List of concurrent and parallel programming languages

This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).

The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.

• CnC (Concurrent Collections)
• Glenda
• Linda coordination language
• Millipede

• CAL
• E (also object-oriented)
• Joule (also distributed)
• LabVIEW (also synchronous, also object-oriented)
• Lustre (also synchronous)
• Preesm (also synchronous)
• Signal (also synchronous)
• SISAL
• BMDFM

• Bloom
• Emerald
• Hermes
• Julia
• Limbo
• MPD
• Oz - Multi-paradigm language with particular support for constraint and distributed programming.
• Sequoia
• SR

• Esterel (also synchronous)
• SystemC
• SystemVerilog
• Verilog
• Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
• VHDL

• Clojure
• Concurrent ML
• Elixir
• Elm
• Erlang
• Futhark
• Gleam
• Haskell
• Id
• MultiLisp
• SequenceL

• Constraint Handling Rules^[1]
• Parlog
• Prolog
• Mercury

• Concurrent Pascal
• Concurrent Euclid
• Emerald

• C=
• Cilk
• Cilk Plus
• Cind
• C#
• Clojure
• Concurrent Pascal
• Emerald
• Fork – programming language for the PRAM model.
• Go
• Java
• LabVIEW
• ParaSail
• Python
• Rust^[2]
• SequenceL

• Ada
• C*
• C#
• JavaScript
• TypeScript
• C++ AMP
• Charm++
• Cind
• D programming language
• Eiffel SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming)
• Emerald
• Fortran from the ISO Fortran 2003 standard
• Java
• Join Java - A Java-based language with features from the join-calculus.
• LabVIEW
• ParaSail
• Python^[3]
• Ruby

• Chapel
• Coarray Fortran (included in standard/ISO Fortran since Fortran 2008, further extensions were added with the Fortran 2018 standard)
• Fortress
• High Performance Fortran
• Titanium
• Unified Parallel C
• X10
• ZPL

• Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
• Rust^[4]
• Smalltalk^{[5]: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29}

• Axum - a domain-specific language being developed by Microsoft.
• Dart - using Isolates
• Elixir (runs on BEAM, the Erlang virtual machine)
• Erlang
• Pony (programming language)
• Janus
• Red
• SALSA
• Scala/Akka (toolkit)
• Smalltalk
• Akka.NET
• LabVIEW - LabVIEW Actor Framework

• Alef
• Crystal^[6]
• Ease
• FortranM
• Go
• JCSP
• JoCaml
• Joyce
• Limbo (also distributed)
• Newsqueak
• Occam
• Occam-π – a derivative of Occam that integrates features from the pi-calculus
• PyCSP
• SuperPascal
• XC – a C-based language, integrating features from Occam, developed by XMOS

These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.

• Apache Beam
• Apache Flink
• Apache Hadoop
• Apache Spark
• CUDA
• OpenCL
• OpenHMPP
• OpenMP for C, C++, and Fortran (shared memory and attached GPUs)
• Message Passing Interface for C, C++, and Fortran (distributed computing)
• SYCL

• Concurrent computing
• List of concurrent programming languages
• Parallel programming model