, Bob (2002). "The History of North American Bird Names in the American Ornithologists' Union Checklists 1886 - 2000". Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  7. ^ Dudley, Steve P.; Gee, Mike; Kehoe, Chris; Melling, Tim M. (2006). "The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition)" (PDF). Ibis. 148 (3): 526–563. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00603.x.
  8. ^ Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G. (2002). "A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 269 (1488): 295–308. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883. PMC 1690884. PMID 11839199.
  9. ^ Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban; Sundberg, Per (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015. PMID 16054402.
  10. ^ Fregin, Silke; Haase, Martin; Olsson, Urban; Alström, Per (2012). "New insights into family relationships within the avian superfamily Sylvioidea (Passeriformes) based on seven molecular markers". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (157): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-157. PMC 3462691. PMID 22920688.
  11. ^ Alström, Per; Barnes, Keith N.; Olsson, Urban; Barker, F. Keith; Bloomer, Paulette; Khan, Aleem Ahmed; Qureshi, Masood Ahmed; Guillaumet, Alban; Crochet, Pierre-Andre; Ryan, Peter G. (2013). "Multilocus phylogeny of the avian family Alaudidae (larks) reveals complex morphological evolution, non-monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 1043–1056. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.005. PMID 23792153.
  12. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Nicators, Bearded Reedling, larks". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Alström, P.; Mohammadi, Z.; Enbody, E.D.; Irestedt, M.; Engelbrecht, D.; Crochet, P.-A.; Guillaumet, A.; Rancilhac, L.; Tieleman, B.I.; Olsson, U.; Donald, P.F.; Stervander, M. (2023). "Systematics of the avian family Alaudidae using multilocus and genomic data". Avian Research. 14: 100095. doi:10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100095.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Kikkawa, Jiro (2003). "Larks". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 578–583. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  15. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  16. ^ de Juana, Eduardo; Suárez, Francisco; Ryan, Peter (2004). "Family Alaudidae (Larks)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 496–541. ISBN 978-84-87334-69-6.
  17. ^ Hooper, John (2010-02-17). "Cat, dormouse and other Italian recipes". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  18. ^ Benson, Larry D. (2008). The Riverside Chaucer (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45, line 1491. ISBN 978-0-19-282109-6.
  19. ^ Bawcutt, Priscilla (1972). "The lark in Chaucer and some later poets". Yearbook of English Studies. 2: 5–12. doi:10.2307/3506502. JSTOR 3506502.
  20. ^ Baine, Rodney M.; Baine, Mary R. (1986). The scattered portions: William Blake's biological symbolism. Author. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-935265-10-1.
  21. ^ Stevens, Anthony (2001). Ariadne's Clue: A Guide to the Symbols of Humankind. Princeton University Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-691-08661-3.
  22. ^ Cadogan, Jeanne K. (2000). Domenico Ghirlandaio: artist and artisan. Yale University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-300-08720-8.
  23. ^ Sandy, Mark. "To a Skylark". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  24. ^ McCrae, John (2023-02-25). "In Flanders Fields". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  25. ^ ""Alouette!"". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  26. ^ Jin, Shoushen (2005). 金受申讲北京. Beijing: Beijing Press. ISBN 9787200057935.
  27. ^ T, C. (1847). Lessons derived from the animal world. p. 269.
  28. ^ "Up with the lark". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to Larks.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alaudidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Alaudidae.

Read other articles:

Shah Alam II

Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan dari artikel terkait di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. (Oktober 2023) klik [tampil] untuk melihat petunjuk sebelum menerjemahkan. Lihat versi terjemahan mesin dari artikel bahasa Inggris. Terjemahan mesin Google adalah titik awal yang berguna untuk terjemahan, tapi penerjemah harus merevisi kesalahan yang diperlukan dan meyakinkan bahwa hasil terjemahan tersebut akurat, bukan hanya salin-tempel teks hasil terjemahan mesin ke dalam Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia. Jangan…

Amleto (film 1948)

