This is a list of Spanish words which are believed to have originated from the ancient Iberian language. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternative etymologies and may also appear on a list of Spanish words from a different language.
List
ardilla "squirrel", diminutive of obsolete arda, from harda.
argaña "ridge of an ear of cereal, weed", from *arganna
árgoma "heather, furze, broom"; related to argaña
aro "big metal or wooden ring"; also Portuguese. Perhaps instead from an Indo-European word *aros "circle; wheel" (BDELC).
arroyo "stream", from LL arrugia "mineshaft" (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 33.70), from Iberian meaning "stream, channel"; also Portuguese arroio, Friulian roggia, Italian (Val Gardena) roia, Venetian roza; related to Spanish cuérrago "riverbed".
artiga "busted sod, tilled earth" (> artigar "to till, bust sod"; DRAE). Coromines proposed instead: 1) Celtic or Indo-European word akin to Welsharedig "tillage" or Old High Germanart "cultivated land". This comparison was already suggested by Hubschmid who related the term with Indo-European verbs such as Latin arare "to plough";[1] 2) Iberian [2]
balsa "pond, pool" (also Catalan bassa, Portuguese balseiro). Pre-Roman, probably Iberian (BDELC). (In Basque it is a Spanish loanword).
barda "boundary hedge, fence, or wall; brush, thorn, or straw covering over pens or orchards"; also Portuguese; perhaps Iberian (also in [Sardinian language]). (BDELC)
barro "mud" (also Aragonese bardo, Catalan bard, Portuguese barro), from *bardum; alternatively, from Hispano-Celtic.
calabaza "pumpkin", from *calapacceu (cf. Catalan carabassa, Portuguese cabaça), from calappacu "lizard, reptile, turtle" (see galápago below).
cama "bed"; also Portuguese; (Isidore, 7th century) (BDELC, 101), from Iberian.
coscojo "kermes oak gall" (also Catalan coscoll "scarlet"), from Latin cusculius, from Iberian.
cuérrago "riverbed"; also Portuguese córrego and corgo, from Late Latin corrugus "canal, water conduit in a mine", from Iberian; related to arroyo.
galápago "tortoise" (also Catalan calàpat "toad"), from *calappacu.
gándara "low wasteland, wilderness", from Late Latin gangadia.
garabato "pothook; squiggle"
garduña "marten"; also Portuguese gardunho
garma "scree, steep mountain slope"
gazapo "young rabbit" (also Portuguese caçapo)
gordo "fat", from Latin gurdus "thick, heavy, clumsy, awkward" (Quintilian, a.d. 35-100, Institutio Oratoria 1.5.57, used for stolidus "stupid"); also Portuguese, French gourd "numb, stiff', Italian dialects.
gusano (var. gusarapo) "worm" (rivaled by inherited Sp verme)
manteca "lard" (Pg manteiga, Cat mantega), from *manteica. Corominas suggests an Indo-European origin.
maraña "thicket"
marueco, morueco "(uncastrated) ram" (also Catalan marrà, mardà), from *mard-.
parra "grapevine, trellis" (also Catalan/Portuguese parra, Occitan parran); Corominas (BDELC) gives Gothic parra, -ans "surrounded, encircled", Middle English parren 'to confine, shut in', parrok 'enclosed pasture, paddock', Old English pearruc 'fence, enclosure, enclosed land', Old High German pfarrih, pferrih 'fold, pen, enclosure, hurdle, barrier, bounds, stall' (Modern German Pferch)
perro "dog", originally "cur"; ousted Old Spanish can
rebeco "ibex", from older rebezo (1475), robezo (1434), from Old Spanish ueko, from Late Latin hybicum, from Latin ibex, -icis, from Iberian, with influence from Old Spanish reves(s)o "cantankerous, not broken in, untamed".[4]
sima "chasm"; Coromines considers to be dubious the comparison with some Indo-European words with meanings as "frontier" or "cord".
^Francisco Marquez-Villanueva, Obscenity: Social Control and Artistic Creation in the European Middle Ages, ed. Jan M. Ziolkowski (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 100.
^"Etimología de rebeco ‘gamuza’ y de reveso ‘rebeco’ y ‘(pez) rémora’", Boletin de la Real Academia Española, 81 (2001), 223-53.
References
Corominas, Juan. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 2nd ed. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, S.A., 1967. (BDELC)
Entwistle, William, J. The Spanish language: Together with Portuguese, Catalan and Basque, 1962.
Gómez de Silva, Guida. Elsevier's Concise Spanish Etymological Dictionary. New York: Elsevier, 1985.
Oroz Arizcuren, Francisco Javier. "Sobre palabras prerromanas en escritores latinos" in La Hispania prerromana : actas del VI Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica : (Coimbra, 13-15 de octubre de 1994) coord. 1996, ISBN84-7481-830-3, p. 207-216.
Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española (22nd edition). Madrid 2001. (DRAE)
