For the second element Kárr, see Kara below. For the first element, see Yaroslav the Wise (Jariz-leifr).
In Guðrúnarkviða II, Jarizkárr appears as one of Gudrun's suitors together with Jarisleifr, which probably refers to Yaroslav the Wise who received help from his brother from Eymund who also appears as one of the suitors, Eymóðr.[1] In his translation of Guðrúnarkviða II, Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes.[2]
The etymology is unknown, but possibly from MHG îwe/îbe ("yew").[3]
The sister of Duke Nitger of Mautern; she helps Dietrich during his imprisonment by informing Hildebrand1 of his whereabouts, but also warns her brother of the coming attack.[3]
The name means "boar",[4] from PGmc *eburaz ("wild boar").[5]
The Historia Langobardorum tells that Ibor and his brother Aio were the sons of the wise woman Gambara.[6] The two brothers led their people, the Winnili from Scandinavia to Scoringa, where they settled, but the Vandals, led by Ambri and Assi, demanded that the Winili pay tribute to them or face war.[7] Consulting their mother Gambara, they opted for war instead, and sent a messenger to the Vandals that they would rather fight than be slaves. The Winnili settler were few in number, but young and healthy.[8] Gambara address the goddess Frigg (Frēa), and she told her that the Winnili women should but their hair in front of their faces like beards, and stand next to their men. When the god Odin (Godan) saw them in the morning he asked who the "long beards" were, and Frigg prevailed on Odin to give the Winnili victory against the Vandals, and the Winnili were from then on called Lombards ("long beards").[9] When Aio and Ibor were dead, they were succeeded by Aio's son Agilmund.[10]
Origo Gentis Langobardorum, Historia Langobardorum, Prosper of Aquitaine
The first element ið is a rare word that seems to refer to "perpetual motion",[11] and the second element is ON mundr ("protector").[12]
In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Hjörvard4 wanted to marry Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, so he sent Atli2, the son of his jarl Idmund, to negotiate with Svafnir.[13][14]
Appears to derive from the Russian heroic figure Ilya Muromets.[3]
Uncle of Ortnit. He helps Ortnit in his question to acquire a bride from the heathen king Machorel; Ortnit is forced to prevent him from killing prisoners, women, and children after combat. In the Þiðreks saga, he is the brother of Oserich.[3]
The name is possibly based on PGmc *ali- ("other, strange"), plus a variable suffix.[15]
Hildebrand1's brother. He was responsible for Dietrich von Bern's brother and Attila and Helche's sons when Witige killed them. In some stories, he is a warrior monk. George Gillespie writes that it's likely that he originally became a monk to escape Dietrich's wrath for the death of the princes.[15]
Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Rosengarten zu Worms, Alpharts Tod
From PN *īmiþō. It is the same root as in the giantess names Ímgerðr and Íma, and where íma means "grey stripe".[16]
A giantess. In Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I, during a flyting, Sinfjötli accuses his opponent Gudmund2 of having been the daughter of Imd, an event otherwise lost.[17]
From the stem *im (found in names such as Immo/Emmo), a hypercoristic form of names beginning with ermana[18] ("universal")[19] or *id (possibly "wealth").[20] The name is characterized as a dwarf name by the suffix -ung.[15]
The first element is from PGmc *Ingwia- but its origin is contested. It may mean belonging to *Ingwaz an unattested Germanic god, but it may also be derived from the ethnonym Ingwianiz.[21] The second element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant").[22]
The daughter of Ingjald (or Yngvi1), the king of Sweden. The infamous berserker Hjörvard1 (or Angantýr) son of Arngrím challenged her lover Hjálmar, the king's champion, to a duel (holmgang) on the island of Samsø for her hand.[25] Hjálmar won the duel, but was mortally wounded by the cursed sword Tyrfing. According to Hervarar saga, she committed suicide upon learning of his death, a tradition found in several places in Norse legend and witnessed by Ahmad ibn Fadlan, and it seems to represent an ancient suttee tradition.[26]
Probably originally a historical figure from the western Baltic around 520.[27]
Probably from PG *-geldaz ("payment") with the reinforcing prefix in-,[28] or from the divine name Ingwaz.[27]
His legend was so popular in England that in 797, Alcuin wrote "what has Ingeld to do with Christ?".[29] In Beowulf, Ingeld is the Heaðobard ruler, and the son of Froda, whom the Danes have killed. The Scylding king Hroðgar marries off his daughter Freawaru to him, in the hope of securing peace. However, during the feast, an old Heaðobard warrior notices a sword that a young Danish retainer has and recognizes it as a Heaðobard sword captured in battle, and reminds his people of their defeat. A young man whose father it had belonged to slays the retainer and escapes. After this Ingeld's interest in his young bride, and in peace, are predicted not to last.[30] In the Scandinavian tradition, Gesta Danorum (VI), has a similar account, but the Danes are replaced by the Saxon Swerting and his sons and Ingeld and the old warrior (Starkad) kill them all, and he appears to divorce his wife.[31] The Skjöldunga saga relates that Ingeld rejected his wife, but that she gave him the son Agnarr. Ingeld later killed Halfdan Scylding, who was avenged by his sons Roas (Hrothgar) and Helgo (Halga).[32] In Widsith (lines 45-49), it is told that Ingeld and his Heaðobards attacked the Scylding residence at Heorot burning it down, but that Hroðgar and Hroðulf defeated them and presumably killed Ingeld.[33] In Bjarkamál he is referred to by Bödvar Bjarki as the father of Agnarr that he has killed in battle.[34] Ingeld's family may be mentioned on the Rök runestone:[35] "the line of Ingold was repaid by a wife's sacrifice".[36]
For etymology, see Ingeld, above. Secondarily, the Old Norse form Ingjaldr may have been perceived as a contraction of Ingivaldr.[28]
Tolkien calls Ingjald the "most famous of the Yngling kings of Sweden".[37] He was the great-grand-son of king Eadgils of Beowulf. He took over the kingdoms of neighbouring petty kings by inviting them to a feast at Uppsala and burning them to death inside the hall at night.[37] When he was attacked by Ivar Vidfamne, he committed suicide by burning himself to death with all his retinue in his hall at Ræning.[38] He was the father of Åsa1 and Olof Trätälja.[39]
Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Hervarar saga, Af Upplendinga Konungum
In the Ynglinga saga, Ingjald is one of the two sons of Olof Trätälja, and the brother of Halfdan Whiteshanks. Ingjald ruled Värmland after his father's death, and was inherited by his brother Halfdan.[40]
The first element is from PGmc *Ingwia- but its origin is contested. It may mean belonging to *Ingwaz an unattested Germanic god, but it may also be derived from the ethnonym Ingwianiz.[21] The second element -arr can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[41]
King of Sweden, and the son of king Eysteinn. He assumed the rule after the interregnum of the sea king Sölvi, and at that time, Sweden was beset by pillaging Danes and easterners. He made peace with the Danes and started pillaging in the east. He fell in mainland Estonia or on Saaremaa and was buried there. He was the father of king Anund.[42]