AmletoL'apparizione dello spirito del vecchio re, vittima di omicidio e padre del protagonista AmletoTitolo originaleHamlet Paese di produzioneRegno Unito Anno1948 Durata155 min Dati tecniciB/N Generedrammatico RegiaLaurence Olivier SoggettoWilliam Shakespeare SceneggiaturaLaurence Olivier, Reginald Beck e Anthony Bushell ProduttoreLaurence Olivier Casa di produzioneTwo Cities Films FotografiaDesmond Dickinson MontaggioHelga Cranston MusicheWilliam Walton ScenografiaRoger K. Furse CostumiRoger K…

Mare Australe

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Laut Selatan. Mare AustraleMare Australe. Kawah basalt Jenner berada di dekat tengah foto ini; Lamb di sebelah kirinya.Koordinat38°54′S 93°00′E / 38.9°S 93.0°E / -38.9; 93.0Koordinat: 38°54′S 93°00′E / 38.9°S 93.0°E / -38.9; 93.0Diameter603 km (375 mi)[1]EponimLaut Selatan Mare Australe (Laut Selatan) adalah sebuah mare yang terletak di belahan selatan Bulan. Diameternya mencapai 603 kilo…

Datuk Keramat

Kuil Datuk Panglima Hijau di Pulau Pangkor Kepercayaan agama dari pemujaan Datuk Keramat dapat ditemukan di Malaysia, Singapura dan di sepanjang Selat Malaka. Ini merupakan perpaduan dari keyakinan akan roh pra-Islam, ibadat guru sufi dan agama rakyat Cina. Jenis-jenis Datuk keramat diyakini bahwa ada total sembilan jenis Datuk, dan bahwa masing-masing dari mereka dulunya prajurit besar dan ahli dalam seni bela diri Melayu lokal, Silat kecuali untuk Datuk terakhir. Mereka juga dikenal memiliki k…

Leaina

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Leaina Di Hadapan Para Hakim, oleh Hans Holbein Muda, skt. 1517–18 Leaina (Yunani: Λέαινα, singa betina) merupakan seorang Hetaira dan wanita simpanan Harmodios dan Aristogeiton.[1] Ketika Anaxandridas II adalah raja Sparta di abad ke…

Angkola Sangkunur, Tapanuli Selatan

Angkola SangkunurKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan Angkola SangkunurNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenTapanuli SelatanPemerintahan • CamatDaniel Afandi Harahap, S. STP, MMPopulasi (2020)[1] • Total21.740 jiwa • Kepadatan85/km2 (220/sq mi)Kode pos22734Kode Kemendagri12.03.31 Kode BPS1203091 Luas254,77 km²Desa/kelurahan8 desa2 kelurahan Angkola Sangkunur adalah sebuah kecamatan yang berada di Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan, provinsi…

إلعب غيرها (مسلسل)

إلعب غيرها النوع كوميدي تأليف مشعل الرقعي البلد الكويت  لغة العمل عربي عدد الحلقات 30 حلقة مدة الحلقة 30 دقيقة القناة قناة ساحل بث لأول مرة في 1 رمضان 1431 هـ 11 أغسطس 2010 السينما.كوم صفحة العمل تعديل مصدري - تعديل   إلعب غيرهاهو مسلسل كوميدي كويتي من إنتاج قناة فنون وعرض 11 أغسطس…

Rapat Raksasa Lapangan Ikada

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Rapat Raksasa Lapangan Ikada – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Presiden Sukarno berbicara di Rapat Raksasa Lapangan Ikada Rapat Raksasa Lapangan Ikada terjadi pada 19 September 1945, saat …

Ha Ji-won

Ha Ji-wonHa Ji-won Switch VIP premiere, 2 January 2023LahirJeon Hae-rim28 Juni 1979 (umur 44)[1]Seoul, Korea SelatanAlmamaterUniversitas DankookPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1999 – sekarangTinggi168 m (551 ft 2 in)Nama KoreaHangul하지원 Hanja河智苑 Alih AksaraHa Ji-wonMcCune–ReischauerHa Chi-wŏnNama lahirHangul전해림 Hanja田海林 Alih AksaraJeon Hae-rimMcCune–ReischauerChǒn Hae-rim Ha Ji-won (bahasa Korea: 하지원 adalah aktris asal Korea Sel…

