Mass shootings are incidents involving several victims of firearm-related violence. The precise inclusion criteria are disputed, and there is no broadly accepted definition.[1][2]
The Gun Violence Archive, a nonprofit research group that tracks shootings and their characteristics in the United States, defines a mass shooting as an incident in which four or more people, excluding the perpetrator(s), are shot in one location at roughly the same time.[3] The Congressional Research Service narrows that definition further, only considering what it defines as "public mass shootings", and only considering victims as those who are killed, excluding any victims who survive.[2]The Washington Post and Mother Jones use similar definitions, with the latter acknowledging that their definition "is a conservative measure of the problem", as many rampages with fewer fatalities occur.[4][5] The crowdsourced Mass Shooting Tracker project uses a definition even looser than the Gun Violence Archive's definition: four people shot in one incident regardless of the circumstances.[6]
Better documentation of mass shootings in the United States has occurred through independent and scholarly studies such as the Stanford University Mass Shootings in America Data Project.[4][2]
Definitions
There are varying definitions of a mass shooting. Listed roughly from most broad to most restrictive:
Stanford MSA Data Project: 3+ shot in one incident, at one location, at roughly the same time, excluding organized crime, as well as gang-related and drug-related shootings.[7]
Mass Shooting Tracker: 4+ shot in one incident, at one location, at roughly the same time.[6]
Gun Violence Archive/Vox: 4+ shot in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at one location, at roughly the same time.[3]
Mother Jones: 3+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings.[8]
The Washington Post: 4+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings.[4]
Congressional Research Service: 4+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings, acts carried out that were inspired by criminal profit, and terrorism.[9]
Only shootings that have Wikipedia articles of their own are included in this list. Detailed lists of shootings can be found per-year at their respective pages.
1999 Honolulu shootings: A service technician opened fire inside a Xerox building and killed seven people while an eighth escaped. The perpetrator then held thirty-five school children inside the Hawaii Nature Center before surrendering to police.
Wedgewood Baptist Church shooting: During a concert in the church for teenagers, the perpetrator entered and shot and killed seven attendees and wounded seven others before committing suicide.
Heritage High School shooting: A 15-year-old student opened fire and wounded six students before attempting suicide, he was stopped by an assistant principal, who had gone to his vehicle and retrieved a M1911a1, a .45 caliber handgun, then returned to the school and confronted the shooter.
Thurston High School shooting: An expelled student targeted his parents and the school and killed four people and injured twenty-five others before being arrested.
1998 Parker Middle School dance shooting: A 14-year-old student opened fire and fatally shot a teacher and injured another and two students during an 8th grade dance, before being arrested.[13]
1998 Westside Middle School shooting: Two students aged 11 and 13, shot and killed four students and a teacher and injured ten others before being arrested.
1997 Heath High School shooting: A 14-year-old student opened fire on a group of students praying before the school opened, killing three and injuring five before surrendering.[16]
1997 Pearl High School shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed his mother, then drove to the high school and shot and killed two students and injured seven before being arrested.
1997 Detroit shootings: An armed gunman opened fire killing three people and wounding two others in northeast Detroit before being killed by police.[18]
1997 Bethel Regional High School shooting: A student shot and killed two people and wounded two others before surrendering to police. He was reportedly assisted by several students in learning how to shoot, and many knew about the shooting plans in advance.
A 53-year-old white supremacist shot eleven black people at a shopping center in a black-majority neighborhood in Jackson. Shortly afterwards, the shooter committed suicide at a nearby abandoned restaurant.[20]
A man shot five people to death in a shoe store in the Pelham Parkway section of The Bronx because the store didn't have the size 13 1/2 boots he desired. The gunman was then shot and injured by police before getting apprehended.[24]
A man opened fire at an Albertsons supermarket, killing three people (including his wife and a police officer) and wounding one. The shooter was subdued and arrested.[26]
Wickliffe Middle School shooting: A 37-year-old former student entered the building and shot and killed the custodian and wounded three other adults before he was arrested.[28]
Fairchild Air Force Base shooting: A former airman who had been discharged returned to the base hospital and killed four people and injured twenty-two people before being shot and killed by responding police.
Long Island Rail Road shooting: A passenger opened fire on other passengers and killed six and wounded nineteen before being subdued by three passengers and arrested.