As the petty king of Fjädrundaland, he and his two sons Agnarr and Álfr were invited together with a number of other petty kings by the Swedish king Ingjald ill-ruler to a feast at Uppsala, but at night the doors were barred and he hall set on fire, burning everyone inside to death. After this Ingjald expanded his realm.[44] As their names alliterate and are identical to some found in the Yngling dynasty, they may have been members of that dynasty.[45]
The name element -steinn means "stone",[47] while inn- means "in"[48] and út- means "out".[49]Styrr means "tumult, battle",[50] and in the name Steinarr, -arr can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[41]
Innstein and Utsteinn are the sons of Alf11 the Old, the jarl of Hordaland, and Gunnlöð. They are both named Steinn, although they in ch. 16 are called Styrr and Steinarr.[51] Innstein gets his name because he always wants to raise a tent on the ship when it rains and sit inside it, while his brother sits outside.[52] Utsteinn joins the sea-king Half1 and his warriors. When they are treacherously killed by Asmund, Gunnlöð finds her son Innsteinn dead, but Utsteinn is still alive, so she takes care of him and two of his brothers-in-arms till they are healthy. Utsteinn joins an expedition to avenge Half1 led by Hrok the Black. Hrok the Black's brother Hrok the White becomes the father of another Gunnlöð who is the mother of Hromund Gripsson, the hero of Hrómundar saga Grípssonar.[51] Innstein is mentioned in Hyndluljóð as the son of Alf8 the Old, and as the father of Ottar, the matter of the lay.[53]
Not mentioned in historical contemporary sources on his historically attested lord Hermanafrid,[54] potentially derived as a figure from sacral paths used by kings.[55]
Etymology uncertain.[56]Wilhelm Grimm suggested the name came from Epurduring, a name for the Thuringii.[54] Förstemann suggests that the name is from Hiru,[57] see Iron, below.
Vassal of the Thuringian king Hermanafrid, in the Deeds of the Saxons, Theuderic I persuades him to kill Hermanafrid, but Iring afterwards kills Theuderic and then cuts his way out of the hall. In the Nibelungenlied he is a Dane and an exile at Attila's court.[54]
Förstemann comments that the element ir- is "unexplainable",[56] but suggests that it was originally Hiru,[58] and the same as ON hjǫrr, OS heru, etc.,[57] i.e. from the PGmc root *χeruz ("sword").[59] Some names may be from Harja (PGmc *χarjaz, "army"[60]) and the name Hieronymus.[57]
An earl and son of Artus (king Arthur).[61] He is captured by King Salaman and slain by Aki Aurlungatrausti (see Hache) after having an affair with the latter's wife Bolfriana.[62] The Middle High German form of the name, in connection to Nordian2, is mentioned in a poem by Der Stricker: Iram and Nordian are said to have undertaken a disastrous wisent hunt.[63]
Perhaps meaning "Polar bear" (ice bear), and originating as a nickname.[64]
The king of Bertangenland and a patron of Sigurd/Siegfried. He invites Dietrich von Bern and eleven companion to fight twelve of his own warriors. He is attacked by King Hertnið and killed by the latter's wife Ostacia in the form of a dragon.[65]
A skilled minstrel and juggler, he accompanies Wildifer on his mission to save Widige (Withga) when the latter is imprisoned. Isung pretends to be Wildifer's master while Wildifer disguises himself as a dancing bear.[66]
In Helgakvíða hundingsbana I, line 21, Hodbrodd is called Isung's slayer.
Helgakvíða hundingsbana I
Isung's sons
Isung1, king of Bertangaland, has eleven sons. These sons and Sigurd/Siegfried fight against Dietrich and his eleven champions when Dietrich comes to Bertangaland, defeating eight of Dietrich's champions, in an episode similar to combats in the Rosengarten zu Worms, Die Rabenschlacht, and Biterolf und Dietleib.[67]
A historical Viking ruler of York (died 873) and possibly also known as Ímar, Viking ruler of Dublin.[68]
The etymology of Ívarr is not generally agreed upon, but it is probably from PGmc *īwaz ("yew") and -arr[69] which can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[41]
Ivar the Boneless was according to Ragnars saga loðbrókar, the son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1. He was born with gristle instead of bones, and had to be carried around on a stretcher or a shield, but was handsome and so wise that he may never have had his equal. Consequently, he was his brothers' advisor. When their father had been killed by Ælla of Northumbria, his brothers Björn Ironside and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye wanted revenge, and invaded but were defeated. Ivar then approached Ælla and asked for only as much land as could be encircled by an ox's hide, and swore in return never to wage war against him. He then cut the hide in such a thin slice that he could encircle a large stronghold, and in Ragnars saga loðbrókar it was London, and in Ragnarssona þáttr it was York. With his largesse he attracted England's greatest champions and thus made them unavailable for Ælla. When Ivar's brothers invaded England for the second time Ælla was beaten and submitted to the cruel execution blood eagle.[70] The ruse with the hide also appears in Gesta Danorum (IX), and there he ruled England for two years.[71] According to Ragnarssona þáttr he was king of a part of England, and had his sons by a concubine, Yngvar and Husto, torture Edward the martyr to death.[72]
Many sources
Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ragnarssona þáttr, Krákumál, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Gesta Danorum (IX)
As told in Heimskringla and Hervarar saga, he came to Sweden to attack Ingjald ill-ruler (or the Wicked), but the latter burnt himself to death with all his retinue in his hall in Ræning. Ivar then conquered large parts of northern Europe.[38] Ivar is one of the most notable semi-legendary kings of Scandinavia, but the extents of his rule are not possible to verify. His father Halfdan the Valiant is reported to have been the great-grand-son of Hrothgar in Beowulf, and he would have reigned in the second half of the 7th c.[73]
Hervarar saga, Ynglinga saga, Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Af Upplendinga Konungum
Perhaps from a Slavic jonakŭ meaning "young warrior".[74] Walther Steinhauser and Otto Gschwantler instead reject the Slavic theory and derive the name from Old Norse: jór, PGmc. *ehwaz (horse) and Old Norse: hnakkr, PGmc. hnakkaz (neck).[75] Other suggested Germanic etymologies have been unconvincing.[76]
Gudrun's second husband and the father of Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp. He encourages the wedding of Svanhild and Ermanaric.[77]
May be based on a historic 5th c. Swedish king.[78]
PN *Erōwinduz, where the first element *erō- (ONjara) means "battle"[79] and the second element *winduz is an agent noun based on PIE *u̯en- ("to win").[80]
According to the Skjöldunga saga (Bjarkarímur), the Swedish king Jorund and his subordinate Sverting are defeated and subjected by the Danish king Frodo, who also rapes Jorund's daughter who gives him the son Halfdan. Frodo's older son Ingeld marries the daughter of Sverting, but Jorund and Sverting conspire against Frodo, and Sverting and his sons kill him.[81] In the Ynglinga saga, Jorund defeats Haki1 and becomes the king of Sweden, like his father Yngvi1 before him. During one of his pillaging expeditions, he is captured in the Limfjord by Gylaug, the king of Hålogaland who avenges his father by hanging Jorund, as Jorund and his brother Eric2 previously had hanged Gylaug's father.[82] Jorund is probably, like Sveigðir, Domaldi and Agni to be considered one of the sacrificed kings of the Yngling dynasty.[83] He is the father of Aun.
Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Skjöldunga saga, Bjarkarímur
Kára is the feminine form of Kárr which means "curly" from PN *kawaraʀ.[84]
According to he Poetic Edda, Helgi and his lover, the Valkyrie Kára, Halfdan's daughter, were Helgi Hundingsbane and Sigrún reborn,[85] who in turn were Helgi Hjörvarðsson and Sváfa reborn.[86][87][85] Their story was told in the lost poem Káruljóð, which has partly survived by being used as material for the legendary sagaHrómundar saga Gripssonar.[88] The saga tells that Helgi was in the service of the Haddings, the kings of Sweden. The two Haddings challenged a Danish king named Olaf to battle on the ice of lake Vänern, and as Hrómund was in Olaf's service, Helgi could meet him to avenge his brother Hröngvid.[89] During the fight, Helgi was protected by the magic of Kára who was flying in the form of a swan above him. Accidentally, Helgi cut off her leg as he swung his sword into Hrómund, killing her, after which Hrómund killed Helgi.[90]
Hrómundar saga Gripssonar, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
The legend about Offa is probably based on historical inter-tribal rivalries before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England.[91]
Förstemann derives the personal name Keto from kid ("young goat").[92]
In the Danish accounts, Ket and Wig are the sons of Frowinus, the governor of the region of Schleswig. During a Swedish invasion, their father is killed by the Swedish king Athislus in single combat, after which king Wermund appoints Ket and Wig as successors. To avenge their father they go to Sweden, where they ambush king Athislus and kill him, causing disgrace to their tribe. Their brother-in-law Offa will redeem them by defeating two men in single combat. Wig is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle as a descendant of Odin (Wodan) and the son of Freawine (Frowinus).[93]
The name Kimo is a hypocoristic form of names beginning with the element gim-, which may derive from a root related to ON gim ("fire").[94][95] The first element of his epithet or byname Scaramundus is OHG scara ("battle line," "troop"),[96] the second element is PGmc *mundō ("protector").[97][98]
The nephew of Camalo, he is killed by Walter of Aquitaine.[99]
The first element in Knéfrǫðr (Knéfraðr) is kné- ("knee"),[103] and for the second element -frǫðr/fraðr, cf. PGmc *fraþaz ("strong, able").[104]Vingi may be a hypocoristic form of Proto-Norse names like OHG Winigêr and Winigild.[105]
In the Norse tradition, Atli (Attila) invites the Burgundians to his hall by a messenger variously named Knéfrǫðr or Vingi. In the Völsunga saga, Vingi confuses the runes that Gudrun has sent warning the Burgundians not to come. Vingi tells them of the treachery when they reach Attila's hall and the Burgundians kill him.[106]
Högni's wife. She discovers that Gudrun has sent a message in runes warning the Burgundians not to go to Attila and has a dream that predicts that Attila will kill the Burgundians, but Högni ignores it.[108]
See Gudrun. Name probably derives from a Low Franconian version of the Norse name.[110]
Daughter of Hilde and Heoden (Hetel), granddaughter of Hagene2. She is betrothed to Herwig von Seeland, but the rejected Norman suitor Hartmut abducts her with the help of his father Ludwig, resulting in Hetel's death. When she refuses to marry Hartmut, she is badly mistreated by Hartmut's mother Gerlind and forced to perform the tasks of a serving girl. When the Normans are defeated and Kudrun rescued, she arranges for marries to secure the peace.[111]
The first element in Künhild, Kün- means "family",[110][112] from PGmc *kunjan.[113] The second element is *hildjō- "strife, conflict".[114]
Dietleib's sister. She is abducted by the dwarf king Laurin and is rescued by Dietrich von Bern's heroes, including her brother. She intercedes for Laurin's life.[110]
According to Malone, the first element was interpreted through folk etymology as Latin lama ("pond"), but laiam- is the original form, which represents a West Germanic *lājan ("to bark"), cf. Gothic laian ("to revile") and Icelandic lá ("to scold"), and so Lājamo probably meant "barker". The various spellings of the last element -icho, -isio and -isio all reflect the same pronunciation in Lombardic (as in German ich), a k-diminutive like the English diminutive -ca and the Icelandic -ki. The name would have meant "little dog".[116]
The Historia Langobardorum tells that a prostitute gave birth to a litter of seven boys who were thrown into a fish pond in order to drown them. King Agilmund, who was passing on his horse, poked the drowning litter with his spear and pulled up a boy that was holding onto the spear. He named him "fish pond man", Lamissio, and the boy became a prominent warrior. One day Agilmund and his troops wanted to cross a river but were stopped by shield-maidens. To settle the dispute Lamissio fought against a shield-maiden while swimming in the river, and Lamissio killed his opponent so the Lombards could pass and settle in the land on the other side of the river.[117]
Origo Gentis Langobardorum, Historia Langobardorum
In one manuscript called Atli (see Attila),[118][119] but in another one called Laszínus, from Latinus ("Latin"), perhaps because the Huns, like the Romans, were southerners. The original name may not have been preserved.[119]
The king of Húnaland, and the father-in-law of Hildebrand1.[120]
Possibly from *lūr- (MHG lûren ("to lie in wait"), lûre ("deceiver")) or from a non-IE root *lawa/lauwa- ("stone"), found in Loreley.[121]
Dwarf king and possessor of a rose garden that is attacked by Dietrich von Bern and his companions. After he pretends to make peace with Dietrich but betrays him, he is eventually taken back to Bern (Verona) as a court jester. In one version of Laurin, he converts to Christianity and is restored to his position. In the Heldenbuch-Prosa, a dwarf who appears to be Laurin leads Dietrich out of this word following the final death of all the other heroes in battle.[122] In the poem Wartburgkrieg, Laurin causes Dietrich to disappear, falsely leading people to believe he is dead.[121]
Laurin, unnamed inHeldenbuch-Prosa, but fulfilling a role given to Laurin in the poem Wartburgkrieg.[121]
Lieb- is from leuba- "dear",[123] and -gart from PGmc *ʒard- with means such as "family", "house" and "enclosure"[124][125]
The wife first of Ortnit and then of Wolfdietrich. Ortnit abducts her from her father Machorel and marries her. After his death, Wolfdietrich marries her once he has killed the dragon that killed Ortnit.[126]