Jasbir Singh Bajaj

Dr.Jasbir Singh Bajaj, adalah seorang dokter dan pakar Diabetes asal India yang dianugerahi penghargaan Padma Vibhushan, penghargaan tertinggi kedua di India, atas kontribusi menonjolnya pada ilmu kedokteran dan riset disamping menghimpun sistem pengiriman perawatan kesehatan, oleh Presiden India Pratibha Patil.[1][2] Pada masa sebelumnya, ia dianugerahi dengan Padma Shri pada 1981 dan Padma Bhushan pada 1982.[3] Ia merupakan orang Punjabi pertama dan orang kesembilan di …

Usha Mehta

Usha MehtaUsha Mehta (1996)Lahir(1920-03-25)25 Maret 1920Gujarat, IndiaMeninggal11 Agustus 2000(2000-08-11) (umur 80)PekerjaanAktivisDikenal atasGandhian dan pejuang kemerdekaan IndiaPenghargaanPadma Vibhushan Usha Mehta (25 Maret 1920 – 11 Agustus 2000) adalah seorang Gandhian dan pejuang kemerdekaan asal India. Ia dikenal karena menghimpun Congress Radio, juga disebut Secret Congress Radio, sebuah stasiun radio bawah tanah, yang berfungsi selama beberapa bulan pada Gerakan…

Michel Destot

Michel Destot Michel Destot lors du Critérium du Dauphiné en 2012. Fonctions Député français 23 juin 1988 – 20 juin 2017(28 ans, 11 mois et 28 jours) Élection 12 juin 1988 Réélection 28 mars 19931er juin 199716 juin 200217 juin 200717 juin 2012 Circonscription 3e de l'Isère Législature IXe, Xe, XIe, XIIe, XIIe et XIVe (Cinquième République) Groupe politique SOC (1988-2007)SRC (2007-2016)SER (2016-2017) Prédécesseur Proportionnelle par département Successeur Émili…

Proses Klor-alkali

Proses kloralkali (juga klor-alkali dan klor alkali ) adalah proses industri untuk elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida (NaCl). Ini adalah teknologi yang digunakan untuk memproduksi klorin dan natrium hidroksida (soda kaustik), yang merupakan bahan kimia komoditas yang dibutuhkan oleh industri. Tiga puluh lima juta ton klorin dibuat melalui proses ini pada tahun 1987. Klorin dan natrium hidroksida yang dihasilkan dalam proses ini banyak digunakan dalam industri kimia.[1][2][3…

Kolkata district

District in West Bengal, India District in West Bengal, IndiaKolkata CalcuttaDistrictClockwise from top: Victoria Memorial, St. Paul's Cathedral, Central Business District, Rabindra Setu, City Tram Line, Vidyasagar SetuLocation of Kolkata in West BengalCoordinates: 22°34′22″N 88°21′50″E / 22.5726723°N 88.3638815°E / 22.5726723; 88.3638815Country IndiaStateWest BengalDivisionPresidencyHeadquartersKolkataGovernment • Lok Sabha constituenciesJada…

League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army

Political party League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army Organizacija Saveza komunista u Jugoslovenskoj narodnoj armijiFounded1969Dissolved4 November 1990Succeeded byLeague of Communists – Movement for YugoslaviaHeadquartersBelgrade, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaIdeologyCommunismMarxism-LeninismTitoismPolitical positionLeft-wing to far-leftColours  Red The League of Communists Organisation in the Yugoslav People's Army (LCY–YPA) [a] was the branch of…

Serial film

Series of short subject films Serial (film) redirects here. For the comedy film, see Serial (1980 film). Poster for episode 6 of The Perils of Pauline (1914) A serial film, film serial (or just serial), movie serial, or chapter play, is a motion picture form popular during the first half of the 20th century, consisting of a series of short subjects exhibited in consecutive order at one theater, generally advancing weekly, until the series is completed. Usually, each serial involves a single set …

Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Soppeng

Peta Kabupaten Soppeng di Sulawesi Selatan Berikut adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Soppeng, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Kabupaten Soppeng Kepulauan terdiri dari 8 kecamatan, 21 kelurahan, dan 49 desa. Pada tahun 2017, kabupaten ini memiliki luas wilayah 1.557,00 km² dan jumlah penduduk sebesar 249.768 jiwa dengan sebaran penduduk 160 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Soppeng, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendagri Kecamata…

Financial Markets Authority (New Zealand)