A man shot and killed three workers of an unemployment office. Afterwards he fled the scene and killed a pursuing officer before getting slain by other police officers outside a second unemployment office.[34]
101 California Street shooting: The perpetrator opened fire in an office building, killing eight people and wounding six others before committing suicide.
East Carter High School shooting: Scott Pennington shot his teacher and a janitor, held his classmates hostage for a while, then surrendered to police.
1992 Bard College at Simon's Rock shooting: The perpetrator, Wayne Lo, had been stockpiling ammunition and weapons in his dorm, and after several alarms had been raised by third parties, he opened fire and killed a professor and student and wounded four others.[40]
Lindhurst High School Shooting and Hostage Situation (1992): A 20-year-old past student opened fire on a classroom and killed four people, wounded ten others, and held eighty people hostage during an eight-hour siege before he surrendered.
Three were killed and two others were wounded when two males started shooting in the Mott Haven neighborhood in The Bronx. Four police officers were injured when two squad cars collided with each other after a victim ran into the street.[42]
1991 Austin yogurt shop killings: Four teenage girls were shot and killed at the Austin "I Can't Believe It's Yogurt!" shop. The case remains unsolved as of July 2023.[43]
University of Iowa shooting: A former graduate student attended a meeting for a research group before opening fire and killed five individuals and injured one before committing suicide.
Killeen, Texas, Luby's Restaurant shooting: A former Merchant Marine drove his vehicle through the front window of the restaurant before opening fire on a crowd of about eighty people, killing twenty-three and injuring twenty-seven before committing suicide.
Sacramento Hostage Crisis: For eight hours forty-one people were held hostage inside an electronics store, by four Vietnamese refugees who killed three and injured 14. Three of the four perpetrators were shot and killed by responding police.[46]
Arizona Buddhist Temple shooting: Nine men were robbed and shot to death in a Buddhist temple, with the perpetrator remaining un-convicted until 2014.[49]
GMAC Office shooting: A convicted felon returned to the loan office he had used to purchase a car and opened fire, killing eleven people and injuring six before committing suicide.
Las Cruces bowling alley massacre: Two unknown perpetrators entered the bowling alley and killed four people and injured three before fleeing. Though one victim later died from their injuries in 1999. The case is still unsolved.
Standard Gravure shooting (1989): A 47-year-old pressman killed eight people and injured twelve at his former workplace, Standard Gravure, before committing suicide.
Cleveland Elementary School shooting: A drifter used a semi-automatic rifle to kill five children and wound thirty-two other students and teachers on the school playground before committing suicide.
Oakland Elementary School shooting: The perpetrator shot and killed two eight-year-old students and wounded nine others (seven students, a teacher, and a gym coach) in the school's cafeteria and a classroom before being arrested. He was sentenced to death.
Old Salisbury Road shooting: The perpetrator shot nine passers-by from the center line on the road, killing four and injuring five before being arrested.
Attacks by Laurie Dann: The perpetrator entered the Hubbard Woods Elementary School and killed one student and wounded five others before entering a home and holding the inhabitants hostage before committing suicide.
ESL shooting: After stalking his coworker, the perpetrator entered the ESL building with several weapons and shot at employees and bystanders, killing seven people and wounding four before surrendering to police and SWAT officers.[52]
Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 (1987) The perpetrator David Burke entered the cockpit of Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 and killed the pilot and co-pilot as well as shooting three other people before crashing the plane and killing all forty-three passengers and crew on board.
Edmond post office shooting: A part-time employee entered to begin his day before locking the doors and killing fourteen coworkers and injuring six others before committing suicide.
Springfield Mall shooting: The perpetrator fired first at customers outside the Springfield Mall, and then moved inside and killed three and wounded seven before she was disarmed.[54]
Murray-Wright High School shooting: During half-time at a football game, the perpetrator opened fire with a shotgun on individuals that he had earlier fought with and wounded six.
After a traffic stop, the perpetrator engaged in a gun fight with the officer, injuring each other. Despite being wounded, the shooter then entered a motel bar and fatally shot four people while injuring another before dying.[56]
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre: A male suspect entered a busy McDonald's and opened fire with an Uzi, shotgun and semiautomatic pistol, and killed twenty-one people and injured nineteen before being killed by a police sniper.
Palm Sunday massacre: During a believed home invasion ten people—three adults, one teenager, and six children—were killed. An infant was left unharmed.[57]
49th Street Elementary School shooting: The perpetrator fired on children in a school playground from his home across the street, and killed two individuals and injured twelve others before committing suicide.