The brothers may reflect notions of a Saxon-Danish alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor.[126]
Both names begin with Low German liud- ("people, war band").[126] The second element of "Liudegast" from PGmc *gasti- ("guest"),[127] the second element of "Liudeger" OHG and Old Saxon gêr ("spear").[128]
The kings of the Danes and the Saxons respectively, against whom Siegfried aids the Burgundians in the Nibelungenlied.[126]
Loðinn means "shaggy",[129] and presumably refers to his repugnant aspect.[130]
In Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar, Lothin was a giant who its hero Helgi Hjörvarðsson, proposed as a fit spouse for the giantess Hrimgerth during their flyting.[131][130] He lived on an otherwise unknown location[130] called "pine island".[131]
According to Snorri Sturluson in Ynglinga saga, a Sámi prince who was taken prisoner together with his sister Skjálf by the Swedish king Agne when he went pillaging in Finland (Lapland). Agne killed their father Frosti but Skjálf avenged them by hanging Agne from a tree on their wedding night.[134] Finlay and Faulkes note that the original Ynglingatal stanza says loga dis and that it is interpreted by Snorri as "Logi's sister", referring to Skjálf, but dís usually means "a supernatural female".[135] Others interpret the phrase as the "dís of marriage", and Skjálf is another name for the goddess Freyja (Nafnaþulur 25).[133]
Forms of the name (cognate to Louis) are used for Frankish/French kings in both German and Norse material.[136]
First element from PGmc *hlōda-, a participle from a root *hlu ("to hear"), probably meaning "famous".[137] The second element is PGmc *wīga-, related to Gothic weihan ("to fight").[138]
King of Normandy, father of Hartmut; he helps his son abduct Kudrun and kills Heoden (Hetel) in a battle when the Heodeningas try to prevent the abduction. Herwig von Seeland, Kudrun's fiancé, beheads him during the fighting when the Normans are finally defeated.[136]
ON lyng means "heather"),[139][140] while heiðr may mean "heath" or "honour",[141] or in female names "bright, beauty".[142] The first element lofn was the name of a goddess, cf. Gothic lubains ("hope") and OE lufen ("love", "comfort", "joy").[143]
In Reginsmál, Fafnir was killing his father Hreithmar to get all the gold he had got in wergild from the gods for killing his son Otter. Dying Hreithmar called out to his daughters Lyngheid and Lofnheid. Lyngheid answered that few sisters would kill a brother to avenge their father. Hreithmar then called out that if Lyngheid would not bear a son to avenge him, she would have a daughter who would marry and this would result in a man who would avenge him (Gruntvig suggested that this means that either Lyngheid or her daughter married Eylimi, Sigurd's grand-father). She also advised Regin not to claim his share of the gold from his brother Fafnir with a sword.[144]
From ON lyng ("heather"),[145] from PGmc *lengwa-.[140]
A son of Hunding. His wooing of Sigurd's mother Hjordis is rejected in favor of Sigmund, for which he kills Sigmund with his brothers. Sigurd later kills him and his brothers,[145] by applying blood eagle.[146] The Völsunga saga includes Hjörvard3 among his fallen brothers.[147]Norna-Gests þáttr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, his brothers Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.[148]
A king in the Levant. The father of Ortnit's wife, whom Ortnit abducts from him. In revenge, he sends a dragon to Ortnit's kingdom that eventually kills him.[150]
The first element of Madelger is PGmc *maþal ("speech").[151] The second element is OHG ger ("spear").[128] Studas comes from OHG stuot, OS stôd ("stud").[152]
The father of Heime1 (Háma). In German tradition he appears among Ermanaric's men.[149] In the Þiðreks saga, he is named Studas and operates Brunhild's stud farm of horses.[152]
Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Biterolf und Dietleib, Heldenbuch-Prosa
The first element mǣð may correspond to ON meiða ("to injure", "to spoil").[153]Malone considers Mǣðhilde to be the original form of the name, and suggests that it became the Scandinavian Magnhild (where magn means "might") by transmission through German, referring to Förstemann according to whom Math-hildis became Maht-hildis, where the first element means "migh".[154] The second element is from PGmc *hildjō- "strife, conflict".[154]
In the Old English poem Deor there is a reference to Mǣðhilde and her lover Geat: "We learned that, [namely] Mæðhild's moans, [they] became numberless, [the moans] of Geat's lady, so that that distressing love robbed her of all sleep". There is a group of medieval Scandinavian ballads called Harpans kraft, where the Icelandic and the Norwegian versions preserve the names of the love couple as Magnhild and Gauti, where Gauti is the Scandinavian form of Geat, Mǣðhilde's lover. In the Scandinavian version, Magnhild dreams nightmares of falling into a nearby river. Gauti builds a strong bridge over the river and takes all possible precautions that she will be safe. However, fate still makes Magnhild fall into it and drown becoming captive of the river's water spirit. Gauti recuperates her by playing on his harp. In the Icelandic version, the ending is tragic and Gauti finds his lover dead, while in the Norwegian the ending is happy, and Malone argues that Deor also has a happy ending and that the laments are those of the water spirit.[155]
Probably from an Old French name for a heathen princess such as Maraltrie, Maugalie etc.[156]
The daughter of the heathen king Belian, when Wolfdietrich arrives at his castle he allowed Wolfdietrich to spend the night with her before they perform a knife-throwing contest the next day. Marpaly prophesies that Wolfdietrich will win and tries to seduce him, however Wolfdietrich refuses to sleep with her unless she converts. After he kills Belian, she tries in vain to prevent in from leaving by using magic to conjure demons and inclement weather.[156]
Müllenhof connected the name to OE (ge)maca ("comrade").[157]
Appears in Widsith, line 23 as a king of the Myrgings. His name appears in a hypocoristic form in place names with the suffix -ingas ("the people of") in Essex, which suggests that the Saxons that settled in the area were Myrgings.[157]
The name means "slave girl" or "wearer of the necklace".[158]