Financial regulator in New Zealand Financial Markets AuthorityAgency overviewFormed1 May 2011 (2011-May-01)Preceding agencySecurities Commission of New ZealandJurisdictionNew ZealandHeadquartersWellington, New ZealandAgency executivesMark Todd, ChairmanSamantha Barrass, Chief executiveWebsitewww.fma.govt.nz The Financial Markets Authority (FMA, Maori:Te Mana Tātai Hokohoko) is a New Zealand government agency responsible for financial regulation. It is responsible for regulating a…

Joan Cañellas

Spanish handball player Joan Cañellas Cañellas with Spain in 2013Personal informationFull name Joan Cañellas ReixachBorn (1986-09-30) 30 September 1986 (age 37)Santa Maria de Palautordera,SpainNationality SpanishHeight 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)Playing position Left backClub informationCurrent club Kadetten SchaffhausenNumber 7Senior clubsYears Team2004–2005 BM Granollers2005–2008 FC Barcelona2008–2009 BM Granollers2009–2011 BM Ciudad Real2011–2013 Atlético Madrid2013…

Charles Dingle

American actor (1887–1956) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Charles Dingle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charles DingleCharles Dingle in Lady of Burlesque (1943)Born(1887-12-28)December 28, 1887Wabash, Indiana, U.S.DiedJanu…