Wah Mee massacre: Three perpetrators entered a gambling club at the Louisa Hotel during a robbery and killed thirteen people and wounded one in an attempt to leave no witnesses.[58]
Murders by George Banks: The perpetrator used an AR-15 to shoot and kill thirteen people and injure one in his home and the home of a former girlfriend. A four-hour standoff occurred before officers were able to arrest and hold him on several charges.[59]
Welding shop shooting: A teacher opened fire inside a welding shop, killing eight people and injuring three before attempting to flee by bicycle; he was run down as he cycled away.
Oregon Museum Tavern shooting: The perpetrator entered the location and fired, killing five people and injuring eighteen before he was wrestled to the ground.
Cleveland Elementary School shooting: A 16-year-old girl who lived across the street shot and killed two people and injured nine others before being arrested.
Blackfriars massacre: Four known criminals and a former Boston television investigative news anchorman and reporter were all killed in a supposed sale of cocaine.
Golden Dragon massacre: Five members of a Chinese youth gang attempted to kill rival gang members, which quickly turned into a shootout in which five people died and eleven were injured.
Easter Sunday Massacre: The perpetrator shot and killed his mother, brother, sister-in-law, and eight nieces and nephews in five minutes before calling police and being arrested.[61]
1974 Olean High School shooting: A student locked himself in a third floor room before shooting out the window, killing three people and injuring eleven before being subdued with tear gas and arrested.
Howard Johnson's shooting: Over the course of ten hours and in several locations the perpetrator, having previously killed two police officers and wounded a third, killed seven people and injured ten before being shot and killed by police.
Fountain Valley massacre: Five robbers attacked guests (and employees) at a Virgin Islands golf club frequented by tourists. The leader also harbored political and racial animosity arising out his perception of the Islands' colonial history. All were sentenced to life terms, although the leader escaped after hijacking an airplane to Cuba, and one defendant's sentence was commuted after 22 years.[63]
Murders by John List: John List shot and killed his wife, mother and three teenage children in a belief that he needed to save their souls through death, he was arrested in 1989 after living under an assumed name after a neighbor recognized him from America's Most Wanted.[64]
Marin County Civic Center attacks: The 17-year-old perpetrator took hostages in a court room in an attempt to coerce the release of the Soledad Brothers. Three prisoners released during the siege joined him in the attack, which left the main perpetrator dead along with three others and two others wounded.[65]
Jackson State University shooting: After responding to the university due to a growing unrest, officers opened fire on a dorm building and two students (one from a local high school) were killed and twelve were injured.
Kent State shootings: During a protest of the bombing of Cambodia at the university, members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire, killing four and injuring nine people.
Glenville shootout: A gun battle between the Cleveland Police Department and the Black Nationalists of New Libya led to six people being killed and at least twelve injured, and sparked the Glenville Riots.[67]
Robison family murders: While vacationing, a family was shot and killed, with the parents also bludgeoned with a hammer. The investigation continued for fifteen months after the bodies were discovered.[68]
South Carolina State University shooting: After responding to the scene of about 200 protestors protesting racial segregation, after an officer was assaulted, officers began to shoot into the crowd; three people were killed and twenty-seven injured.
University of Texas tower shooting: A student and former Marinesharpshooter killed his wife and mother before using the University of Texas clock tower as a sniper's nest to kill 15 people, including a pregnant woman, and wound 31 before being killed by police.
1965 Highway 101 sniper attack: A 16-year-old stole his father's military rifle and shot at automobiles driving down the highway, killing two and injuring eleven before committing suicide. A third victim died later at the hospital.[69]
Kelayres Massacre: An election-eve parade and rally was shot at as it passed by the home of the local Republican boss, three victims died and between twelve and twenty-five were wounded.[74]
Kansas City Massacre: Four law enforcement officers and a fugitive were killed, with three law enforcement officers wounded in a shootout between the two groups.[75]
Hanapepe Massacre: During a strike of Filipino sugar workers, in an attempt to rescue two hostage strikebreakers police killed 16 strikers, while strikers killed four law enforcement members.[80]
^ abcBjelopera, Jerome (March 18, 2013). "Public Mass Shootings in the United States"(PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 9, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2018. There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings.
^Bjelopera, Jerome (March 18, 2013). "Public Mass Shootings in the United States"(PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original(PDF) on September 9, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2018. There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings.
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