Standard and alternative genetic codes
This article
is missing information about The NCBI gc.prt data format, though we could need to wait for an
upstream doc fix .
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page . (December 2023 )
While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes .[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
The standard code
The vertebrate mitochondrial code
The yeast mitochondrial code
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
The invertebrate mitochondrial code
The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
The deleted kinetoplast code ; cf . table 4.
deleted, cf . table 1.
The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
The euplotid nuclear code
The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
The alternative yeast nuclear code
The ascidian mitochondrial code
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
The Blepharisma nuclear code[ 4]
The chlorophycean mitochondrial code
(none)
(none)
(none)
(none)
The trematode mitochondrial code
The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code
The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
The Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
The karyorelict nuclear code
The Condylostoma nuclear code
The Mesodinium nuclear code
The peritrich nuclear code
The Blastocrithidia nuclear code
The Balanophoraceae plastid code (not shown on web)[ 4] [ 5]
The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
The Enterosoma code [ 3]
The Peptacetobacter code [ 3]
The Anaerococcus and Onthovivens code [ 3]
The Absconditabacterales code [ 3] The alternative translation tables (2 to 37) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the DNA and RNA codon tables .
Table summary
This section
is missing information about start codon in these tables, aka the "sncbieaa" row in NCBI data.
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page . (December 2023 )
Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes ):
Amino-acid biochemical properties
Nonpolar
Polar
Basic
Acidic
Termination: stop codon *
Codon
Translation table ID (see above)
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
TTT
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
TTC
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
TTA
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
*
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
TTG
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
TCT
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
TCC
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
TCA
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
TCG
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
TAT
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
TAC
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
TAA
*
*
*
*
*
Q
*
*
*
*
*
Y
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Q
Q
Y
E
E
*
Y
*
*
*
*
TAG
*
*
*
*
*
Q
*
*
*
*
*
*
Q
L
*
L
*
*
*
*
Q
Q
Y
E
E
W
*
*
*
*
*
TGT
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
TGC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
TGA
*
W
W
W
W
*
W
C
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
W
G
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
G
TGG
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
CTT
L
L
T
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
CTC
L
L
T
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
CTA
L
L
T
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
CTG
L
L
T
L
L
L
L
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
A
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
CCT
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
CCC
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
CCA
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
CCG
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
CAT
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CAC
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CAA
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
CAG
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
CGT
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
CGC
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
CGA
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
W
CGG
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Q
W
W
ATT
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ATC
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ATA
I
M
M
I
M
I
I
I
I
I
M
I
I
I
M
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ATG
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
ACT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
ACC
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
ACA
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
ACG
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
AAT
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
AAC
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
AAA
K
K
K
K
K
K
N
K
K
K
K
N
K
K
N
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
AAG
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
AGT
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
AGC
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
AGA
R
*
R
R
S
R
S
R
R
R
G
S
R
R
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
AGG
R
*
R
R
S
R
S
R
R
R
G
S
R
R
S
R
R
K
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
K
M
R
R
R
GTT
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
GTC
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
GTA
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
GTG
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
GCT
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
GCC
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
GCA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
GCG
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
GAT
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
GAC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
GAA
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
GAG
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
GGT
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGC
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGA
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
GGG
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Notes
Three translation tables have a peculiar status:
Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
Table 32 is not shown on the web page, but is present in the ASN.1 format "gc.prt" release.[ 4] Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis , such as post-transcriptional modification .
References
^ Watanabe, Kimitsuna; Suzuki, Tsutomu (2001). "Genetic Code and its Variants". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . doi :10.1038/npg.els.0000810 . ISBN 047001590X ^ Elzanowski, Andrzej; Jim Ostell (7 July 2010). "The Genetic Codes" . National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . ^ a b c d e Shulgina, Yekaterina; Eddy, Sean R. (9 November 2021). "A computational screen for alternative genetic codes in over 250,000 genomes" . eLife . 10 . doi :10.7554/eLife.71402 PMC 8629427 PMID 34751130 . ^ a b c "NCBI genetic code table in ASN-1 format, with changelog: gc.prt" .^ Su, Huei-Jiun; Barkman, Todd J.; Hao, Weilong; Jones, Samuel S.; Naumann, Julia; Skippington, Elizabeth; Wafula, Eric K.; Hu, Jer-Ming; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; DePamphilis, Claude W. (15 January 2019). "Novel genetic code and record-setting AT-richness in the highly reduced plastid genome of the holoparasitic plant Balanophora" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 116 (3): 934–943. Bibcode :2019PNAS..116..934S . doi :10.1073/pnas.1816822116 PMC 6338844 PMID 30598433 .
See also
External links
Further reading