Grottasǫngr informs that the giantesses Fenja and Menja were sisters and that they were the nieces of the giant Þjazi, and were daughters of two male giants.[159] In the Prose Edda, Snorri tells that the mythical Danish king Fróði had bought them from king Fjölnir in Sweden.[160] He made them grind an enormous mill that produced anything Fróði wanted. However, he never let them rest, so in revenge they produced an army led by a sea-king named Mýsingr who killed Fróði, and ended the era of peace called the Fróði-peace. He ordered them to grind salt and also refused them to rest. In the end they produced so much salt that the ship sank and the sea turned salty.[160]
The first element is mar-,[161] from the PGmc adjective *mērjaz ("famous"),[162] and the second element gard-,[163] from PGmc *ʒarđaz ("house", "family", "court", "yard").[125]
The daughter of Heribrand and sister of Hildebrand1. She is married to Amelung1 and is the mother of Wolfhart, Sigestab and Alphart.[156]
The element mil- could be from PGmc *mili-, a root meaning "to rub, to mill, to grind".[164] A comparable name is the Sicambrian personal name Milo or Melo.[165]
The king of Hunland. Oserich/Osantrix attempts to woo his daughter Oda, but he refuses and she is abducted.[166] He dies in despair when Attila invades his kingdom.[167]
Mōd means "mind", "spirit" and "courage" from PGmc *mōđaz,[168] while Þrȳðo means "force", "power" and "strength", from PGmc *þrūþiz, cf. ON Þrúðr.[169] The compound Mōdþrȳðo is an emendation by Klaeber that many have followed.[170] Others consider þrȳðo to be an abstract noun and reconstruct her name as Fremu ("good"[170]).[171]
In Beowulf, she is the queen of Offa of Angel, who her father sent over the sea to marry him, and who is so proud that only her husband may look at her without fearing death or imprisonment. She is reputed to have committed fewer evil deeds after marrying him.[172] In Vita Offae I, Offa of Angel marries a girl who he finds while hunting who is the daughter of the king of York who had escaped her father's attempts at seduction. She bears him two children. The king of York gets revenge by killing the children and leaving the mother to exposure in the woods but they are saved and resurrected by an hermit.[173] In Vita Offae II, Offa of Mercia saves and marries a Drida, a relative of the Frankish king Carolus, that he finds drifting in a boat being punished for a crime. She is then called Quendrida and they have three daughters. Soon Quendrida shows her evil nature and starts conspiring against her husband. She has king Alberht of East Anglia murdered, but is soon murdered by robbers on the same spot.[174]
The name likely derived from Latin maurus ("Moor").[175] The form in Kudrun and Dukus Horant may be a variant of Morolf, a minstrel who compares himself to Horant in the minstrel epicSalmon und Morolf.[176]
A vassal of Hetel (Heoden), he accompanies Horant (Heorrenda) on his quest to woo Hilde (Hildr)1. In Dukus Horant, he is Horant's brother.[176]
Malone argues that Mýsingr was originally the eponymous ancestor of the Myrgings.[177]
The name seems to be derived from mús ("mouse"),[178] but Malone suggests it is derived from a word, meus, meaning "moor".[177]
In Skáldskaparmál and Grottasöngr, Mysingr is a sea-king who attacked and killed king Fróði, thereby ending the long peace. He stole the mill Grotti and the giantesses Fenja and Menja, and he forced them to grind salt for him until the ship sank and all the salt turned the sea salt.[178] The Skjöldunga saga informs that he killed Fróði (Frodo) through arson.[179] This would have taken place at the same time the Roman emperor Augustus ruled.[179]
Name could originate with the Nibelungids, a Frankish dynasty installed in the conquered Burgundian kingdom in southern Gaul. The etymology is uncertain, possibly named after Nivelles (Gmc *Niuwa-alha "new sanctuary"). The word has been influenced by PGmc *nebula- ("mist, darkness") or *nibila- ("low, deep, dark").[181]
A dwarf or giant, the father variously of the giants Nibelung and Schilbung (Nibelungenlied) or the dwarf Eugel (Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid). He is the original owner of the Hoard of the Nibelungs and the sword Balmung.[182]
The son of Nibelung1. He and his brother Schilbung fight over their father's inheritance and ask for Siegfried's help, but grow angry when he divides the treasure evenly. Siegfried then kills them both.[182]
From PGmc *nīþ- ("envy, spite")[185][186] and *ʒaizaz ("spear").[187]
A duke who rules over twelve giants at Mautern. He captures Dietrich von Bern and is eventually forced to free him once Dietrich defeats the giants and becomes Dietrich's vassal.[188] He may be the same person as Nettinger, the father of Ecke and Fasolt.[182]
PGmc *nīþ- ("hate, rage") is found in all versions of the name. Old English hād means "state, condition; Níðuðr is an approximation of the English name.[189] The name probably originally meant "ferocious warrior."[190] Niðungr might mean villain. The first element in the Middle High German name is hart ("hard").[189] The name is probably of West Germanic origin, as no other Norse name contains the element *nīþ-, but it is common in the south.[191]
In Völundarkviða, king of the Njárar, in Sweden, but in Þiðreks saga, a ruler in Jutland. Nithhad hamstrings Wayland the smith and keeps him prisoner. In Þiðreks saga, this is because Wayland had killed his court smith. As revenge Wayland kills the king's sons and impregnates his daughter Beodohild, then escapes.[192]
The element Nord means "north",[193] while the ending -îân is frequent in the names of characters who are heathens, giants, and dwarfs.[194]
The son and successor of king Vilkinus of the Veleti. He has four giant sons, including Avæntroð (Ebenrot). Hertnið of Rus' attacks and conquers him,[195] then makes him chief of part of Scandinavia (in one version, Seeland).[196]
The huntsman of Earl Iron of Brandinaborg. He refuses to abandon his lord and is captured by King Salamon. He is released to procure a ransom for Earl Iron, and announces the news of Iron's death once he is slain by Aki3.[62]
The 12th Skjöldunga saga asserts that Wealtheow, Hrothgar's queen, was English, while the probably 14th c. Hrólfs saga kraka says that she (Ögn) was the daughter of king Norðri of Northumberland,[198] a name which Newton considers to be misunderstanding of Norðfolc (Norfolk in East Anglia.[199]
Hrólfs saga kraka and Skjöldunga saga mention a wife of Hrothgar who was an Anglo-Saxon princess.