Ammissione all'Unione
Danielle Rose Russell
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Muhammad Qutb
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Boussais
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Male
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/List of multi-level marketing companies
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Marxism and the National Question
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Croatian Army Training and Doctrine Command
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/2022–23 MSV Duisburg season
MRF (perusahaan)
Blitzkrieg
Ango Sakaguchi
Irkut MS-21
Brahmawaiwartapurana
Hasan Aroeboesman
(47171) Lempo
Keracunan etilena glikol
Agama di Kuba
/artikeldigital.com/index.php/(488636) 2002 WY12
Jupiter's North Pole
PSIS Semarang Musim 2008–2009
Padang Terap District
Wringinanom, Kertek, Wonosobo
Outline of computer engineering
Renu Saluja
Hukum makan Kristen
Piala Asia U-17 AFC 2023
Piala Heineken 2007–2008
Ciparay, Bandung
1996 AFC Asian Cup
Daftar Wakil Bupati Temanggung
Kadril
Orahili, Bawolato, Nias
Bus de Bordeaux
2015 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Andrea Papetti
Haden, Virginia
Mike Lampman
Études de maïeutique en France
Template talk:Nord Anglia Education
Jeffrey Currey
Orrin Hatch
العلاقات السيراليونية الناوروية
Suami
Galdino Flores
Philodromidae
Armin Weiss
Manjilabad Rural District
1993–94 Segunda División
العلاقات البالاوية السريلانكية
Sepak bola putri pada Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020
African horse sickness
Mike Enzi
Wilder, Kansas
Bolihuangga, Limboto, Gorontalo
Zolotonoshka (river)
Mount Ida, Western Australia
التطهير الكبير
Corruption in China
University of Mississippi School of Medicine
Troop Beverly Hills
Template talk:1993 Missouri Valley Conference baseball standings
Dayton Flyers baseball
Pied (unité)
Kaliuntu, Buleleng, Buleleng
Carnarvon Basin
Danau Eyre
Never Alone (video game)
Charyapada
Batukeshwar Dutt
Eudokia Makrembolitissa
Serkan Köse
Dolph Lundgren
List of India Twenty20 International cricketers
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Johann Andreas Streicher
G. Ross Roy
Andrew Lambrou
Peter Max
Human penis
Der Yid
Tashi Lhunpo Monastery
Williams College Investment Office
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Joel Osteen
1994–95 Scottish League Cup
Benjamin F. Prescott
Dirfi
Brian Stablein
Erika Harold
Seventh-Kilometer Market
Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road
René Girard (footballer)
Cradle of Humankind
Bartłomiej Świderski
Railroad tie
Template talk:Sinbad the Sailor
The Best of Reba McEntire
Carnegie School
Bartercard Cup
Apple Productivity Experience Group
2024 European Parliament election in Sweden
Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children
1993–94 Eredivisie
David Gibbins
Year Zero Remixed
Larisa Mikhalchenko
German submarine U-3034
محمد الراضي بالله
Premier concile de Nicée
Olav Duun
Rusty Saunders
St Andrew St John, 14th Baron St John of Bletso
List of New Orleans Pelicans broadcasters
Upper atmosphere
Landscape with Trees
Street Hawk
Victor David Brenner
BFC Preussen
Akasia
SMA Santa Angela Bandung
SMP Negeri 50 Surabaya
رابطة المسيحيين في علوم الرياضيات
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906
Pegunungan Rodna
Daftar Menteri Pendidikan Dasar dan Kebudayaan Indonesia
NewTel Communications
1727 in Scotland
File deletion
Coat of arms of Sweden
Dhubri Assembly constituency
List of Indian skaters
فرديناند سيناغا
Wilson, Pennsylvania
2014 Emilia-Romagna regional election
1933 Ryder Cup
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/pt/Cronologia da Guerra Fria
List of dumplings
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Air Jukung, Belinyu, Bangka
ملكة جمال الأرض 2003
2007–08 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season
Jorge Fernández Díaz
Slavery in Vietnam
Qajar Kheyl
Public image of Narendra Modi
Le Chat Noir
Luga (river)
Little Black Bear First Nation
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ru/Иванов, Сергей Борисович
Template talk:Massillon Tigers seasons
Template talk:Slovenia-artist-stub
Blackish tapaculo
Chen Gang (badminton)
VMS Eve
Albany–Corvallis–Lebanon combined statistical area
Sergey Gridin
Template talk:Greenville-Spartanburg Radio
Kansas City Kansas Community College
Template talk:Catholic dioceses in Colombia
The Hebrew Goddess
Alena Kopecká
Capers Funnye
Dale Stephens
Warren Cann
Sunrise (Uriah Heep song)
Floridanos
FIBA Africa
1791 State of the Union Address
Masa sebelum air bah
Sela picu elektronik
Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)
Tibeto-Kanauri languages
Testament of Youth (film)
Milon Hossain
Doug Anthony
List of Odia films of 2023
1977–78 Midland Football League
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Kidung Agung 2
History of Ottawa
دار الشيخ (القدس)
2000–01 Egyptian Premier League
Mark LeVine
History of Ancient Lebanon
Kirkland Town Library
Geografía del Estado de Hidalgo
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...
Battle of Bassano
Scream 3 (soundtrack)
Exophthalmos
العلاقات السنغالية اليونانية
Crime Over London
SKY Perfect JSAT
طريقة ماكابي وتيل
Starman (Jack Knight)
British diaspora in Africa
Gary Moore (baseball)
Daftar tokoh Paraguay
Wyoming Military Department
Battle of Perlis River
Pucok Alue Pirak, Pirak Timur, Aceh Utara
Bandar Udara Ranong
Wallington, New Jersey
Těšovice (Prachatice District)
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Tōhō Line
Fermentation
John Duarte (politician)
Netball
Roman Catholic Diocese of Székesfehérvár
1894–95 Scottish Division One
Roman Catholic Diocese of Huelva
Walter Wanger
Southern Hound
The Westerner (1940 film)
Glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD+)
April 1979 United Kingdom budget
RFO Sat
Cost of rent by state and county in the United States
Omkar Singh
The Storm Book
Backlash (sociology)
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 538
Heart of America 200
Ryszard Kapuściński Award
Hugo Haas
Fort Portal
Samuel Mendelsohn
Al-Qaeda involvement in Africa
Golden Globe Awards ke-67
Станко Володимир Никифорович
Barry Cahill (actor)
List of political parties in Saudi Arabia
Mopuya Selatan Dua, Dumoga Utara, Bolaang Mongondow
Московский государственный институт музыки имени А. Г. Шнитке
Matang Geutou, Darul Aman, Aceh Timur
Несмелов, Арсений Иванович
Belle Haleine, Eau de Voilette
MV Neuss
Leo Argyros (10th century)
2004–05 Honduran Liga Nacional
2011 Indiana legislative walkouts
Csénye
The White Quail
Eddie Jones (actor)
List of heritage buildings in Vancouver
齋藤和
Northern Mariana Islands at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships
Battle of Milliken's Bend
Nimai Bali
United States v. Jones (2012)
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya