Cranes are tall wading birds in the family Gruidae. Cranes are found on every continent except for South America and Antarctica and inhabit a variety of open habitats, although most species prefer to live near water.[1] They are large birds with long necks and legs, a tapering form, and long secondary feathers on the wing that project over the tail.[2] Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genus Balearica have vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers.[1] Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape (differentiating them from the similar-looking herons)[3] and their long legs outstretched. They also have musical, long-reaching calls and elaborate courtship displays.[2]
Cranes are threatened by habitat loss, intentional hunting, and the wildlife trade.[1] The Siberian crane, with an estimated population of 3,500–4,000 mature individuals, is considered critically endangered due to the construction of dams that threaten one of its main wintering grounds.[4] Two other species are considered endangered, seven are considered vulnerable, and one is considered near-threatened. The species with the smallest estimated population is the whooping crane, which is conservatively thought to number 50–249 mature individuals,[5] and the one with the largest is the sandhill crane, which has an estimated population of 450,000–550,000 mature individuals.[6]
There are currently 15 extant species of crane recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union distributed among four genera.[7] The cranes are most closely related to the family Aramidae, which contains a single extant species, the limpkin.[1][8] These two families, together with the trumpeters, rails, and finfoots, comprise the order Gruiformes.[7] Many species of fossil cranes are known from the Eocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.[9]
Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the crane's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.
This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[7] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).
^The wattled crane is placed in the genus Bugeranus by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
^The blue crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
^The Demoiselle crane is placed in the genus Anthropoides by the IUCN and Clements Checklist.[10][17]
References
^ abcdWinkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Cranes (Gruidae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.gruida1.01. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
^Armistead, George L.; Sullivan, Brian L. (2015). Better Birding. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN9781400874163. Herons usually fly with their necks retracted (coiled, unlike ibis, storks, and cranes) but occasionally extend their necks during shorter flights.
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