In the manner of Odin, Norna-Guest visits king Olaf Tryggvasson and tells him about his 300 year long life. During his long life he has witnessed many legendary characters and their adventures, such as those of the Völsung/Nibelung cycle. His long life is due to having been visited by the Norns at his birth, and the youngest of them declared that he would die when a candle had burnt out. The oldest Norn then snuffed it out in order to preserve it.The king convinces Norna-Guest to accept baptism and to have the candle lit and burnt down, freeing Norna-Guest from the suffering of a long life.[201]
Probably related to similar ferryman stories in other heroic legends.[188]
The first element can mean "north" (nord), "ship" (ON nór), or it can be derived from a Celtic root (as in Noricum).[202] The second element preht means "bright", from PGmc *berχtaz.[203]
A ferryman over the Rhine. He demands a hand and foot as payment for ferrying Dietrich von Bern's heroes across and is defeated by Ilsan.[188]
The name is probably derived from PGmc *nauði- ("need, distress"), with the German form developing from a contracted form of the diphthong with a nasalized long "o" to OHG "uo/ua".[204][205]
The son of Rüdiger; he mentioned as having been killed by Witege in the Nibelungenlied, but appears as a supporting character in other epics. In the Þiðreks saga, he is instead the brother of Rüdiger's wife. He is killed by Witige at the battle of Gronsport.[206]
The daughter of King Milias of Hunland, she is wooed by King Oserich/Osantrix. Though she desires to marry him, her father refuses, and she allows herself to be abducted. She is the mother of Helche (Erka) with Osantrix.[166]
The first element Oddr means "spearhead" or "spear",[207] from PGmc *uzđaz,[208] and the second is PGmc *rūnō- ("secret").[209]
Attila's sister. She and Gunnar fall in love, although Attila has forbidden this, and this leads to the downfall of both Gunnar and Attila's families.[166]
The name is derived from PGmc *ōþalan/ōþilan (hereditary property, home place, inheritance),[210] OHG uodil, OE oðil, possibly influenced by PGmc *auda (wealth).[211]
The wife of Sibeche (Sifka), Ermanaric's counsellor, Ermanaric rapes her, prompting Sibeche to plot his lord's destruction.[212] Later, Sifka convinces his wife to accuse the Harlungen of raping her, causing Ermanaric to kill them.[213]
The wife of Dietmar (Themarr) and mother of Dietrich von Bern, she is the daughter of Else3 (Elsungr), from whom Dietmar's ancestor Samson had originally conquered Bern.[215]
Historical barbarian king of Italy Odoacer, c. 431-493.
First element PGmc *auda- ("wealth"), second element PGmc *wakar ("guard").[216]
In the Annals of Quedlinburg, Ermanaric's evil counsellor (the role of Sibeche).[217] In the Hildebrandslied, Dietrich von Bern's adversary who has forced him into exile.[218]
Offa's story is probably based on historical inter-tribal rivalries before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England.[91]
Possibly from a root related to Gothic ufjō ("abundance"), or a Low German word related to ON ubbi ("wild").[220]
Probably a king of the Angels and son of Wermund who stayed silent and inactive until he became thirty, when his father's kingdom is threatened. He then defeats an opponent in a duel.[91]
Widsith (lines 35-39), Beowulf (lines 1948–62), Vitae duorum Offarum (or Legend of St Albans), Mercian Genealogy in A. S. Chron. (year 755), and other Chronicles.[221]
The first element is from PGmc aʒ meaning "(spear)point" or "worry, fear".[222] The second element is mundr from PN *munduʀ meaning "protector".[223]
In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, a man called Ögmund the Dane anchored with five ships at Munarvágr on the coast of Samsø. They found a tall wooden idol (40 ells tall) overgrown with moss, and wondered who had erected the god. The idol then started reciting a poem about having been erected and sacrificed to by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok.[224]
The word ǫgn means "chaff, husk" and the genitive form is agnar.[225] As a female name it may be a back-formation of the male name Agnarr (with an unrelated etymology).[226]
See Wealhtheow, for the character in Hrólfs saga kraka.
For the name, see Ögn1. In her cognomen Álfasprengi, Álf- means "elf", a race of supernatural subterranean beings,[227] and -sprengi means "bursting".[228]
Ögn was betrothed to Starkad Ala-warrior but was abducted by Hergrímr Halftroll. Before being found by Starkad, she bore Hergrímr a son named Grímr. Starkad challenged Hergrímr to holmgang and as he had eight arms, he wielded four swords at the same time and killed Hergrímr. However, rather than returning to Starkad she committed suicide by stabbing herself.[229]
PN: Ōhtaharjaz or Ōhtuharjaz,[230] where the first element probably means "fear"[231] and the second element "war chief" or "warrior".[232]
When the Geatish king Hrethel died, the sons of Ongentheow, Ohthere and his brother Onela, pillaged among the Geats, in Beowulf.[233] In Norse sources, he is the son of Egil2 and died fighting the jarls Vott and Fasti at a Danish location named Vendel or Vendsyssel, but which may be the Swedish location, Vendel.[234][235][236]
The first element of Óláfr is from PN *anuʀ ("ancestor")[237] and the second element is from PN *laibaʀ ("remnant", "heir")[238]
Olaf succeeded his father Gudrød the Hunter, and he was both tall and handsome and a great warrior. When his father Gudrød still was alive, he lost Vingulmark because it was taken by king Alfgeir of Álfheimr, who made his son Gandalf its king. Alfgeir and Gandalf also took most of Romerike. King Eysteinn the Great of the Upplands had a son named Högni who took control of Hedmark, Toten and Hadeland. Gudrød also lost Värmland which started paying taxes to the king of Sweden. When Gudrød died, Olaf was twenty and he shared what remained of the kingdom (Vestfold) with his brother Halfdan the Black. Olaf lived at Geirstaðir and died from a pain in his leg, and was buried in a mound there.[239] Geirstaðir may have been Gjerstad and the mound where he was buried may have been Gokstad Mound, with the Gokstad ship as the man who was buried there suffered from grave Rheumatoid arthritis in his leg.[240]
Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal, Ynglinga saga, Af Upplendinga konungum, Historia Norwegiæ, Þáttr Ólafs Geirstaða álfs
King of Nerike, and in Ynglinga saga married his daughter Alof2 to the Geatish king Algaut (son of Gautrek), and their daughter Gauthild married the Swedish king Ingjald ill-ruler. In Gautrek's saga he is a wealthy king and a mighty warrior who musters the forces of Nerike to support his friend king Vikar of Oppland against king Frithjof of Telemark.
Gautrek's saga, Ynglinga saga, Af Upplendinga Konungum
When his father Ingjald burned himself to death with all his retinue to escape the wrath of Ivar Vidfamne, Olof was apparently with his foster-father Bóvi in Västergötland because he "went up" to Nerike. However, the Swedes did not let him stay there,[242] so he moved west with his followers to the land north of lake Vänern, where they cleared land and laid the foundation of Värmland.[243] The Swedes then scornfully called him "woodcutter". He married Solveig/Solva of Solør in Norway and had the sons Ingjald and Halfdan. After having received many Swedish refugees, there was a famine and to avert the famine, the Swedes sacrificed him for good harvest by burning him to death.[244][243]
Ynglinga saga, Historia Norwegiæ, Af Upplendinga Konungum
Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[245][246]
PN: *Anula, a diminutive form with -l- suffix of *anuz ("ancestor"), or from a name with this element, such as *Anuwinduz,[247] a traditional name among Swedish kings (Anund, Anund of Uppsala, Anund Jacob).
In Beowulf, he is a Swedish king of the royal dynasty, and the brother of Eadgils, involved against him in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. In the later Scandinavian sources he is moved to Norway, due to a confusion between the Swedish Uppland (the Swedish heartland) and the Norwegian Oppland.[248][249][236] In the Skjöldunga saga, the Norwegian king of Oppland is also mentioned (Alo) as the opponent of Eadgils (Adillus),[250] but there is also an earlier king Alo of Oppland, whose daughter Hilda was kidnapped by Fridleifus II and became the mother of Alo the strong,[251] who may also be based on Onela.[252]
Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[245][246]
The name is probably from PN *Angan(a)thewar, where the second element means "servant", but the first element is obscure.[253] The name has been interpreted as meaning "opposite of a servant"[254] or "favoured servant".[255] The ON form may have changed from the hypocoristic form *Angila to *Agilaʀ to Egill.[236]
In Beowulf, the Swedish king is slain by fighting the two brothers Eofor ("boar") and Wulf1, and Eofor is rewarded for this with Hygelac's only daughter.[256] In Ynglinga saga he corresponds to Egil2, who fights against a thrall Tunni (PN *Tunþā from *tunþuz, which means "tooth" or "tusk"), but is killed by the horns of a bull. As the Ynglingatal stanza instead talks of him being killed by a sword and talks of the "reddening of the boar's snout" and the word for "bull", farri, meant "boar" (i.e. Eofor) in East Norse, the two traditions may have the same origin.[257][236] In both traditions, he is succeeded by Ohthere.
The first element orkn means "seal",[258] while the suffix could mean "descendant" or "person associated with".[259]
According to Atlamál and Völsunga saga, a great warrior and the brother of Kostbera, and the brother-in-law of the heroes Högni2, Gunnar and Gutthorm1. He accompanies Högni and Gunnar, and Högni's sons Snaevar and Solar, to their fateful visit at the fortress of Atli (Attila), who was married to Högni's and Gunnar's sister Gudrun.[260][261][262]
PN: *wurma-harjaz ("snake warrior"). The snake had a protective symbolism in Germanic traditions, and was known in that role as OE cofgodas ("house protector"). Ormar served as the guardian of the Gothic eastern frontier.[263]
The foster father of the shieldmaiden Hervor, daughter of Angantyr. The Goths fight against the Huns led by Hlöd and Humli; Ormar escapes to tell Angantyr of the attack.[264] He probably also appears in Widsith, line 119 as one of the two Gothic (Hræde) princes who fought the Huns in the Vistula Woods. The other prince was Wulfhere.[265][266]
For the etymology of "Erpr/Erphe", see Erpr1. The name Orte is from OHG ort- ("spearhead") (from PGmc *uzđaz).[208] Scharpfe means "sharp" in Middle High German.[267] For Ortvin, see Ortwin von Metz.
The sons of Attila with Helche/Erka. They are killed by Witige while accompanying Dietrich von Bern on campaign in Italy at battle at Ravenna (Die Rabenschlacht) or Gronsport (Þiðreks saga).[205]
The first element of Ortliep is from OHG ort- ("spearhead") (from PGmc *uzđaz).[208] For Aldrian, see Aldrian1.
The son of Etzel (Attila) with Kriemhild/Grimhild. In the Nibelungenlied, he is decapitated by Hagen/Högni1 when Dancwart announces that he and the Burgundian squires have been attacked by Blödelin (Bleda). This causes fighting to break out in the hall. In the Þiðreks saga and Heldenbuch-Prosa, Kriemhild/Grimhild deliberately provokes Hagen/Högni1 by having the child slap him.[205]
First element OHG ort- ("spearhead") (from PGmc *uzđaz[208]), sometimes ot- ("wealth"); the Old Norse version, a translation of a North German form, suggests a first element hart- ("hard").[268][269] The second element is PGmc "*nīþ-" (hate, anger).[270]
Predecessor of Wolfdietrich as king of Lombardy. He is the son of the dwarf Alberich. With the help of Alberich and his uncle Iljas von Russland, he sets out to seek the hand of the daughter of the heathen king Machorel, whom he tricks and whose daughter he abducted. Machorel pretends to be reconciled to the marriage, but secretly sends dragon eggs to Lombardy. The sleeping Ortnit is carried off by one of the hatched dragons and devoured by her babies. Dietrich von Bern later acquires the same invincible set of armor Ortnit wore via Ecke.[271]
The daughter of king Ludwig of Normandy and brother of Hartmut. When peace is made between the Normans and the Heodeningas, she marries Kudrun's brother Ortwin.[272]
First element OHG ort- ("spearhead"),[273] from PGmc *uzđaz.[208] The second element OHG wini ("friend").[274]
Steward of the Burgundian kings in Worms and Hagen's nephew. He disappears in the second half of the poem.[275] In Walther und Hildegund Volker tells Walther he must avoid Metz, suggesting that Ortwin was hostile to him. It's possibly that Walter slays Ortwin, as he would correspond to Patavrid, the name of Hagen's nephew slain in the Waltharius.[276]
Nibelungenlied,Biterolf und Dietleib, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, probably Walther und Hildegund[276]
The son of Heoden (Hetel) and Hilde (Hildr) and brother of Kudrun. He tries unsuccessfully to stop the Norman abduction of his sister and later leads the expedition that rescues her with her fiancé Herwig. In the peace, he marries the Norman king's daughter Ortrun.[272]
Oddr means "spearhead" or "spear",[207] from PGmc *uzđaz.[208]Ǫrvar is the genitive form of ON ǫr meaning "arrow", so Ǫrvar-Oddr means "arrow head". He liked arrows as a child and as an adult he had inherited three magical arrows.[277]
Orvar-Odd is the son of Grim Shaggy-Cheek and the grand-son of Kettil Trout from Halogaland, and the two have their own sagas. As a child it is prophesied that he will live 300 years but die at his parents' home due to his horse Faxi. He kills the horse and buries it deeply, and leaves his home intending never to return with arrows that his father has given him. He travels to Bjarmaland, he fights giants, and several Viking warlords, but the Swedish hero Hjalmar proves to be his equal. Together they fight the duel on Samsø, where Hjalmar dies, and he has to bring Hjalmar back to Uppsala and his beloved Ingeborg. He fights corsairs in the Mediterranean, bathes in the Jordan River, and becomes king of the Huns after having defeated a rebellious tributary king and married the Hunnish king's daughter Silkesif. He longs for home and returns but is bitten by a snake that crawls out of Faxi's skull.[278]
First component PGmc *ans- ("god") via Low German ôs-,[19][279] second PGmc *rīk- ("ruler, powerful").[218] The Norse form in the Þiðreks saga may reflect a Low German *Ôsantrîk.[280]
Father of Helche. In the Þiðreks saga, a Wilzen (Veleti) and brother of Valdemarr of Rus'. In the Þiðreks saga, he abducts his wife from Hunaland; Attila later abducts Helche from him, and he is eventually killed fighting the Huns.[218]
Ósiðr with a long first vowel means "bad habit", from ON ó- ("un-"),[281] and siðr ("custom, habit, manner").[282]
The nephew of Attila, he is raised at Attila's court. He aids Rotholf in his attempt to woo Helche (Erka) on behalf of Attila. He is a great warrior in the subsequent war with Helche's father Oserich (Osantrix). He also serves to bring Attila's suit for the hand of Grimhild. He defeats Gunnar/Gunther in the final battle at Attila's hall.[283]
The name Ōslāf is from PN *Ansulaibaz, and the first element is *Ansuz which means "pagan god)[284] and the second element is *-laibaz which means "descendant" or "heir".[285] The first elements Ord- (Ord-lāf) and Odd (Odd-leifus) are from *Uzdaz (OE Ord and ON Oddr) which means the "sharp point (of a weapon)".[208]
Oslaf appears in the Finnsburg Fragment (called Ordlaf) and in Beowulf, as one of Hengest's men. The second conflict with the Frisians starts because he and Guthlaf publicly express their shame to Hengest.[286] He may have been the brother of Guthlaf and Hunlaf,[287] and the three appear in a list of six or seven sons of a Danish king Leifus in the Skjöldunga saga.[288][289]
Karl Müllenhoff suggested an origin in a warrior woman (palenitsa) of Russian heroic legend named Nastasia. Richard Heinzel compares other MHG instances of foreign names beginning with "n" losing it and initial "a" becoming "o".[290]
The wife of king Hertnið and a sorceress. When Hertnið attacks King Isung, Ostacia transforms herself into a dragon and kills the hero Dietleib von Steier and king Isung, but is wounded so badly that she dies.[215]
Müllenhof connected the name to OE (ge)maca ("comrade").[157]
Appears in Widsith, line 23 as a king of the Myrgings. His name appears in a hypocoristic form in place names with the suffix -ingas ("the people of") in Essex, which suggests that the Saxons that settled in the area were Myrgings.[157]
Byock, Jesse (1990). The Saga of the Volsungs, The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-23285-3.
Byock, Jesse (1999). The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. Penguin Classics. ISBN014043593X.
Finlay, Alison (2010). "The Saga of Ásmundr, Killer of Champions". In Martin, Arnold; Finlay, Alison (eds.). Making History, Essays on the Fornaldarsögur. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College, London. pp. 119–139. ISBN978-0-903521-84-0.
Heimskringla(PDF). Vol. 1. Translated by Finlay, Alison; Faulkes, Anthony. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. 2016. ISBN978-0-903521-86-4.
Peters, Edward, ed. (1974). Paul the Deacon: History of the Lombards. Translated by Foulke, William Dudley. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN0-8122-1079-4.
Friis-Jensen, Karsten, ed. (2015). Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum, The History of the Danes. Vol. 1. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-82052-34.
Frank, R. (2002). "Ongendus". In Müller, R. (ed.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 22. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN9783110173512.
Gillespie, George T. (1973). Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names. Oxford: Oxford University. ISBN978-0-19-815718-2.
Gschwantler, Otto (1971). "Zum Namen der Rosomonen und an. Jónakr". Die Sprache. 17 (2): 164–176.
Harris, Joseph (2016). "Grottasǫngr". In Pulsiano, Philip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia, an Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge Revivals. pp. 244–245. ISBN978-1-315-16132-7.
Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles. New York: Garland. ISBN0815300336.
Jochens, Jenny (1996). Mazo Karras, Ruth; Peters, Edward (eds.). Old Norse Images of Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN0-8122-3358-1.
De Gamle Eddadigte. Translated by Jónsson, Finnur. G. E. C. Gats forlag, København. 1932.
Malone, Kemp (1933). Deor. London: Methuen & Co lmt.
Malone, Kemp (1962). Widsith. Copenhagen: Roskilde and Bagger.
Nedoma, Robert (1999). "Die Runeninschrift auf der Gürtelschnalle von Pforzen–ein Zeugnis der germanischen Heldensage". In Bammesberger, Alfred (ed.). Pforzen und Bergakker neue Untersuchungen zu Runeninschriften. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 98–109.
McTurk, Rory W. (2006). "Kings and Kingship in Viking Northumbria"(PDF). In McKinnell, John S.; Ashurst, David; Kick, Donata (eds.). The Fantastic in Old Norse Icelandic Literature, Preprint Papers of the 13th International Saga Conference, Durham and York 6th-12th August 2006. Vol. 2. pp. 681–688.
Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The origin of Rus'. Harvard University Press. pp. 188–225.
Regebro, Margareta (2009). Ney, Agneta; Williams, Henrik; Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik (eds.). "The women and Óðinn". Á austrvega, Saga and East Scandinavia. 2. Gävle: Gävle University Press: 802–896. ISBN978-91-978329-0-8.
de Vries, Jan (1970). Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, Bd.2, Die Götter, Vorstellungen über den Kosmos, Der Untergang des Heidentums. de Gruyter, Berlin. ISBN978-3110028072.
_by_H._W._Bissen_(angle).jpg)